Project Gutenberg's Latin for Beginners, by Benjamin Leonard D'Ooge This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org Title: Latin for Beginners Author: Benjamin Leonard D'Ooge Release Date: April 25, 2006 [EBook #18251] Language: English Character set encoding: MAC *** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LATIN FOR BEGINNERS *** Produced by Louise Hope, Dave Maddock and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was made using scans of public domain material by TextKit.com) [Transcribers Notes: This text file is intended for Macintosh users whose browsers or text readers cannot display either of the utf-8 versions (plain text or html). A few necessary changes have been made. The macron (straight line, representing long vowels) has been replaced everywhere by a circumflex accent: The y in Pythia, Lydia and peristylum is also long, and is marked y: in vocabulary lists. The breve symbol (), representing a short vowel, has been omitted. This symbol was used only in the introductory section on pronunciation (1-18), and in one or two vocabulary entries. The notation [oo] represents short oo. Letters shown with combined breve and macron have been expanded as -ei or -i, -ius or -us. To make this unpaginated e-text easier to use, each chapters Special Vocabulary has been included with its chapter _in addition to_ its original location near the end of the book. The same was done with the irregular verbs. The vocabulary lists are at the beginning of each chapter, as far as possible from the Exercises. Boldface is shown by guillemets, italics by _lines_. The variation between Ҿ (English text) and ae (Latin text) is as in the original. Bracketed passages in the original are shown in [[double brackets]].] * * * * * * * * * * * * * * LATIN FOR BEGINNERS BY BENJAMIN L. DOOGE, Ph.D. Professor in the Michigan State Normal College Ginn and Company Boston New York Chicago London Copyright, 1909, 1911 by Benjamin L. DOoge Entered at Stationers Hall All Rights Reserved 013.4 The Athenum Press Ginn and Company Proprietors Boston U.S.A. * * * * * PREFACE To make the course preparatory to Csar at the same time systematic, thorough, clear, and interesting is the purpose of this series of lessons. The first pages are devoted to a brief discussion of the Latin language, its history, and its educational value. The body of the book, consisting of seventy-nine lessons, is divided into three parts. Part I is devoted to pronunciation, quantity, accent, and kindred introductory essentials. Part II carries the work through the first sixty lessons, and is devoted to the study of forms and vocabulary, together with some elementary constructions, a knowledge of which is necessary for the translation of the exercises and reading matter. The first few lessons have been made unusually simple, to meet the wants of pupils not well grounded in English grammar. Part III contains nineteen lessons, and is concerned primarily with the study of syntax and of subjunctive and irregular verb forms. The last three of these lessons constitute a review of all the constructions presented in the book. There is abundant easy reading matter; and, in order to secure proper concentration of effort upon syntax and translation, no new vocabularies are introduced, but the vocabularies in Part II are reviewed. It is hoped that the following features will commend themselves to teachers: The forms are presented in their natural sequence, and are given, for the most part, in the body of the book as well as in a grammatical appendix. The work on the verb is intensive in character, work in other directions being reduced to a minimum while this is going on. The forms of the subjunctive are studied in correlation with the subjunctive constructions. The vocabulary has been selected with the greatest care, using Lodges Dictionary of Secondary Latin and Brownes Latin Word List as a basis. There are about six hundred words, exclusive of proper names, in the special vocabularies, and these are among the simplest and commonest words in the language. More than ninety-five per cent of those chosen are Csarian, and of these more than ninety per cent are used in Csar five or more times. The few words not Csarian are of such frequent occurrence in Cicero, Vergil, and other authors as to justify their appearance here. But teachers desiring to confine word study to Csar can easily do so, as the Csarian words are printed in the vocabularies in distinctive type. Concrete nouns have been preferred to abstract, root words to compounds and derivatives, even when the latter were of more frequent occurrence in Csar. To assist the memory, related English words are added in each special vocabulary. To insure more careful preparation, the special vocabularies have been removed from their respective lessons and placed by themselves. The general vocabulary contains about twelve hundred words, and of these above eighty-five per cent are found in Csar. The syntax has been limited to those essentials which recent investigations, such as those of Dr. Lee Byrne and his collaborators, have shown to belong properly to the work of the first year. The constructions are presented, as far as possible, from the standpoint of English, the English usage being given first and the Latin compared or contrasted with it. Special attention has been given to the constructions of participles, the gerund and gerundive, and the infinitive in indirect statements. Constructions having a logical connection are not separated but are treated together. Exercises for translation occur throughout, those for translation into Latin being, as a rule, only half as long as those for translation into English. In Part III a few of the commoner idioms in Csar are introduced and the sentences are drawn mainly from that author. From first to last a consistent effort is made to instill a proper regard for Latin word order, the first principles of which are laid down early in the course. Selections for reading are unusually abundant and are introduced from the earliest possible moment. These increase in number and length as the book progresses, and, for the most part, are made an integral part of the lessons instead of being massed at the end of the book. This arrangement insures a more constant and thorough drill in forms and vocabulary, promotes reading power, and affords a breathing spell between succeeding subjects. The material is drawn from historical and mythological sources, and the vocabulary employed includes but few words not already learned. The book closes with a continued story which recounts the chief incidents in the life of a Roman boy. The last chapters record his experiences in Csars army, and contain much information that will facilitate the interpretation of the Commentaries. The early emphasis placed on word order and sentence structure, the simplicity of the syntax, and the familiarity of the vocabulary, make the reading selections especially useful for work in sight translation. Reviews are called for at frequent intervals, and to facilitate this branch of the work an Appendix of Reviews has been prepared, covering both the vocabulary and the grammar. The illustrations are numerous, and will, it is hoped, do much to stimulate interest in the ancient world and to create true and lasting impressions of Roman life and times. A consistent effort has been made to use simple language and clear explanation throughout. As an aid to teachers using this book a Teachers Manual has been prepared, which contains, in addition to general suggestions, notes on each lesson. The author wishes to express his gratitude to the numerous teachers who tested the advance pages in their classes, and, as a result of their experience, have given much valuable aid by criticism and suggestion. Particular acknowledgments are due to Miss A. Susan Jones of the Central High School, Grand Rapids, Michigan; to Miss Clara Allison of the High School at Hastings, Michigan; and to Miss Helen B. Muir and Mr. Orland O. Norris, teachers of Latin in this institution. BENJAMIN L. DOOGE MICHIGAN STATE NORMAL COLLEGE CONTENTS Lesson Page TO THE STUDENT--By way of Introduction 1-4 PART I. THE PRONUNCIATION OF LATIN ALPHABET, SOUNDS OF THE LETTERS, SYLLABLES, QUANTITY, ACCENT, HOW TO READ LATIN 5-11 PART II. WORDS AND FORMS I-VI. FIRST PRINCIPLES--_Subject and Predicate, Inflection, Number, Nominative Subject, Possessive Genitive, Agreement of Verb, Direct Object, Indirect Object, etc._--DIALOGUE 12-24 VII-VIII. FIRST OR __-DECLENSION--_Gender, Agreement of Adjectives, Word Order_ 25-30 IX-X. SECOND OR _O_-DECLENSION--GENERAL RULES FOR DECLENSION--_Predicate Noun, Apposition_--DIALOGUE 31-35 XI. ADJECTIVES OF THE FIRST AND SECOND DECLENSIONS 36-37 XII. NOUNS IN -ius AND -ium--GERMNIA 38-39 XIII. SECOND DECLENSION (_Continued_)--Nouns in -er and -ir--ITALIA--DIALOGUE 39-41 XIV. POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVE PRONOUNS 42-43 XV. ABLATIVE DENOTING WITH--_Cause, Means, Accompaniment, Manner_--THE ROMANS PREPARE FOR WAR 44-46 XVI. THE NINE IRREGULAR ADJECTIVES 46-47 XVII. THE DEMONSTRATIVE is, ea, id--DIALOGUE 48-50 XVIII. CONJUGATION--Present, Imperfect, and Future of sum-- DIALOGUE 51-53 XIX. PRESENT ACTIVE INDICATIVE OF am AND mone 54-56 XX. IMPERFECT ACTIVE INDICATIVE OF am AND mone-- _Meaning of the Imperfect_--NIOBE AND HER CHILDREN 56-57 XXI. FUTURE ACTIVE INDICATIVE OF am AND mone-- NIOBE AND HER CHILDREN (_Concluded_) 58-59 XXII. REVIEW OF VERBS--_The Dative with Adjectives_-- CORNELIA AND HER JEWELS 59-61 XXIII. PRESENT ACTIVE INDICATIVE OF reg AND audi-- CORNELIA AND HER JEWELS (_Concluded_) 61-63 XXIV. IMPERFECT ACTIVE INDICATIVE OF reg AND audi-- _The Dative with Special Intransitive Verbs_ 63-65 XXV. FUTURE ACTIVE INDICATIVE OF reg AND audi 65-66 XXVI. VERBS IN -i--Present, Imperfect, and Future Active Indicative of capi--_The Imperative_ 66-68 XXVII. PASSIVE VOICE--Present, Imperfect, and Future Indicative of am and mone--PERSEUS AND ANDROMEDA 68-71 XXVIII. PRESENT, IMPERFECT, AND FUTURE INDICATIVE PASSIVE OF reg AND audi--PERSEUS AND ANDROMEDA (_Continued_) 72-73 XXIX. PRESENT, IMPERFECT, AND FUTURE INDICATIVE PASSIVE OF -i VERBS--PRESENT PASSIVE INFINITIVE AND IMPERATIVE 73-75 XXX. SYNOPSES IN THE FOUR CONJUGATIONS--THE ABLATIVE DENOTING FROM--_Place from Which, Separation, Personal Agent_ 75-78 XXXI. PERFECT, PLUPERFECT, AND FUTURE PERFECT OF sum-- DIALOGUE 79-81 XXXII. PERFECT ACTIVE INDICATIVE OF THE FOUR REGULAR CONJUGATIONS--_Meanings of the Perfect_--PERSEUS AND ANDROMEDA (_Continued_) 81-83 XXXIII. PLUPERFECT AND FUTURE PERFECT ACTIVE INDICATIVE-- PERFECT ACTIVE INFINITIVE 84-85 XXXIV. REVIEW OF THE ACTIVE VOICE--PERSEUS AND ANDROMEDA (_Concluded_) 86-87 XXXV. PASSIVE PERFECTS OF THE INDICATIVE--PERFECT PASSIVE AND FUTURE ACTIVE INFINITIVE 88-90 XXXVI. REVIEW OF PRINCIPAL PARTS--_Prepositions, Yes-or-No Questions_ 90-93 XXXVII. CONJUGATION OF possum--_The Infinitive used as in English_--_Accusative Subject of an Infinitive_-- THE FAITHLESS TARPEIA 93-96 XXXVIII. THE RELATIVE PRONOUN AND THE INTERROGATIVE PRONOUN-- _Agreement of the Relative_--THE FAITHLESS TARPEIA (_Concluded_) 97-101 XXXIX-XLI. THE THIRD DECLENSION--Consonant Stems 101-106 XLII. REVIEW LESSON--TERROR CIMBRICUS 107 XLIII. THIRD DECLENSION--_I_-Stems 108-110 XLIV. IRREGULAR NOUNS OF THE THIRD DECLENSION-- GENDER IN THE THIRD DECLENSION--THE FIRST BRIDGE OVER THE RHINE 111-112 XLV. ADJECTIVES OF THE THIRD DECLENSION--THE ROMANS INVADE THE ENEMYS COUNTRY 113-115 XLVI. THE FOURTH OR _U_-DECLENSION 116-117 XLVII. EXPRESSIONS OF PLACE--_Place to Which, Place from Which, Place at or in Which, the Locative_-- Declension of domus--DDALUS AND ICARUS 117-121 XLVIII. THE FIFTH OR __-DECLENSION--_Ablative of Time_ --DDALUS AND ICARUS (_Continued_) 121-123 XLIX. PRONOUNS--Personal and Reflexive Pronouns--DDALUS AND ICARUS (_Concluded_) 123-126 L. THE INTENSIVE PRONOUN ipse AND THE DEMONSTRATIVE ǔdem--HOW HORATIUS HELD THE BRIDGE 126-127 LI. THE DEMONSTRATIVES hic, iste, ille--A GERMAN CHIEFTAIN ADDRESSES HIS FOLLOWERS--HOW HORATIUS HELD THE BRIDGE (_Continued_) 128-130 LII. THE INDEFINITE PRONOUNS--HOW HORATIUS HELD THE BRIDGE (_Concluded_) 130-132 LIII. REGULAR COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES 133-135 LIV. IRREGULAR COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES--_Ablative with Comparatives_ 135-136 LV. IRREGULAR COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES (_Continued_)-- Declension of pls 137-138 LVI. IRREGULAR COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES (_Concluded_)-- _Ablative of the Measure of Difference_ 138-139 LVII. FORMATION AND COMPARISON OF ADVERBS 140-142 LVIII. NUMERALS--_Partitive Genitive_ 142-144 LIX. NUMERALS (_Continued_)--_Accusative of Extent_-- CSAR IN GAUL 144-146 LX. DEPONENT VERBS--_Prepositions with the Accusative_ 146-147 PART III. CONSTRUCTIONS LXI. THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD--Inflection of the Present-- _Indicative and Subjunctive Compared_ 148-152 LXII. THE SUBJUNCTIVE OF PURPOSE 152-153 LXIII. INFLECTION OF THE IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE--_Sequence of Tenses_ 153-155 LXIV. INFLECTION OF THE PERFECT AND PLUPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE--_Substantive Clauses of Purpose_ 156-159 LXV. SUBJUNCTIVE OF possum--_Verbs of Fearing_ 160-161 LXVI. THE PARTICIPLES--Tenses and Declension 161-164 LXVII. THE IRREGULAR VERBS vol, nl, ml-- _Ablative Absolute_ 164-166 LXVIII. THE IRREGULAR VERB f--_Subjunctive of Result_ 167-168 LXIX. SUBJUNCTIVE OF CHARACTERISTIC--_Predicate Accusative_ 169-171 LXX. CONSTRUCTIONS WITH cum--_Ablative of Specification_ 171-173 LXXI. VOCABULARY REVIEW--_Gerund and Gerundive_-- _Predicate Genitive_ 173-177 LXXII. THE IRREGULAR VERB e--_Indirect Statements_ 177-180 LXXIII. VOCABULARY REVIEW--THE IRREGULAR VERB fer-- _Dative with Compounds_ 181-183 LXXIV. VOCABULARY REVIEW--_Subjunctive in Indirect Questions_ 183-185 LXXV. VOCABULARY REVIEW--_Dative of Purpose or End for Which_ 185-186 LXXVI. VOCABULARY REVIEW--_Genitive and Ablative of Quality or Description_ 186-188 LXXVII. REVIEW OF AGREEMENT--_Review of the Genitive, Dative, and Accusative_ 189-190 LXXVIII. REVIEW OF THE ABLATIVE 191-192 LXXIX. REVIEW OF THE SYNTAX OF VERBS 192-193 READING MATTER INTRODUCTORY SUGGESTIONS 194-195 THE LABORS OF HERCULES 196-203 P. CORNELIUS LENTULUS: THE STORY OF A ROMAN BOY 204-215 APPENDIXES AND VOCABULARIES APPENDIX I. TABLES OF DECLENSIONS, CONJUGATIONS, NUMERALS, ETC. 226-260 APPENDIX II. RULES OF SYNTAX 261-264 APPENDIX III. REVIEWS 265-282 SPECIAL VOCABULARIES 283-298 LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 299-331 ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY 332-343 INDEX 344-348 LATIN FOR BEGINNERS TO THE STUDENT--BY WAY OF INTRODUCTION What is Latin? If you will look at the map of Italy on the opposite page, you will find near the middle of the peninsula and facing the west coast a district called Latium,[1] and Rome its capital. The Latin language, meaning the language of Latium, was spoken by the ancient Romans and other inhabitants of Latium, and Latin was the name applied to it after the armies of Rome had carried the knowledge of her language far beyond its original boundaries. As the English of to-day is not quite the same as that spoken two or three hundred years ago, so Latin was not always the same at all times, but changed more or less in the course of centuries. The sort of Latin you are going to learn was in use about two thousand years ago. And that period has been selected because the language was then at its best and the greatest works of Roman literature were being produced. This period, because of its supreme excellence, is called the Golden Age of Roman letters. [Footnote 1: Pronounce _Lshi-um_.] The Spread of Latin. For some centuries after Rome was founded, the Romans were a feeble and insignificant people, their territory was limited to Latium, and their existence constantly threatened by warlike neighbors. But after the third century before Christ, Romes power grew rapidly. She conquered all Italy, then reached out for the lands across the sea and beyond the Alps, and finally ruled over the whole ancient world. The empire thus established lasted for more than four hundred years. The importance of Latin increased with the growth of Roman power, and what had been a dialect spoken by a single tribe became the universal language. Gradually the language changed somewhat, developing differently in different countries. In Italy it has become Italian, in Spain Spanish, and in France French. All these nations, therefore, are speaking a modernized form of Latin. The Romans and the Greeks. In their career of conquest the Romans came into conflict with the Greeks. The Greeks were inferior to the Romans in military power, but far superior to them in culture. They excelled in art, literature, music, science, and philosophy. Of all these pursuits the Romans were ignorant until contact with Greece revealed to them the value of education and filled them with the thirst for knowledge. And so it came about that while Rome conquered Greece by force of arms, Greece conquered Rome by force of her intellectual superiority and became her schoolmaster. It was soon the established custom for young Romans to go to Athens and to other centers of Greek learning to finish their training, and the knowledge of the Greek language among the educated classes became universal. At the same time many cultured Greeks--poets, artists, orators, and philosophers--flocked to Rome, opened schools, and taught their arts. Indeed, the preminence of Greek culture became so great that Rome almost lost her ambition to be original, and her writers vied with each other in their efforts to reproduce in Latin what was choicest in Greek literature. As a consequence of all this, the civilization and national life of Rome became largely Grecian, and to Greece she owed her literature and her art. Rome and the Modern World. After conquering the world, Rome impressed her language, laws, customs of living, and modes of thinking upon the subject nations, and they became Roman; and the world has remained largely Roman ever since. Latin continued to live, and the knowledge of Latin was the only light of learning that burned steadily through the dark ages that followed the downfall of the Roman Empire. Latin was the common language of scholars and remained so even down to the days of Shakespeare. Even yet it is more nearly than any other tongue the universal language of the learned. The life of to-day is much nearer the life of ancient Rome than the lapse of centuries would lead one to suppose. You and I are Romans still in many ways, and if Csar and Cicero should appear among us, we should not find them, except for dress and language, much unlike men of to-day. Latin and English. Do you know that more than half of the words in the English dictionary are Latin, and that you are speaking more or less Latin every day? How has this come about? In the year 1066 William the Conqueror invaded England with an army of Normans. The Normans spoke French--which, you remember, is descended from Latin--and spread their language to a considerable extent over England, and so Norman-French played an important part in the formation of English and forms a large proportion of our vocabulary. Furthermore, great numbers of almost pure Latin words have been brought into English through the writings of scholars, and every new scientific discovery is marked by the addition of new terms of Latin derivation. Hence, while the simpler and commoner words of our mother tongue are Anglo-Saxon, and Anglo-Saxon forms the staple of our colloquial language, yet in the realms of literature, and especially in poetry, words of Latin derivation are very abundant. Also in the learned professions, as in law, medicine, and engineering, a knowledge of Latin is necessary for the successful interpretation of technical and scientific terms. Why study Latin? The foregoing paragraphs make it clear why Latin forms so important a part of modern education. We have seen that our civilization rests upon that of Greece and Rome, and that we must look to the past if we would understand the present. It is obvious, too, that the knowledge of Latin not only leads to a more exact and effective use of our own language, but that it is of vital importance and of great practical value to any one preparing for a literary or professional career. To this it may be added that the study of Latin throws a flood of light upon the structure of language in general and lays an excellent foundation for all grammatical study. Finally, it has been abundantly proved that there is no more effective means of strengthening the mind than by the earnest pursuit of this branch of learning. Review Questions. Whence does Latin get its name? Where is Latium? Where is Rome? Was Latin always the same? What sort of Latin are we to study? Describe the growth of Romes power and the spread of Latin. What can you say of the origin of Italian, French, and Spanish? How did the ancient Greeks and Romans compare? How did Greece influence Rome? How did Rome influence the world? In what sense are we Romans still? What did Latin have to do with the formation of English? What proportion of English words are of Latin origin, and what kind of words are they? Why should we study Latin? PART I THE PRONUNCIATION OF LATIN THE ALPHABET 1. The Latin alphabet contains the same letters as the English except that it has no _w_ and no _j_. 2. The vowels, as in English, are _a, e, i, o, u, y_. The other letters are consonants. 3. _I_ is used both as a vowel and as a consonant. Before a vowel in the same syllable it has the value of a consonant and is called _I consonant_. Thus in I-li-us the first _i_ is a consonant, the second a vowel. SOUNDS OF THE LETTERS[1] [Footnote 1: N.B. The sounds of the letters are best learned by hearing them correctly pronounced. The matter in this section is, therefore, intended for reference rather than for assignment as a lesson. As a first step it is suggested that the teacher pronounce the examples in class, the pupils following.] 4. Latin was not pronounced like English. The Romans at the beginning of the Christian era pronounced their language substantially as described below. 5. The vowels have the following sounds: VOWELS[2] LATIN EXAMPLES as in _father_ hc, sts a like the first _a_ in _aha_, never as in _hat_ a-mat, ca-ns as in _they_ t-la, m-ta e as in _met_ te-net, mer-cs as in _machine_ ser-t, pr-t i as in _bit_ si-tis, bi-b as in _holy_ R-ma, -ris o as in _wholly_, never as in _hot_ mo-do, bo-ns as in _rude_, or as _oo_ in _boot_ -mor, t-ber u as in _full_, or as _oo_ in _foot_ ut, t-tus NOTE. It is to be observed that there is a decided difference in sound, except in the case of _a_, between the long and the short vowels. It is not merely a matter of _quantity_ but also of _quality_. [Footnote 2: Long vowels are marked , short ones .] [Transcribers Note: In this version of the text, long vowels are shown with a circumflex accent (hat) and short vowels are unmarked, as described in the introductory notes.] 6. In diphthongs (two-vowel sounds) both vowels are heard in a single syllable. DIPHTHONGS LATIN EXAMPLES ae as _ai_ in _aisle_ tae-dae au as _ou_ in _out_ gau-det ei as _ei_ in _eight_ dein-de eu as _e[oo]_ (a short _e_ followed by a short _u_ in one syllable) seu oe like _oi_ in _toil_ foe-dus ui like _[oo]i_ (a short _u_ followed by a short _i_ in one syllable. Cf. English _we_) cui, huic NOTE. Give all the vowels and diphthongs their proper sounds and do not slur over them in unaccented syllables, as is done in English. 7. Consonants are pronounced as in English, except that CONSONANTS LATIN EXAMPLES c is always like _c_ in _cat_, never as in _cent_ ca-d, ci-bus, c-na g is always like _g_ in _get_, never as in _gem_ ge-m, gig-n i consonant is always like _y_ in _yes_ iam, io-cus n before _c, qu_, or _g_ is like _ng_ in _sing_ (compare the sound of _n_ in _anchor_) an-co-ra (ang-ko-ra) qu, gu, and sometimes su before a vowel have the sound of _qw, gw_, and _sw_. Here _u_ has the value of consonant _v_ and is not counted a vowel in-quit, qu, lin-gua, san-guis, su-de- s is like _s_ in _sea_, never as in _ease_ ro-sa, is t is always like _t_ in _native_, never as in _nation_ ra-ti-, n-ti- v is like _w_ in _wine_, never as in _vine_ v-num, vir x has the value of two consonants (_cs_ or _gs_) and is like _x_ in _extract_, not as in _exact_ ex-tr, ex-c-tus bs is like _ps_ and bt like _pt_ urbs, ob-ti-ne- ch, ph, and th are like _c_, _p_, _t_ pul-cher, Phoe-b, the--trum _a._ In combinations of consonants give each its distinct sound. Doubled consonants should be pronounced with a slight pause between the two sounds. Thus pronounce _tt_ as in _rat-trap_, not as in _rattle_; _pp_ as in _hop-pole_, not as in _upper_. Examples, mit-t, Appi-us, bel-lum. SYLLABLES 8. A Latin word has as many syllables as it has vowels and diphthongs. Thus aes-t-te has three syllables, au-di-en-dus has four. _a._ Two vowels with a consonant between them never make one syllable, as is so often the case in English. Compare English _inside_ with Latin n-s-de. 9. Words are divided into syllables as follows: 1. A single consonant between two vowels goes with the second. Thus a-m-bi-lis, me-mo-ri-a, in-te-re-, a-best, pe-r-git.[3] [Footnote 3: In writing and printing it is customary to divide the parts of a compound, as inter-e, ab-est, sub-ctus, per-git, contrary to the correct phonetic rule.] 2. Combinations of two or more consonants: _a._ A consonant followed by _l_ or _r_ goes with the _l_ or _r_. Thus p-bli-cus, a-gr. EXCEPTION. Prepositional compounds of this nature, as also _ll_ and _rr_, follow rule _b_. Thus ab-lu-, ab-rum-p, il-le, fer-rum. _b._ In all other combinations of consonants the first consonant goes with the preceding vowel.[4] Thus mag-nus, e-ges-ts, vic-t-ri-a, hos-pes, an-nus, su-bc-tus. [Footnote 4: The combination nct is divided nc-t, as fnc-tus, snc-tus.] 3. The last syllable of a word is called the _ul-ti-ma_; the one next to the last, the _pe-nult_; the one before the penult, the _an-te-pe-nult_. 10. EXERCISE Divide the words in the following passage into syllables and pronounce them, placing the accent as indicated: Vde ad formcam, pger, et cnsder vs ius et dsce sapintiam: quae cum nn hbeat dcem nec praeceptrem nec prncipem, prat in aestte cbum sbi et cngregat in msse quod cmedat. [[Go to the ant, thou sluggard; consider her ways, and be wise: which, having no guide, overseer, or ruler, provideth her meat in the summer and gathereth her food in the harvest.]] QUANTITY 11. The quantity of a vowel or a syllable is the time it takes to pronounce it. Correct pronunciation and accent depend upon the proper observance of quantity. 12. Quantity of Vowels. Vowels are either long () or short (). In this book the long vowels are marked. Unmarked vowels are to be considered short. [Transcribers Note: The wording of 12 is as in the original.] 1. A vowel is short before another vowel or _h_; as po--ta, tra-h. 2. A vowel is short before _nt_ and _nd_, before final _m_ or _t_, and, except in words of one syllable, before final _l_ or _r_. Thus a-mant, a-man-dus, a-m-bam, a-m-bat, a-ni-mal, a-mor. 3. A vowel is long before _nf_, _ns_, _nx_, and _nct_. Thus ǔn-fe-r, re-gns, sn-x, snc-tus. 4. Diphthongs are always long, and are not marked. 13. Quantity of Syllables. Syllables are either long or short, and their quantity must be carefully distinguished from that of vowels. 1. A syllable is short, _a._ If it ends in a short vowel; as a-m, pi-gri. NOTE. In final syllables the short vowel may be followed by a final consonant. Thus the word me-mo-ri-am contains four short syllables. In the first three a short vowel ends the syllable, in the last the short vowel is followed by a final consonant. 2. A syllable is long, _a._ If it contains a long vowel or a diphthong, as c-r, poe-nae, aes-t-te. _b._ If it ends in a consonant which is followed by another consonant, as cor-pus, mag-nus. NOTE. The vowel in a long syllable may be either long or short, and should be pronounced accordingly. Thus in ter-ra, in-ter, the first syllable is long, but the vowel in each case is short and should be given the short sound. In words like saxum the first syllable is long because _x_ has the value of two consonants (_cs_ or _gs_). 3. In determining quantity _h_ is not counted a consonant. NOTE. Give about twice as much time to the long syllables as to the short ones. It takes about as long to pronounce a short vowel plus a consonant as it does to pronounce a long vowel or a diphthong, and so these quantities are considered equally long. For example, it takes about as long to say cur-r as it does c-r, and so each of these first syllables is long. Compare mol-lis and m-lis, lj-mis-s and lj-mi-s. ACCENT 14. Words of two syllables are accented on the first, as mn-sa, Cae-sar. 15. Words of more than two syllables are accented on the penult if the penult is long. If the penult is short, accent the antepenult. Thus mo-n-mus, re-gi-tur, a-gri-co-la, a-man-dus. NOTE. Observe that the position of the accent is determined by the length of the _syllable_ and not by the length of the vowel in the syllable. (Cf. 13.2, Note.) 16. Certain little words called _enclitics_[5] which have no separate existence, are added to and pronounced with a preceding word. The most common are -que, _and_; -ve, _or_; and -ne, the question sign. The syllable before an enclitic takes the accent, regardless of its quantity. Thus populusque, deaque, rgnave, auditne. [Footnote 5: Enclitic means _leaning back_, and that is, as you see, just what these little words do. They cannot stand alone and so they lean back for support upon the preceding word.] HOW TO READ LATIN 17. To read Latin well is not so difficult, if you begin right. Correct habits of reading should be formed now. Notice the quantities carefully, especially the quantity of the penult, to insure your getting the accent on the right syllable. (Cf. 15.) Give every vowel its proper sound and every syllable its proper length. Then bear in mind that we should read Latin as we read English, in phrases rather than in separate words. Group together words that are closely connected in thought. No good reader halts at the end of each word. 18. Read the stanzas of the following poem by Longfellow, one at a time, first the English and then the Latin version. The syllables inclosed in parentheses are to be slurred or omitted to secure smoothness of meter. EXCELSIOR [[HIGHER]]! [6] The shades of night were falling fast, As through an Alpine village passed A youth, who bore, mid snow and ice, A banner with the strange device, Excelsior! Cadbant noctis umbrae, dum Ibat per vcum Alpicum Gel nivequ(e) adolscns, Vxillum cum sign ferns, Excelsior! His brow was sad; his eye beneath, Flashed like a falchion from its sheath, And like a silver clarion rung The accents of that unknown tongue, Excelsior! Frns trstis, micat oculus Velut vgn gladius; Sonantque simils tubae Accents lingu(ae) incognitae, Excelsior! In happy homes he saw the light Of household fires gleam warm and bright; Above, the spectral glaciers shone, And from his lips escaped a groan, Excelsior! In domibus videt clrs Focrum lcs calids; Relucet glacis cris, Et rumpit gemits labrs, Excelsior! Try not the Pass! the old man said; Dark lowers the tempest overhead, The roaring torrent is deep and wide! And loud that clarion voice replied, Excelsior! Dcit senex, N trnses! Supr nigrscit tempests; Ltus et altus est torrns. Clra vnit vx respondns, Excelsior! At break of day, as heavenward The pious monks of Saint Bernard Uttered the oft-repeated prayer, A voice cried through the startled air, Excelsior! Iam lcscbat, et frtrs Snct Bernard vigils rbant precs solits, Cum vx clmvit per aurs, Excelsior! A traveler, by the faithful hound, Half-buried in the snow was found, Still grasping in his hand of ice That banner with the strange device, Excelsior! Smi-sepultus vitor Can(e) fd repertur, Comprndns pugn gelid Illud vxillum cum sign, Excelsior! There in the twilight cold and gray, Lifeless, but beautiful, he lay, And from the sky, serene and far, A voice fell, like a falling star, Excelsior! Iacet corpus exanimum Sed lce frgid pulchrum; Et cael procul exins Cadit vx, ut Stella cadns, Excelsior! [Footnote 6: Translation by C. W. Goodchild in _Praeco Latinus_, October, 1898.] PART II WORDS AND FORMS LESSON I FIRST PRINCIPLES 19. Subject and Predicate. 1. Latin, like English, expresses thoughts by means of sentences. A sentence is a combination of words that expresses a thought, and in its simplest form is the statement of a single fact. Thus, _Galba is a farmer_ Galba est agricola _The sailor fights_ Nauta pugnat In each of these sentences there are two parts: SUBJECT PREDICATE _Galba_ _is a farmer_ Galba _The sailor_ _fights_ Nauta pugnat 2. The subject is that person, place, or thing about which something is said, and is therefore a _noun_ or some word which can serve the same purpose. _a._ Pronouns, as their name implies (_pro_, instead of, and _noun_), often take the place of nouns, usually to save repeating the same noun, as, _Galba is a farmer; he is a sturdy fellow_. 3. The predicate is that which is said about the subject, and consists of a verb with or without modifiers. _a._ A verb is a word which asserts something (usually an act) concerning a person, place, or thing. 20. The Object. In the two sentences, _The boy hit the ball_ and _The ball hit the boy_, the same words are used, but the meaning is different, and depends upon the order of the words. The doer of the act, that about which something is said, is, as we have seen above, the subject. That to which something is done is the direct object of the verb. _The boy hit the ball_ is therefore analyzed as follows: SUBJECT PREDICATE /-----------\ _The boy_ _hit the ball_ (verb) (direct object) _a._ A verb whose action passes over to the object directly, as in the sentence above, is called a transitive verb. A verb which does not admit of a direct object is called intransitive, as, _I walk_, _he comes_. 21. The Copula. The verb _to be_ in its different forms--_are_, _is_, _was_, etc.--does not tell us anything about the subject; neither does it govern an object. It simply connects the subject with the word or words in the predicate that possess a distinct meaning. Hence it is called the copula, that is, _the joiner_ or _link_. 22. In the following sentences pronounce the Latin and name the _nouns, verbs, subjects, objects, predicates, copulas_: 1. America est patria mea _America is fatherland my_ 2. Agricola fliam amat _(The) farmer (his) daughter loves_ 3. Flia est Ilia _(His) daughter is Julia_ 4. Ilia et agricola sunt in nsul _Julia and (the) farmer are on (the) island_ 5. Ilia aquam portat _Julia water carries_ 6. Rosam in coms habet _(A) rose in (her) hair (she) has_ 7. Ilia est puella pulchra _Julia is (a) girl pretty_ 8. Domina fliam pulchram habet _(The) lady (a) daughter beautiful has_ _a._ The sentences above show that Latin does not express some words which are necessary in English. First of all, _Latin has no article the or a_; thus _agricola_ may mean _the farmer, a farmer_, or simply _farmer_. Then, too, the personal pronouns, _I, you, he, she_, etc., and the possessive pronouns, _my, your, his, her_, etc., are not expressed if the meaning of the sentence is clear without them. LESSON II FIRST PRINCIPLES (_Continued_) 23. Inflection. Words may change their forms to indicate some change in sense or use, as, _is, are_; _was, were; who, whose, whom; farmer, farmers; woman, women_. This is called inflection. The inflection of a noun, adjective, or pronoun is called its declension, that of a verb its conjugation. 24. Number. Latin, like English, has two numbers, singular and plural. In English we usually form the plural by adding _-s_ or _-es_ to the singular. So Latin changes the singular to the plural by changing the ending of the word. Compare Naut-a pugnat _The sailor fights_ Naut-ae pugnant _The sailors fight_ 25. RULE. _Nouns that end in -a in the singular end in -ae in the plural_. 26. Learn the following nouns so that you can give the English for the Latin or the Latin for the English. Write the plural of each. agricola, _farmer_ (agriculture)[1] aqua, _water_ (aquarium) causa, _cause, reason_ domina, _lady of the house, mistress_ (dominate) filia, _daughter_ (filial) fortna, _fortune_ fuga, _flight_ (fugitive) iniria, _wrong, injury_ lna, _moon_ (lunar) nauta, _sailor_ (nautical) puella, _girl_ silva, forest (silvan) terra, _land_ (terrace) [Footnote 1: The words in parentheses are English words related to the Latin. When the words are practically identical, as causa, _cause_, no comparison is needed.] 27. Compare again the sentences Nauta pugna-t _The sailor fights_ Nautae pugna-nt _The sailors fight_ In the first sentence the verb pugna-t is in the third person singular, in the second sentence pugna-nt is in the third person plural. 28. RULE. Agreement of Verb. _A finite verb must always be in the same person and number as its subject._ 29. RULE. _In the conjugation of the Latin verb the third person singular active ends in -t, the third person plural in -nt. The endings which show the person and number of the verb are called personal endings._ 30. Learn the following verbs and write the plural of each. The personal pronouns _he_, _she_, _it_, etc., which are necessary in the inflection of the English verb, are not needed in the Latin, because the personal endings take their place. Of course, if the verbs subject is expressed we do not translate the personal ending by a pronoun; thus nauta pugnat is translated _the sailor fights_, not _the sailor he fights_. ama-t _he (she, it) loves, is loving, does love_ (amity, amiable) labra-t _labors, is laboring, does labor_ nntia-t[2] _announces, is announcing, does announce_ porta-t _carries, is carrying, does carry_ (porter) pugna-t _fights, is fighting, does fight_ (pugnacious) [Footnote 2: The _u_ in nnti is long by exception. (Cf. 12.2.)] 31. EXERCISES I. 1. The daughter loves, the daughters love. 2. The sailor is carrying, the sailors carry. 3. The farmer does labor, the farmers labor. 4. The girl is announcing, the girls do announce. 5. The ladies are carrying, the lady carries. II. 1. Nauta pugnat, nautae pugnant. 2. Puella amat, puellae amant. 3. Agricola portat, agricolae portant. 4. Flia labrat, fliae labrant. 5. Nauta nntiat, nautae nntiant. 6. Dominae amant, domina amat. [Illustration: DOMINA] LESSON III FIRST PRINCIPLES (_Continued_) 32. Declension of Nouns. We learned above (19, 20) the difference between the subject and object, and that in English they may be distinguished by the order of the words. Sometimes, however, the order is such that we are left in doubt. For example, the sentence _The lady her daughter loves_ might mean either that the lady loves her daughter, or that the daughter loves the lady. 1. If the sentence were in Latin, no doubt could arise, because the subject and the object are distinguished, not by the order of the words, but by the endings of the words themselves. Compare the following sentences: Domina fliam amat Fliam domina amat Amat fliam domina Domina amat fliam _The lady loves her daughter_ Flia dominam amat Dominam flia amat Amat dominam flia Flia amat dominam _The daughter loves the lady_ _a._ Observe that in each case the subject of the sentence ends in -a and the object in -am. The _form_ of the noun shows how it is used in the sentence, and the order of the words has no effect on the essential meaning. 2. As stated above (23), this change of ending is called declension, and each different ending produces what is called a case. When we decline a noun, we give all its different cases, or changes of endings. In English we have three cases,--nominative, possessive, and objective; but, in nouns, the nominative and objective have the same form, and only the possessive case shows a change of ending, by adding _s_ or the apostrophe. The interrogative pronoun, however, has the fuller declension, _who?_ _whose?_ _whom?_ 33. The following table shows a comparison between English and Latin declension forms, and should be thoroughly memorized: ENGLISH CASES LATIN CASES +---+-------------+--------------+------------------+----------------+ | | Declension | Name of case | Declension of | Name of case | | | of _who?_ | and use | domina | and use | | | | | and translation | | +---+-------------+--------------+------------------+----------------+ | | Who? | Nominative-- | domin-a | Nominative-- | | S | | case of the | _the lady_ | case of the | | I | | subject | | subject | | N | | | | | | G | Whose? | Possessive-- | domin-ae | Genitive-- | | U | | case of the | _the ladys_ | case of the | | L | | possessor | _of the lady_ | possessor | | A | | | | | | R | Whom? | Objective-- | domin-am | Accusative-- | | | | case of the | _the lady_ | case of the | | | | object | | direct object | +---+-------------+--------------+------------------+----------------+ | | Who? | Nominative-- | domin-ae | Nominative-- | | | | case of the | _the ladies_ | case of the | | P | | subject | | subject | | L | | | | | | U | Whose? | Possessive-- | domin-rum | Genitive-- | | R | | case of the | _the ladies_ | case of the | | A | | possessor | _of the ladies_ | possessor | | L | | | | | | | Whom? | Objective-- | domin-s | Accusative-- | | | | case of the | _the ladies_ | case of the | | | | object | | direct object | +---+-------------+--------------+------------------+----------------+ When the nominative singular of a noun ends in -a, observe that _a._ The nominative plural ends in -ae. _b._ The genitive singular ends in -ae and the genitive plural in -rum. _c._ The accusative singular ends in -am and the accusative plural in -s. _d._ The genitive singular and the nominative plural have the same ending. 34. EXERCISE Pronounce the following words and give their general meaning. Then give the number and case, and the use of each form. Where the same form stands for more than one case, give all the possible cases and uses. 1. Silva, silvs, silvam. 2. Fugam, fugae, fuga. 3. Terrrum, terrae, terrs. 4. Aqus, causam, lns. 5. Fliae, fortnae, lnae. 6. Iniris, agricolrum, aqurum. 7. Inirirum, agricolae, puells. 8. Nautam, agricols, nauts. 9. Agricolam, puellam, silvrum. LESSON IV FIRST PRINCIPLES (_Continued_) [Special Vocabulary] [See Transcribers Note at beginning of text.] NOUNS dea, _goddess_ (deity) Dina, _Diana_ fera, _a wild beast_ (fierce) Ltna, _Latona_ sagitta, _arrow_ VERBS est, _he (she, it) is_; sunt, _they are_ necat, _he (she, it) kills, is killing, does kill_ CONJUNCTION[A] et, _and_ PRONOUNS quis, interrog. pronoun, nom. sing., _who?_ cuius (pronounced _c[oo]iy[oo]s_, two syllables), interrog. pronoun, gen. sing., _whose?_ [Footnote A: A _conjunction_ is a word which connects words, parts of sentences, or sentences.] 35. We learned from the table (33) that the Latin nominative, genitive, and accusative correspond, in general, to the nominative, possessive, and objective in English, and that they are used in the same way. This will be made even clearer by the following sentence: Flia agricolae nautam amat, _the farmers daughter_ (or _the daughter of the farmer_) _loves the sailor_ What is the subject? the direct object? What case is used for the subject? for the direct object? What word denotes the possessor? In what case is it? 36. RULE. Nominative Subject. _The subject of a finite verb is in the Nominative and answers the question Who? or What?_ 37. RULE. Accusative Object. _The direct object of a transitive verb is in the Accusative and answers the question Whom? or What?_ 38. RULE. Genitive of the Possessor. _The word denoting the owner or possessor of something is in the Genitive and answers the question Whose?_ [Illustration: DIANA SAGITTAS PORTAT ET FERAS NECAT] 39. EXERCISES First learn the special vocabulary, p. 283. I. 1. Dina est dea. 2. Ltna est dea. 3. Dina et Ltna sunt deae. 4. Dina est dea lnae. 5. Dina est flia Ltnae. 6. Ltna Dinam amat. 7. Dina est dea silvrum. 8. Dina silvam amat. 9. Dina sagitts portat. 10. Dina fers silvae necat. 11. Ferae terrrum pugnant. For the order of words imitate the Latin above. II. 1. The daughter of Latona does love the forests. 2. Latonas daughter carries arrows. 3. The farmers daughters do labor. 4. The farmers daughter loves the waters of the forest. 5. The sailor is announcing the girls flight. 6. The girls announce the sailors wrongs. 7. The farmers daughter labors. 8. Dianas arrows are killing the wild beasts of the land. 40. CONVERSATION Translate the questions and answer them in Latin. The answers may be found in the exercises preceding. 1. Quis est Dina? 2. Cuius flia est Dina? 3. Quis Dinam amat? 4. Quis silvam amat? 5. Quis sagitts portat? 6. Cuius fliae labrant? LESSON V FIRST PRINCIPLES (_Continued_) [Special Vocabulary] NOUNS corna, _wreath, garland, crown_ fbula, _story_ (fable) pecnia, _money_ (pecuniary) pugna, _battle_ (pugnacious) victria, _victory_ VERBS dat, _he (she, it) gives_ nrrat, _he (she, it) tells_ (narrate) CONJUNCTION[A] quia or quod, _because_ cui (pronounced _c[oo]i_, one syllable), interrog. pronoun, dat. sing., _to whom?_ _for whom?_ [Footnote A: A _conjunction_ is a word which connects words, parts of sentences, or sentences.] 41. The Dative Case. In addition to the relationships between words expressed by the nominative, genitive (possessive), and accusative (objective) cases, there are other relationships, to express which in English we use such words as _from_, _with_, _by_, _to_, _for_, _in_, _at_.[1] [Footnote 1: Words like _to_, _for_, _by_, _from_, _in_, etc., which define the relationship between words, are called prepositions.] Latin, too, makes frequent use of such prepositions; but often it expresses these relations without them by means of case forms which English does not possess. One of the cases found in the Latin declension and lacking in English is called the _dative_. 42. When the nominative singular ends in -a, the dative singular ends in -ae and the dative plural in -s. NOTE. Observe that the _genitive singular_, the _dative singular_, and the _nominative plural_ all have the same ending, -ae; but the uses of the three cases are entirely different. The general meaning of the sentence usually makes clear which case is intended. _a._ Form the dative singular and plural of the following nouns: fuga, causa, fortna, terra, aqua, puella, agricola, nauta, domina. 43. The Dative Relation. The dative case is used to express the relations conveyed in English by the prepositions _to_, _towards_, _for_. These prepositions are often used in English in expressions of motion, such as _She went to town_, _He ran towards the horse_, _Columbus sailed for America_. In such cases the dative is not used in Latin, as _motion through space_ is foreign to the dative relation. But the dative is used to denote that _to_ or _towards which_ a benefit, injury, purpose, feeling, or quality is directed, or that _for which_ something serves or exists. _a._ What dative relations do you discover in the following? The teacher gave a prize to John because he replied so promptly to all her questions--a good example for the rest of us. It is a pleasure to us to hear him recite. Latin is easy for him, but it is very hard for me. Some are fitted for one thing and others for another. 44. The Indirect Object. Examine the sentence Nauta fugam nntiat, _the sailor announces the flight_ Here the verb, nntiat, governs the direct object, fugam, in the accusative case. If, however, we wish to mention the persons to whom the sailor announces the flight, as, _The sailor announces the flight to the farmers_, the verb will have two objects: 1. Its direct object, _flight_ (fugam) 2. Its indirect object, _farmers_ According to the preceding section, _to the farmers_ is a relation covered by the dative case, and we are prepared for the following rule: 45. RULE. Dative Indirect Object. _The indirect object of a verb is in the Dative._ _a._ The indirect object usually stands before the direct object. 46. We may now complete the translation of the sentence _The sailor announces the flight to the farmers_, and we have Nauta agricols fugam nntiat 47. EXERCISES First learn the special vocabulary, p. 283. _Point out the direct and indirect objects and the genitive of the possessor._ I. 1. Quis nauts pecniam dat? 2. Fliae agricolae nauts pecniam dant. 3. Quis fortnam pugnae nntiat? 4. Galba agricols fortunam pugnae nntiat. 5. Cui domina fbulam nrrat? 6. Fliae agricolae domina fbulam nrrat. 7. Quis Dinae cornam dat? 8. Puella Dinae cornam dat quia Dinam amat. 9. Dea lnae sagitts portat et fers silvrum necat. 10. Cuius victriam Galba nntiat? 11. Nautae victriam Galba nntiat. Imitate the word order of the preceding exercise. II. 1. To whom do the girls give a wreath? 2. The girls give a wreath to Julia, because Julia loves wreaths. 3. The sailors tell the ladies[2] a story, because the ladies love stories. 4. The farmer gives his (22.a) daughter water. 5. Galba announces the cause of the battle to the sailor. 6. The goddess of the moon loves the waters of the forest. 7. Whose wreath is Latona carrying? Dianas. [Footnote 2: Observe that in English the indirect object often stands without a preposition _to_ to mark it, especially when it precedes the direct object.] LESSON VI FIRST PRINCIPLES (_Continued_) [Special Vocabulary] ADJECTIVES bona, _good_ grta, _pleasing_ magna, _large, great_ mala, _bad, wicked_ parva, _small, little_ pulchra, _beautiful, pretty_ sla, _alone_ NOUNS ancilla, _maidservant_ Ilia, _Julia_ ADVERBS[A] cr, _why_ nn, _not_ PRONOUNS mea, _my_; tua, _thy, your_ (possesives) quid, interrog. pronoun, nom. and acc. sing., _what?_ -ne, the question sign, an enclitic (16) added to the first word, which, in a question, is usually the verb, as amat, _he loves_, but amatne? _does he love?_ est, _he is_; estne? _is he?_ Of course -ne is not used when the sentence contains quis, cr, or some other interrogative word. [Footnote A: An _adverb_ is a word used to modify a verb, an adjective, or another adverb; as, She sings _sweetly_; she is _very_ talented; she began to sing _very early_.] 48. The Ablative Case. Another case, lacking in English but found in the fuller Latin declension, is the _abla-tive._ 49. When the nominative singular ends in -a, the ablative singular ends in - and the ablative plural in -s. _a._ Observe that the final -a of the nominative is short, while the final - of the ablative is long, as, _Nom._ flia _Abl._ fli _b._ Observe that the ablative plural is like the dative plural. _c._ Form the ablative singular and plural of the following nouns: fuga, causa, fortna, terra, aqua, puella, agricola, nauta, domina. 50. The Ablative Relation. The ablative case is used to express the relations conveyed in English by the prepositions _from_, _with_, _by_, _at_, _in_. It denotes 1. That from which something is separated, from which it starts, or of which it is deprived--generally translated by _from_. 2. That with which something is associated or by means of which it is done--translated by _with_ or _by_. 3. The place where or the time when something happens--translated by _in_ or _at_. _a._ What ablative relations do you discover in the following? In our class there are twenty boys and girls. Daily at eight oclock they come from home with their books, and while they are at school they read with ease the books written by the Romans. By patience and perseverance all things in this world can be overcome. 51. Prepositions. While, as stated above (41), many relations expressed in English by prepositions are in Latin expressed by case forms, still prepositions are of frequent occurrence, but only with the accusative or ablative. 52. RULE. Object of a Preposition. _A noun governed by a preposition must be in the Accusative or Ablative case._ 53. Prepositions denoting the ablative relations _from, with, in, on_, are naturally followed by the ablative case. Among these are lj[1] or ab, _from, away from_ d, _from, down from_ ǐ[1] or ex, _from, out from, out of_ cum, _with_ in, _in, on_ [Footnote 1: lj and ǐ are used only before words beginning with a consonant; ab and ex are used before either vowels or consonants.] 1. _Translate into Latin, using prepositions._ In the water, on the land, down from the forest, with the fortune, out of the forests, from the victory, out of the waters, with the sailors, down from the moon. 54. Adjectives. Examine the sentence Puella parva bonam deam amat, _the little girl loves the good goddess_ In this sentence parva (_little_) and bonam (_good_) are not nouns, but are descriptive words expressing quality. Such words are called _adjectives_,[2] and they are said to belong to the noun which they describe. [Footnote 2: _Pick out the adjectives in the following:_ When I was a little boy, I remember that one cold winters morning I was accosted by a smiling man with an ax on his shoulder. My pretty boy, said he, has your father a grindstone? Yes, sir, said I. You are a fine little fellow, said he. Will you let me grind my ax on it?] You can tell by its ending to which noun an adjective belongs. The ending of parva shows that it belongs to puella, and the ending of bonam that it belongs to deam. Words that belong together are said to agree, and the belonging-together is called _agreement_. Observe that _the adjective and its noun agree in number and case_. 55. Examine the sentences Puella est parva, _the girl is little_ Puella parva bonam deam amat, _the little girl loves the good goddess_ In the first sentence the adjective parva is separated from its noun by the verb and stands in the predicate. It is therefore called a _predicate adjective_. In the second sentence the adjectives parva and bonam are closely attached to the nouns puella and deam respectively, and are called _attributive adjectives._ _a._ Pick out the attributive and the predicate adjectives in the following: Do you think Latin is hard? Hard studies make strong brains. Lazy students dislike hard studies. We are not lazy. 56. DIALOGUE JULIA AND GALBA First learn the special vocabulary, p. 283. I. Quis, Galba, est Dina? G. Dina, Ilia, est pulchra dea lnae et silvrum. I. Cuius flia, Galba, est Dina? G. Ltnae flia, Ilia, est Dina. I. Quid Dina portat? G. Sagitts Dina portat. I. Cr Dina sagitts portat? G. Dina sagitts portat, Ilia, quod mals fers silvae magnae necat. I. Amatne Ltna fliam? G. Amat, et flia Ltnam amat. I. Quid flia tua parva portat? G. Corns pulchrs flia mea parva portat. I. Cui flia tua corns pulchrs dat? G. Dinae corns dat. I. Quis est cum fli tu? Estne sla? G. Sla nn est; flia mea parva est cum ancill me. _a._ When a person is called or addressed, the case used is called the _vocative_ (Latin _vocre_, to call). _In form the vocative is regularly like the nominative_. In English the name of the person addressed usually stands first in the sentence. _The Latin vocative rarely stands first_. Point out five examples of the vocative in this dialogue. _b._ Observe that questions answered by _yes_ or _no_ in English are answered in Latin by repeating the verb. Thus, if you wished to answer in Latin the question _Is the sailor fighting?_ Pugnatne nauta? you would say Pugnat, _he is fighting_, or Nn pugnat, _he is not fighting._ LESSON VII THE FIRST OR __-DECLENSION [Special Vocabulary] NOUNS casa, -ae, f., _cottage_ cna, -ae, f., _dinner_ gallna, -ae, f., _hen, chicken_ ǔnsula, ae, f., _island_ (pen-insula) ADVERBS de-inde, _then, in the next place_ ubi, _where_ PREPOSITION ad, _to_, with acc. to express motion toward PRONOUN quem, interrog. pronoun, acc. sing., _whom?_ VERBS habitat, _he (she, it) lives, is living, does live_ (inhabit) laudat, _he (she, it) praises, is praising, does praise_ (laud) parat, _he (she, it) prepares, is preparing, does prepare_ vocat, _he (she, it) calls, is calling, does call; invites, is inviting, does invite_ (vocation) 57. In the preceding lessons we have now gone over all the cases, singular and plural, of nouns whose nominative singular ends in -a. All Latin nouns whose nominative singular ends in -a belong to the First Declension. It is also called the __-Declension because of the prominent part which the vowel a plays in the formation of the cases. We have also learned what relations are expressed by each case. These results are summarized in the following table: +--------+----------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ | CASE | NOUN | TRANSLATION | USE AND GENERAL MEANING | | | | | OF EACH CASE | +--------+----------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ | | | SINGULAR | | +--------+----------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ | _Nom._ | domin-a | _the lady_ | The subject | | | | | | | _Gen._ | domin-ae | _of the lady_, | The possessor | | | | or _the ladys_ | of something | | | | | | | _Dat._ | domin-ae | _to_ or _for | Expressing the relation | | | | the lady_ | _to_ or _for_, | | | | | especially the | | | | | indirect object | | | | | | | _Acc._ | domin-am | _the lady_ | The direct object | | | | | | | _Abl._ | domin- | _from, with, by, | Separation (_from_), | | | | in, the lady_ | association or means | | | | | (_with, by_), place | | | | | where or time when | | | | | (_in, at_) | +--------+----------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ | | | PLURAL | | +--------+----------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ | _Nom._ | domin-ae | _the ladies_ | | | | | | | | _Gen._ | domin-rum | _of the ladies_, | | | | | or _the ladies_ | | | | | | | | _Dat._ | domin-s | _to_ or _for | The same as | | | | the ladies_ | the singular | | | | | | | _Acc._ | domin-s | _the ladies_ | | | | | | | | _Abl._ | domin-s | _from, with, by_, | | | | | _in, the ladies_ | | +--------+----------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ 58. The Base. That part of a word which remains unchanged in inflection and to which the terminations are added is called the base. Thus, in the declension above, domin- is the base and -a is the termination of the nominative singular. 59. Write the declension of the following nouns, separating the base from the termination by a hyphen. Also give them orally. pugna, terra, lna, ancilla, corna, ǔnsula, silva 60. Gender. In English, names of living beings are either masculine or feminine, and names of things without life are neuter. This is called natural gender. Yet in English there are some names of things to which we refer as if they were feminine; as, Have you seen my yacht? _She_ is a beauty. And there are some names of living beings to which we refer as if they were neuter; as, Is the baby here? No, the nurse has taken _it_ home. Some words, then, have a gender quite apart from sex or real gender, and this is called grammatical gender. Latin, like English, has three genders. Names of males are usually masculine and of females feminine, but _names of things have grammatical gender and may be either masculine, feminine, or neuter_. Thus we have in Latin the three words, lapis, _a stone_; rps, _a cliff_; and saxum, _a rock_. Lapis is _masculine_, rps _feminine_, and saxum _neuter_. The gender can usually be determined by the ending of the word, and _must always be learned_, for without knowing the gender it is impossible to write correct Latin. 61. Gender of First-Declension Nouns. Nouns of the first declension are feminine unless they denote males. Thus silva is feminine, but nauta, _sailor_, and agricola, _farmer_, are masculine. 62. EXERCISES First learn the special vocabulary, p. 284. I. 1. Agricola cum fli in cas habitat. 2. Bona flia agricolae cnam parat. 3. Cna est grta agricolae[1] et agricola bonam fliam laudat. 4. Deinde flia agricolae gallns ad cnam vocat. 5. Gallnae fliam agricolae amant. 6. Malae fliae bons cns nn parant. 7. Flia agricolae est grta dominae. 8. Domina in nsul magn habitat. 9. Domina bonae puellae parvae pecniam dat. II. 1. Where does the farmer live? 2. The farmer lives in the small cottage. 3. Who lives with the farmer? 4. (His) little daughter lives with the farmer. 5. (His) daughter is getting (parat) a good dinner for the farmer. 6. The farmer praises the good dinner. 7. The daughters good dinner is pleasing to the farmer. [Footnote 1: Note that the relation expressed by the dative case covers that _to which a feeling is directed._ (Cf. 43.)] [Illustration] What Latin words are suggested by this picture? 63. CONVERSATION Answer the questions in Latin. 1. Quis cum agricol in cas habitat? 2. Quid bona flia agricolae parat? 3. Quem agricola laudat? 4. Vocatne flia agricolae gallns ad cnam? 5. Cuius flia est grta dominae? 6. Cui domina pecniam dat? LESSON VIII FIRST DECLENSION (_Continued_) [Special Vocabulary] NOUNS Italia, -ae, f., _Italy_ Sicilia, -ae, f., _Sicily_ tuba, -ae, f., _trumpet_ (tube) via, -ae, f., _way, road, street_ (viaduct) ADJECTIVES alta, _high, deep_ (altitude) clra, _clear, bright; famous_ lta, _wide_ (latitude) longa, _long_ (longitude) nova, _new_ (novelty) 64. We have for some time now been using adjectives and nouns together and you have noticed an agreement between them in _case_ and in _number_ (54). They agree also in _gender_. In the phrase silva magna, we have a feminine adjective in -a agreeing with a feminine noun in -a. 65. RULE. Agreement of Adjectives. _Adjectives agree with their nouns in gender, number, and case._ 66. Feminine adjectives in -a are declined like feminine nouns in -a, and you should learn to decline them together as follows: NOUN ADJECTIVE domina (base domin-), bona (base bon-), f., _lady_ _good_ SINGULAR TERMINATIONS _Nom._ domina bona -a _Gen._ dominae bonae -ae _Dat._ dominae bonae -ae _Acc._ dominam bonam -am _Abl._ domin bon - PLURAL _Nom._ dominae bonae -ae _Gen._ dominrum bonrum -rum _Dat._ domins bons -s _Acc._ domins bons -s _Abl._ domins bons -s _a._ In the same way decline together puella mala, _the bad girl_; ancilla parva, _the little maid_; fortna magna, _great fortune._ 67. The words dea, _goddess_, and flia, _daughter_, take the ending -bus instead of -s in the _dative and ablative plural._ Note the _dative and ablative plural_ in the following declension: dea bona (bases de- bon-) SINGULAR PLURAL _Nom._ dea bona deae bonae _Gen._ deae bonae derum bonrum _Dat._ deae bonae debus bons _Acc._ deam bonam des bons _Abl._ de bon deabus bons _a._ In the same way decline together fla parva. 68. Latin Word Order. The order of words in English and in Latin sentences is not the same. In English we arrange words in a fairly fixed order. Thus, in the sentence _My daughter is getting dinner for the farmers_, we cannot alter the order of the words without spoiling the sentence. We can, however, throw emphasis on different words by speaking them with more force. Try the effect of reading the sentence by putting special force on _my, daughter, dinner, farmers_. In Latin, where the office of the word in the sentence is shown by its _ending_ (cf. 32.1), and not by its _position_, the order of words is more free, and position is used to secure the same effect that in English is secured by emphasis of voice. To a limited extent we can alter the order of words in English, too, for the same purpose. Compare the sentences _I saw a game of football at Chicago last November_ (normal order) _Last November I saw a game of football at Chicago_ _At Chicago, last November, I saw a game of football_ 1. In a Latin sentence the most emphatic place is the _first_; next in importance is the _last_; the weakest point is the _middle_. Generally the _subject_ is the most important word, and is placed _first_; usually the _verb_ is the next in importance, and is placed _last_. The other words of the sentence stand between these two in the order of their importance. Hence the normal order of words--that is, where no unusual emphasis is expressed--is as follows: _subject_--_modifiers of the subject_--_indirect object_-- _direct object_--_adverb_--_verb_ Changes from the normal order are frequent, and are due to the desire for throwing emphasis upon some word or phrase. _Notice the order of the Latin words when you are translating, and imitate it when you are turning English into Latin._ 2. Possessive pronouns and modifying genitives normally stand after their nouns. When placed before their nouns they are emphatic, as flia mea, _my daughter_; mea flia, _my daughter_; casa Galbae, _Galbas cottage_; Galbae casa, _Galbas cottage_. Notice the variety of emphasis produced by writing the following sentence in different ways: Flia mea agricols cnam parat (normal order) Mea flia agricols parat cnam (mea and cnam emphatic) Agricols flia mea cnam parat (agricols emphatic) 3. An adjective placed before its noun is more emphatic than when it follows. When great emphasis is desired, the adjective is separated from its noun by other words. Flia mea casam parvam nn amat (parvam not emphatic) Flia mea parvam casam nn amat (parvam more emphatic) Parvam flia mea casam nn amat (parvam very emphatic) 4. Interrogative words usually stand first, the same as in English. 5. The copula (as est, sunt) is of so little importance that it frequently does not stand last, but may be placed wherever it sounds well. 69. EXERCISE First learn the special vocabulary, p. 284. _Note the order of the words in these sentences and pick out those that are emphatic._ 1. Longae nn sunt tuae viae. 2. Suntne tubae novae in me cas? Nn sunt. 3. Quis lt in silv habitat? Dina, lnae clrae pulchra dea, lt in silv habitat. 4. Nautae alts et lts amant aqus. 5. Quid ancilla tua portat? Ancilla mea tubam novam portat. 6. Ubi sunt Lesbia et Ilia? In tu casa est Lesbia et Ilia est in me. 7. Estne Italia lta terra? Longa est Italia, nn lta. 8. Cui Galba agricola fbulam novam nrrat? Flibus dominae clrae fbulam novam nrrat. 9. Clra est nsula Sicilia. 10. Quem laudat Ltna? Ltna laudat fliam. * * * * * First Review of Vocabulary and Grammar, 502-505 * * * * * LESSON IX THE SECOND OR _O_-DECLENSION [Special Vocabulary] NOUNS bellum, -, n., _war_ (re-bel) cnstantia, -ae, f., _firmness, constancy, steadiness_ dominus, -, m., _master, lord_ (dominate) equus, -, m., _horse_ (equine) frmentum, -, n., _grain_ lgtus, -, m., _lieutenant, ambassador_ (legate) Mrcus, -, m., _Marcus, Mark_ mrus, -, m., _wall_ (mural) oppidnus, -, m., _townsman_ oppidum, -, n., _town_ plum, -, n., _spear_ (pile driver) servus, -, m., _slave, servant_ Sextus, -, m., _Sextus_ VERBS crat, _he (she, it) cares for_, with acc. properat, _he (she, it) hastens_ 70. Latin nouns are divided into five declensions. The declension to which a noun belongs is shown by the ending of the genitive singular. This should always be learned along with the nominative and the gender. 71. The nominative singular of nouns of the Second or _O_-Declension ends in -us, -er, -ir, or -um. The genitive singular ends in -. 72. Gender. Nouns in -um are neuter. The others are regularly masculine. 73. Declension of nouns in -_us_ and -_um_. Masculines in -us and neuters in -um are declined as follows: dominus (base domin-), plum (base pl-), m., _master_ n., _spear_ TERMINATIONS TERMINATIONS SINGULAR _Nom._ dominus[1] -us plum -um _Gen._ domin - pl - _Dat._ domin - pl - _Acc._ dominum -um plum -um _Abl._ domin - pl - _Voc._ domine -e plum -um PLURAL _Nom._ domin - pla -a _Gen._ dominrum -rum plrum -rum _Dat._ domins -s pls -s _Acc._ domins -s pla -a _Abl._ domins -s pls -s [Footnote 1: Compare the declension of domina and of dominus.] _a._ Observe that the masculines and the neuters have the same terminations excepting in the nominative singular and the nominative and accusative plural. _b._ The vocative singular of words of the second declension in -us ends in -e, as domine, _O master_; serve, _O slave_. This is the most important exception to the rule in 56.a. 74. Write side by side the declension of domina, dominus, and plum. A comparison of the forms will lead to the following rules, which are of great importance because they apply to all five declensions: _a._ The vocative, with a single exception (see 73.b), is like the nominative. That is, the vocative singular is like the nominative singular, and the vocative plural is like the nominative plural. _b._ The nominative, accusative, and vocative of neuter nouns are alike, and in the plural end in -a. _c._ The accusative singular of masculines and feminines ends in -m and the accusative plural in -s. _d._ The dative and ablative plural are always alike. _e._ Final -i and -o are always _long_; final -a is _short_, except in the ablative singular of the first declension. 75. Observe the sentences Lesbia est bona, _Lesbia is good_ Lesbia est ancilla, _Lesbia is a maidservant_ We have learned (55) that bona, when used, as here, in the predicate to describe the subject, is called a _predicate adjective_. Similarly a _noun_, as ancilla, used in the _predicate_ to define the subject is called a predicate noun. 76. RULE. Predicate Noun. _A predicate noun agrees in case with the subject of the verb._ [Illustration: PILA] 77. DIALOGUE GALBA AND MARCUS First learn the special vocabulary, p. 285. G. Quis, Mrce, est lgtus cum pl et tub? M. Lgtus, Galba, est Sextus. G. Ubi Sextus habitat?[2] M. In oppid Sextus cum flibus habitat. G. Amantne oppidn Sextum? M. Amant oppidn Sextum et laudant, quod magn cum cnstanti pugnat. G. Ubi, Mrce, est ancilla tua? Cr nn cnam parat? M. Ancilla mea, Galba, equ lgt aquam et frmentum dat. G. Cr nn servus Sext equum domin crat? M. Sextus et servus ad mrum oppid properant. Oppidn bellum parant.[3] [Footnote 2: habitat is here translated _does live_. Note the _three_ possible translations of the Latin present tense: habitat _he lives_ _he is living_ _he does live_ Always choose the translation which makes the best sense.] [Footnote 3: Observe that the verb par means not only _to prepare_ but also _to prepare for_, and governs the accusative case.] [Illustration: LEGATUS CUM PILO ET TUBA] 78. CONVERSATION Translate the questions and answer them in Latin. 1. Ubi fliae Sext habitant? 2. Quem oppidn amant et laudant? 3. Quid ancilla equ lgt dat? 4. Cuius equum ancilla crat? 5. Quis ad mrum cum Sext properat? 6. Quid oppidn parant? LESSON X SECOND DECLENSION (_Continued_) [Special Vocabulary] NOUNS amcus, -, m., _friend_ (amicable) Germnia, -ae, f., _Germany_ patria, -ae, f., _fatherland_ populus, -, m., _people_ Rhnus, -, m., _the Rhine_ vcus, -, m., _village_ 79. We have been freely using feminine adjectives, like bona, in agreement with feminine nouns of the first declension and declined like them. _Masculine_ adjectives of this class are declined like dominus, and _neuters_ like plum. The adjective and noun, masculine and neuter, are therefore declined as follows: MASCULINE NOUN AND ADJECTIVE NEUTER NOUN AND ADJECTIVE dominus bonus, _the good master_ plum bonum, _the good spear_ BASES domin- bon- BASES pl- bon- TERMINATIONS TERMINATIONS SINGULAR _Nom._ dominus bonus -us plum bonum -um _Gen._ domin bon - pl bon - _Dat._ domin bon - pl bon - _Acc._ dominum bonum -um plum bonum -um _Abl._ domin bon - pl bon - _Voc._ domine bone -e plum bonum -um PLURAL _Nom._ domin bon - la bona -a _Gen._ dominrum bonrum -rum lrum bonrum -rum _Dat._ domins bons -is ls bons -s _Acc._ domins bons -s la bona -a _Abl._ domins bons -s ls bons -s Decline together bellum longum, equus parvus, servus malus, mrus altus, frmentum novum. 80. Observe the sentences Lesbia ancilla est bona, _Lesbia, the maidservant, is good_ Flia Lesbiae ancillae est bona, _the daughter of Lesbia, the maidservant, is good_ Servus Lesbiam ancillam amat, _the slave loves Lesbia, the maidservant_ In these sentences ancilla, ancillae, and ancillam denote the class of persons to which _Lesbia_ belongs and explain who she is. Nouns so related that the second is only another name for the first and explains it are said to be in apposition, and are always in the same case. 81. RULE. Apposition. _An appositive agrees in case with the noun which it explains._ 82. EXERCISES First learn the special vocabulary, p. 285. I. 1. Patria serv bon, vcus servrum bonrum, bone popule. 2. Populus oppid magn, in oppid magn, in oppids magns. 3. Cum pls longs, ad pla longa, ad mrs lts. 4. Lgte male, amc legt mal, cna grta domin bon. 5. Frmentum equrum parvrum, domine bone, ad lgts clrs. 6. Rhnus est in Germni, patri me. 7. Sextus lgtus plum longum portat. 8. Oppidn bon Sext lgt clr pecniam dant. 9. Mal serv equum bonum Mrc domin necant. 10. Galba agricola et Ilia flia bona labrant. 11. Mrcus nauta in nsul Sicili habitat. II. 1. Wicked slave, who is your friend? Why does he not praise Galba, your master? 2. My friend is from (ex) a village of Germany, my fatherland. 3. My friend does not love the people of Italy. 4. Who is caring for[1] the good horse of Galba, the farmer? 5. Mark, where is Lesbia, the maidservant? 6. She is hastening[1] to the little cottage[2] of Julia, the farmers daughter. [Footnote 1: See footnote 1, p. 33. Remember that crat is transitive and governs a direct object.] [Footnote 2: Not the dative. (Cf. 43.)] LESSON XI ADJECTIVES OF THE FIRST AND SECOND DECLENSIONS [Special Vocabulary] NOUNS arma, armrum, n., plur., _arms_, especially defensive weapons fma, -ae, f., _rumor; reputation, fame_ galea, -ae, f., _helmet_ praeda, -ae, f., _booty, spoils_ (predatory) tlum, -, n., _weapon of offense, spear_ ADJECTIVES drus, -a, -um, _hard, rough; unfeeling, cruel; severe, toilsome_ (durable) Rmnus, -a, -um, _Roman_. As a noun, Rmnus, -, m., _a Roman_ 83. Adjectives of the first and second declensions are declined in the three genders as follows: MASCULINE FEMININE NEUTER SINGULAR _Nom._ bonus bona bonum _Gen._ bon bonae bon _Dat._ bon bonae bon _Acc._ bonum bonam bonum _Abl._ bon bon bon _Voc._ bone bona bonum PLURAL _Nom._ bon bonae bona _Gen._ bonrum bonrum bonrum _Dat._ bons bons bons _Acc._ bons bons bona _Abl._ bons bons bons _a._ Write the declension and give it orally _across the page_, thus giving the three genders for each case. _b._ Decline grtus, -a, -um; malus, -a, -um; altus, -a, -um; parvus, -a, -um. 84. Thus far the adjectives have had the same terminations as the nouns. However, the agreement between the adjective and its noun does _not_ mean that they must have the same termination. If the adjective and the noun belong to different declensions, the terminations will, in many cases, not be the same. For example, nauta, _sailor_, is masculine and belongs to the first declension. The masculine form of the adjective bonus is of the second declension. Consequently, _a good sailor_ is nauta bonus. So, _the wicked farmer_ is agricola malus. Learn the following declensions: 85. nauta bonus (bases naut- bon-), m., _the good sailor_ SINGULAR _Nom._ nauta bonus _Gen._ nautae bon _Dat._ nautae bon _Acc._ nautam bonum _Abl._ naut bon _Voc._ nauta bone PLURAL _Nom._ nautae bon _Gen._ nautrum bonrum _Dat._ nauts bons _Acc._ nauts bons _Abl._ nauts bons _Voc._ nautae bon 86. EXERCISES First learn the special vocabulary, p. 285. I. 1. Est[1] in vc nauta bonus. 2. Sextus est amcus nautae bon. 3. Sextus nautae bon galeam dat. 4. Populus Rmnus nautam bonum laudat. 5. Sextus cum naut bon praedam portat. 6. Ubi, nauta bone, sunt arma et tla lgt Rmn? 7. Nautae bon ad bellum properant. 8. Fma nautrum bonrum est clra. 9. Pugnae sunt grtae nauts bons. 10. Oppidn nauts bons crant. 11. Cr, nautae bon, mal agricolae ad Rhnum properant? 12. Mal agricolae cum bons nauts pugnant. II. 1. The wicked farmer is hastening to the village with (his) booty. 2. The reputation of the wicked farmer is not good. 3. Why does Galbas daughter give arms and weapons to the wicked farmer? 4. Lesbia invites the good sailor to dinner. 5. Why is Lesbia with the good sailor hastening from the cottage? 6. Sextus, where is my helmet? 7. The good sailors are hastening to the toilsome battle. 8. The horses of the wicked farmers are small. 9. The Roman people give money to the good sailors. 10. Friends care for the good sailors. 11. Whose friends are fighting with the wicked farmers? [Footnote 1: Est, beginning a declarative sentence, _there is._] [Illustration: GALEAE] LESSON XII NOUNS IN _-IUS_ AND _-IUM_ [Special Vocabulary] NOUNS flius, fl, m., _son_ (filial) fluvius, fluv, m., _river_ (fluent) gladius, glad, m., _sword_ (gladiator) praesidium, praesid, n., _garrison, guard, protection_ proelium, proel, n., _battle_ ADJECTIVES fnitimus, -a, -um, _bordering upon, neighboring, near to_. As a noun, fnitim, -rum, m., plur., _neighbors_ Germnus, -a, -um, _German_. As a noun, Germnus, -, m., _a German_ multus, -a, -um, _much_; plur., _many_ ADVERB saepe, _often_ 87. Nouns of the second declension in -ius and -ium end in - in the genitive singular, _not_ in -i, and the accent rests on the penult; as, fl from flius (_son_), praesid from praesidium (_garrison_). 88. Proper names of persons in -ius, and flius, end in - in the vocative singular, _not_ in -e, and the accent rests on the penult; as, Vergil, _O Vergil_; fl, _O son._ _a._ Observe that in these words the vocative and the genitive are alike. 89. praesidium (base praesidi-), flius (base fli-), n., _garrison_ m., _son_ SINGULAR _Nom._ praesidium flius _Gen._ praesid fl _Dat._ praesidi fli _Acc._ praesidium flium _Abl._ praesidi fli _Voc._ praesidium fl The plural is regular. Note that the -i- of the base is lost only in the genitive singular, and in the vocative of words like flius. Decline together praesidium parvum; flius bonus; fluvius longus, _the long river_; proelium clrum, _the famous battle._ 90. EXERCISES First learn the special vocabulary, p. 285. I. 1. Frmentum bonae terrae, glad mal, bell long. 2. Cnstantia magna, praesidia magna, clre Vergil. 3. Male serve, clrum oppidum, male fl, fli mal, fl mal. 4. Fluv long, fluvi long, fluvirum longrum, fma praesid magn. 5. Cum gladis parvs, cum debus clrs, ad nauts clrs. 6. Multrum proelirum, praedae magnae, ad proelia dra. GERMNIA II. Germnia, patria Germnrum, est clra terra. In Germni sunt fluvi mult. Rhnus magnus et ltus fluvius Germniae est. In silvs lts Germniae sunt ferae multae. Multi Germnii in oppids magnis et in vcs parvs habitant et mult sunt agricolae bon. Bella Germnrum sunt magna et clra. Populus Germniae bellum et proelia amat et saepe cum finitims pugnat. Fluvius Rhnus est fnitimus oppids[1] mults et clrs. [Footnote 1: Dative with fnitimus. (See 43.)] LESSON XIII SECOND DECLENSION (_Continued_) [Special Vocabulary] NOUNS ager, agr, m., _field_ (acre) cpia, -ae, f., _plenty, abundance_ (copious); plur., _troops, forces_ Cornlius, Cornl, m., _Cornelius_ lrca, -ae, f., _coat of mail, corselet_ praemium, praem, n., _reward, prize_ (premium) puer, puer, m., _boy_ (puerile) Rma, -ae, f., _Rome_ sctum, -, n., _shield_ (escutcheon) vir, vir, m., _man, hero_ (virile) ADJECTIVES leginrius, -a, -um,[A] _legionary, belonging to the legion_. As a noun, leginri, -rum, m., plur., _legionary soldiers_ lber, lbera, lberum, _free_ (liberty) As a noun. lber, -rum, m., plur., _children_ (lit. _the freeborn_) pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum, _pretty, beautiful_ PREPOSITION apud, _among_, with acc. CONJUNCTION sed, _but_ [Footnote A: The genitive singular masculine of adjectives in -ius ends in -i and the vocative in -ie; not in -, as in nouns.] 91. Declension of Nouns in _-er_ and _-ir_. In early Latin all the masculine nouns of the second declension ended in -os. This -os later became -us in words like servus, and was dropped entirely in words with bases ending in -r, like puer, _boy_; ager, _field_; and vir, _man_. These words are therefore declined as follows: 92. puer, m., _boy_ ager, m., _field_ vir, m., _man_ BASE puer- BASE agr- BASE vir- SINGULAR TERMINATIONS _Nom._ puer ager vir ---- _Gen._ puer agr vir - _Dat._ puer agr vir - _Acc._ puerum agrum virum -um _Abl._ puer agr vir - PLURAL _Nom._ puer agr vir - _Gen._ puerrum agrrum virrum -rum _Dat._ puers agrs virs -s _Acc._ puers agrs virs -s _Abl._ puers agrs virs -s _a._ The vocative case of these words is like the nominative, following the general rule (74.a). _b._ The declension differs from that of servus only in the nominative and vocative singular. _c._ Note that in puer the e remains all the way through, while in ager it is present only in the nominative. In puer the e belongs to the base, but in ager (base agr-) it does not, and was inserted in the nominative to make it easier to pronounce. Most words in -er are declined like ager. _The genitive shows whether you are to follow_ puer _or_ ager. 93. Masculine adjectives in -er of the second declension are declined like nouns in -er. A few of them are declined like puer, but most of them like ager. The feminine and neuter nominatives show which form to follow, thus, MASC. FEM. NEUT. lber lbera lberum (_free_) is like puer pulcher pulchra pulchrum (_pretty_) is like ager For the full declension in the three genders, see 469._b._ _c._ 94. Decline together the words vir lber, terra lbera, frmentum lberum, puer pulcher, puella pulchra, oppidum pulchrum 95. ITALIA[1] First learn the special vocabulary, p. 286. Magna est Italiae fma, patriae Rmnrum, et clra est Rma, domina orbis terrrum.[2] Tiberim,[3] fluvium Rmnum, quis nn laudat et pulchrs fluvi fnitims agrs? Alts mrs, longa et dra bella, clrs victris quis nn laudat? Pulchra est terra Italia. Agr bon agricols praemia dant magna, et equ agricolrum cpiam frment ad oppida et vcs portant. In agrs popul Rmn labrant mult serv. Viae Italiae sunt longae et ltae. Fnitima Italiae est nsula Sicilia. [Footnote 1: In this selection note especially the emphasis as shown by the order of the words.] [Footnote 2: orbis terrrum, _of the world_.] [Footnote 3: Tiberim, _the Tiber_, accusative case.] 96. DIALOGUE MARCUS AND CORNELIUS C. Ubi est, Mrce, flius tuus? Estne in pulchr terr Itali? M. Nn est, Cornl, in Itali. Ad fluvium Rhnum properat cum cpis Rmns quia est[4] fma Nov bell cum Germns. Lber Germniae populus Rmns Nn amat. C. Estne flius tuus copirum Rmnrum lgtus? M. Lgtus nn est, sed est apud leginris. C. Quae[5] arma portat[6]? M. Sctum magnum et lrcam dram et galeam pulchram portat. C. Quae tla portat? M. Gladium et plum longum portat. C. Amatne lgtus flium tuum? M. Amat, et saepe fli me praemia pulchra et praedam multam dat. C. Ubi est terra Germnrum? M. Terra Germnrum, Cornl est fnitima Rhn, fluvi magn et alt. [Footnote 4: est, before its subject, _there is_; so sunt, _there are._] [Footnote 5: Quae, _what kind of_, an interrogative adjective pronoun.] [Footnote 6: What are the three possible translations of the present tense?] [Illustration: LEGIONARIUS] LESSON XIV THE POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVE PRONOUNS [Special Vocabulary] NOUNS auxilium, auxil, n., _help, aid_ (auxiliary) castrum, -, n., _fort_ (castle); plur., _camp_ (lit. _forts_) cibus, -, m., _food_ cnsilium, cnsil, n., _plan_ (counsel) dligentia, -ae, f.. _diligence, industry_ magister, magistr, m., _master, teacher_[A] ADJECTIVES aeger, aegra, aegrum, _sick_ crber, crbra, crbrum, _frequent_ miser, misera, miserum, _wretched, unfortunate_ (miser) [Footnote A: Observe that dominus, as distinguished from magister, means _master_ in the sense of _owner_.] 97. Observe the sentences _This is my shield_ _This shield is mine_ In the first sentence _my_ is a possessive adjective; in the second _mine_ is a possessive pronoun, for it takes the place of a noun, _this shield is mine_ being equivalent to _this shield is my shield_. Similarly, in Latin the possessives are sometimes _adjectives_ and sometimes _pronouns_. 98. The possessives _my, mine, your, yours_, etc. are declined like adjectives of the first and second declensions. SINGULAR _1st Pers._ meus, mea, meum _my, mine_ _2d Pers._ tuus, tua, tuum _your, yours_ _3d Pers._ suus, sua, suum _his (own), her (own), its (own)_ PLURAL _1st Pers._ noster, nostra, nostrum _our, ours_ _2d Pers._ vester, vestra, vestrum _your, yours_ _3d Pers._ suus, sua, suum _their (own), theirs_ NOTE. Meus has the irregular vocative singular masculine m, as m fl, _O my son_. _a._ The possessives agree with the name of the _thing possessed_ in gender, number, and case. Compare the English and Latin in _Sextus is calling his boy_ Sextus } suum puerum vocat _Julia is calling her boy_ Ilia } Observe that suum agrees with puerum, and is unaffected by the gender of Sextus or Julia. _b._ When _your, yours_, refers to _one_ person, use tuus; when to _more than one_, vester; as, _Lesbia, your wreaths are pretty_ Cornae tuae, Lesbia, sunt pulchrae _Girls, your wreaths are pretty_ Cornae vestrae, puellae, sunt pulchrae _c._ Suus is a _reflexive_ possessive, that is, it usually stands in the predicate and regularly refers back to the _subject_. Thus, Vir sus servs vocat means _The man calls his (own) slaves._ Here _his_ (sus) refers to _man_ (vir), and could not refer to any one else. _d._ Possessives are used much less frequently than in English, being omitted whenever the meaning is clear without them. (Cf. 22.a.) This is especially true of suus, -a, -um, which, when inserted, is more or less emphatic, like our _his own, her own_, etc. 99. EXERCISES First learn the special vocabulary, p. 286. I. 1. Mrcus amc Sext cnsilium suum nntiat 2. Est cpia frment in agrs nostrs. 3. Amc me bonam cnam ancillae vestrae laudant 4. Tua lrca, m fl, est dra. 5. Scta nostra et tla, m amce, in castrls Rmns sunt. 6. Suntne vir patriae tuae lber? Sunt. 7. Ubi, Cornl, est tua galea pulchra? 8. Mea galea, Sexte, est in cas me. 9. Plum longum est tuum, sed gladius est meus. 10. Ilia gallns sus pulchrs amat et gallnae dominam suam amant. 11. Nostra castra sunt vestra. 12. Est cpia praedae in castrs vestrs. 13. Amc tu misers et aegrs cibum et pecniam saepe dant. II. 1. Our teacher praises Marks industry. 2. My son Sextus is carrying his booty to the Roman camp.[1] 3. Your good girls are giving aid to the sick and wretched.[2] 4. There are [3] frequent battles in our villages. 5. My son, where is the lieutenants food? 6. The camp is mine, but the weapons are yours. [Footnote 1: Not the dative. Why?] [Footnote 2: Here the adjectives _sick_ and _wretched_ are used like nouns.] [Footnote 3: Where should sunt stand? Cf. I. 2 above.] [Illustration: AGRICOLA ARAT] LESSON XV THE ABLATIVE DENOTING _WITH_ [Special Vocabulary] NOUNS carrus, -, m., _cart, wagon_ inopia, -ae, f., _want, lack;_ the opposite of cpia studium, stud, n., _zeal, eagerness_ (study) ADJECTIVES armtus, -a, -um, _armed_ ǔnfrmus, -a, -um, _week, feeble_ (infirm) validus, -a, -um, _strong, sturdy_ VERB mtrat, _he (she, it) hastens._ Cf. properat ADVERB iam, _already, now_ -que, conjunction, _and_; an enclitic (cf. 16) and always added to the _second_ of two words to be connected, as arma tlaque, _arms and weapons_. 100. Of the various relations denoted by the ablative case (50) there is none more important than that expressed in English by the preposition _with_. This little word is not so simple as it looks. It does not always convey the same meaning, nor is it always to be translated by cum. This will become clear from the following sentences: _a._ Mark is feeble _with_ (_for_ or _because of_) want of food _b._ Diana kills the beasts _with_ (or _by_) her arrows _c._ Julia is _with_ Sextus _d._ The men fight _with_ great steadiness _a._ In sentence _a_, _with want_ (_of food_) gives the cause of Marks feebleness. This idea is expressed in Latin by the ablative without a preposition, and the construction is called the ablative of cause: Mrcus est nfrmus inopi cib _b._ In sentence _b_, _with_ (or _by_) _her arrows_ tells by means of what Diana kills the beasts. This idea is expressed in Latin by the ablative without a preposition, and the construction is called the ablative of means: Dina sagitts sus fers necat _c._ In sentence _c_ we are told that Julia is not alone, but in company with Sextus. This idea is expressed in Latin by the ablative with the preposition cum, and the construction is called the ablative of accompaniment: Ilia est cum Sext _d._ In sentence _d_ we are told how the men fight. The idea is one of manner. This is expressed in Latin by the ablative with cum, unless there is a modifying adjective present, in which case cum may be omitted. This construction is called the ablative of manner: Vir (cum) cnstanti magn pugnant 101. You are now able to form four important rules for the ablative denoting _with_: 102. RULE. Ablative of Cause. _Cause is denoted by the ablative without a preposition. This answers the question Because of what?_ 103. RULE. Ablative of Means. _Means is denoted by the ablative without a preposition. This answers the question By means of what? With what?_ N.B. Cum must never be used with the ablative expressing cause or means. 104. RULE. Ablative of Accompaniment. _Accompaniment is denoted by the ablative with cum. This answers the question With whom?_ 105. RULE. Ablative of Manner. _The ablative with cum is used to denote the manner of an action. Cum may be omitted, if an adjective is used with the ablative. This answers the question How? In what manner?_ 106. What uses of the ablative do you discover in the following passage, and what question does each answer? The soldiers marched to the fort with great speed and broke down the gate with blows of their muskets. The inhabitants, terrified by the din, attempted to cross the river with their wives and children, but the stream was swollen with (_or_ by) the rain. Because of this many were swept away by the waters and only a few, almost overcome with fatigue, with great difficulty succeeded in gaining the farther shore. 107. EXERCISES First learn the special vocabulary, p. 286. I. _The Romans prepare for War._ Rmn, clrus Italiae populus, bellum parant. Ex agrs sus, vics, oppidsque magn studi vir valid ad arma properant. Iam lgat cum leginaris ex Itali ad Rhnum, fluvium Germniae altum et ltum, properant, et serv equs et carrs cibum frmentumque ad castra Rmna portant. Inopi bonrum tlrum nfirm sunt Germn, sed Rmn armti gales, lrcs, scts, gladis, plsque sunt valid. II. 1. The sturdy farmers of Italy labor in the fields with great diligence. 2. Sextus, the lieutenant, and (his) son Mark are fighting with the Germans. 3. The Roman legionaries are armed with long spears. 4. Where is Lesbia, your maid, Sextus? Lesbia is with my friends in Galbas cottage. 5. Many are sick because of bad water and for lack of food. 6. The Germans, with (their) sons and daughters, are hastening with horses and wagons. LESSON XVI THE NINE IRREGULAR ADJECTIVES 108. There are nine irregular adjectives of the first and second declensions which have a peculiar termination in the genitive and dative singular of all genders: MASC. FEM. NEUT. _Gen._ -us -us -us _Dat._ - - - Otherwise they are declined like bonus, -a, -um. Learn the list and the meaning of each: alius, alia, aliud, _other, another_ (of several) alter, altera, alterum, _the one, the other_ (of two) Ǟnus, -a, -um, _one, alone_; (in the plural) _only_ Ǟllus, -a, -um, _any_ nllus, -a, -um, _none, no_ slus, -a, -um, _alone_ ttus, -a, -um, _all, whole, entire_ uter, utra, utrum, _which?_ (of two) neuter, neutra, neutrum, _neither_ (of two) 109. PARADIGMS SINGULAR MASC. FEM. NEUT. _Nom._ nllus nlla nllum _Gen._ nllus nllus nllus _Dat._ nll nll nll _Acc._ nllum nllam nllum _Abl._ nll nll nll MASC. FEM. NEUT. _Nom._ alius alia aliud _Gen._ alus alus alus _Dat._ ali ali ali _Acc._ alium aliam aliud _Abl._ ali ali ali THE PLURAL IS REGULAR _a._ Note the peculiar neuter singular ending in -d of alius. The genitive alus is rare. Instead of it use alterus, the genitive of alter. _b._ These peculiar case endings are found also in the declension of pronouns (see 114). For this reason these adjectives are sometimes called the pronominal adjectives. 110. Learn the following idioms: alter, -era, -erum ... alter, -era, -erum, _the one ... the other_ (of two) alius, -a, -ud ... alius, -a, -ud, _one ... another _ (of any number) ali, -ae, -a ... ali, -ae, -a, _some ... others_ EXAMPLES 1. Alterum oppidum est magnum, alterum parvum, _the one town is large, the other small_ (of two towns). 2. Aliud oppidum est validum, aliud nfrmum, _one town is strong, another weak_ (of towns in general). 3. Ali gladis, ali scta portant, _some carry swords, others shields._ 111. EXERCISES I. 1. In utr cas est Ilia? Ilia est in neutr cas. 2. Nll mal puer praemium dat magister. 3. Alter puer est nauta, alter agricola. 4. Ali vir aquam, ali terram amant. 5. Galba nus (_or_ slus) cum studi labrat. 6. Estne llus carrus in agr me? 7. Lesbia est ancilla alterus domin, Tullia alterus. 8. Lesbia sla cnam parat. 9. Cna nllus alterus ancillae est bona. 10. Lesbia nll ali vir cnam dat. NOTE. The pronominal adjectives, as you observe, regularly stand before and not after their nouns. II. 1. The men of all Germany are preparing for war. 2. Some towns are great and others are small. 3. One boy likes chickens, another horses. 4. Already the booty of one town is in our fort. 5. Our whole village is suffering for (i.e. _weak because of_) lack of food. 6. The people are already hastening to the other town. 7. Among the Romans (there) is no lack of grain. LESSON XVII THE DEMONSTRATIVE _IS, EA, ID_ [Special Vocabulary] NOUNS agr cultra, -ae, f., _agriculture_ Gallia, -ae, f., _Gaul_ domicilum, domcil, n., _dwelling place_ (domicile), _abode_ Gallus, -i, m., _a Gaul_ lacrima, -ae, f., _tear_ fmina, -ae, f., _woman_ (female) numerus, -, m., _number_ (numeral) ADJECTIVE mtrus, -a, -um, _ripe, mature_ ADVERB qu, _whither_ VERBS arat, _he (she, it) plows_ (arable) dsderat, _he (she, it) misses, longs for_ (desire), with acc. CONJUNCTION an, _or_, introducing the second half of a double question, as _Is he a Roman or a Gaul_, Estne Romanus an Gallus? 112. A demonstrative is a word that points out an object definitely, as _this, that, these, those_. Sometimes these words are pronouns, as, _Do you hear these?_ and sometimes adjectives, as, _Do you hear these men?_ In the former case they are called demonstrative pronouns, in the latter demonstrative adjectives. 113. Demonstratives are similarly used in Latin both as _pronouns_ and as _adjectives_. The one used most is is, masculine; ea, feminine; id, neuter SINGULAR: _this, that_; PLURAL: _these, those_ 114. Is is declined as follows. Compare its declension with that of alius, 109. BASE e- SINGULAR PLURAL MASC. FEM. NEUT. MASC. FEM. NEUT. _Nom._ is ea id e eae ea (_or_ i) _Gen._ eius eius eius erum erum erum _Dat._ e e e es es es (_or_ is is is) _Acc._ eum eam id es es ea _Abl._ e e e es es es (_or_ is is is) Note that the base e- changes to i- in a few cases. The genitive singular eius is pronounced _ehyus_. In the plural the forms with two is are preferred and the two is are pronounced as one. Hence, pronounce i as ǔ and is as ǔs. 115. Besides being used as demonstrative pronouns and adjectives the Latin demonstratives are regularly used for the personal pronoun _he, she, it_. As a personal pronoun, then, is would have the following meanings: SINGULAR _Nom._ is, _he_; ea, _she_; id, _it_ _Gen._ eius, _of him_ or _his_; eius, _of her, her_, or _hers_; eius, _of it_ or _its_ _Dat._ e, _to_ or _for him_; e, _to_ or _for her_; e, _to_ or _for it_ _Acc._ eum, _him_; eam, _her_; id, _it_ _Abl._ e, _with, from_, etc., _him_; e, _with, from_, etc., _her_; e, _with, from_, etc., _it_ PLURAL _Nom._ e or i, eae, ea, _they_ _Gen._ erum, erum, erum, _of them, their_ _Dat._ es or is, es or is, es or is, _to_ or _for them_ _Acc._ es, es, ea, _them_ _Abl._ es or is, es or is, es or is, _with, from_, etc., _them_ 116. Comparison between _suus_ and _is_. We learned above (98.c) that suus is a _reflexive_ possessive. When _his, her_ (poss.), _its, their_, do not refer to the subject of the sentence, we express _his, her, its_ by eius, the genitive singular of is, ea, id; and _their_ by the genitive plural, using erum to refer to a masculine or neuter antecedent noun and erum to refer to a feminine one. EXAMPLES _Galba calls his_ (own) _son_, Galba suum flium vocat _Galba calls his son_ (not his own, but anothers), Galba eius flium vocat _Julia calls her_ (own) _children_, Ilia sus lbers vocat _Julia calls her children_ (not her own, but anothers), Ilia eius lbers vocat _The men praise their_ (own) _boys_, vir sus puers laudant _The men praise their boys_ (not their own, but others), vir erum puers laudant 117. EXERCISES First learn the special vocabulary, p. 287. 1. He praises her, him, it, them. 2. This cart, that report, these teachers, those women, that abode, these abodes. 3. That strong garrison, among those weak and sick women, that want of firmness, those frequent plans. 4. The other woman is calling her chickens (_her own_). 5. Another woman is calling her chickens (_not her own_). 6. The Gaul praises his arms (_his own_). 7. The Gaul praises his arms (_not his own_). 8. This farmer often plows their fields. 9. Those wretched slaves long for their master (_their own_). 10. Those wretched slaves long for their master (_not their own_). 11. Free men love their own fatherland. 12. They love its villages and towns. 118. DIALOGUE[1] CORNELIUS AND MARCUS M. Quis est vir, Cornl, cum puer parv? Estne Rmnus et lber? C. Rmnus nn est, Mrce. Is vir est servus et eius domicilium est in silvs Galliae. M. Estne puer flius eius serv an alterus? C. Neutrus flius est puer. Is est flius lgt Sext. M. Qu puer cum e serv properat? C. Is cum serv properat ad lts Sext agrs.[2] Ttum frmentum est iam mtrum et magnus servrum numerus in Italiae[3] agrs labrat. M. Agricolaene sunt Gall et patriae suae agrs arant? C. Nn agricolae sunt. Bellum amant Gall, nn agr cultram. Apud es vir pugnant et fminae auxili lberrum agrs arant parantque cibum. M. Magister noster puers puellsque grts Gallrum fbuls saepe nrrat et laudat es saepe. C. Mala est fortna erum et saepe miser serv mults cum lacrims patriam suam dsderant. [Footnote 1: There are a number of departures from the normal order in this dialogue. Find them, and give the reason.] [Footnote 2: When a noun is modified by both a genitive and an adjective, a favorite order of words is _adjective, genitive, noun_.] [Footnote 3: A modifying genitive often stands between a preposition and its object.] * * * * * Second Review, Lessons IX-XVII, 506-509 * * * * * LESSON XVIII CONJUGATION THE PRESENT, IMPERFECT, AND FUTURE TENSES OF SUM [Special Vocabulary] NOUNS ldus, -, m.,_school_ socius, soc, m., _companion, ally_ (social) ADJECTIVES ǔrtus, -a, -um, _angry, furious_ (irate) laetus, -a, -um, _happy, glad_ (social) ADVERBS hodi, _to-day_ ibi, _there, in that place_ mox, _presently, soon_, of the immediate future nunc, _now, the present moment_ nper, _lately, recently_, of the immediate past 119. The inflection of a verb is called its _conjugation_ (cf. 23). In English the verb has but few changes in form, the different meanings being expressed by the use of personal pronouns and auxiliaries, as, _I am carried, we have carried, they shall have carried_, etc. In Latin, on the other hand, instead of using personal pronouns and auxiliary verbs, the form changes with the meaning. In this way the Romans expressed differences in _tense, mood, voice, person_, and _number_. 120. The Tenses. The different forms of a verb referring to different times are called its _tenses_. The chief distinctions of time are present, past, and future: 1. The present, that is, _what is happening now_, or _what usually happens_, is expressed by THE PRESENT TENSE 2. The past, that is, _what was happening, used to happen, happened, has happened_, or _had happened_, is expressed by THE IMPERFECT, PERFECT, AND PLUPERFECT TENSES 3. The future, that is, _what is going to happen_, is expressed by THE FUTURE AND FUTURE PERFECT TENSES 121. The Moods. Verbs have inflection of _mood_ to indicate the manner in which they express action. The moods of the Latin verb are the _indicative, subjunctive, imperative_, and _infinitive_. _a._ A verb is in the _indicative_ mood when it makes a statement or asks a question about something assumed as a fact. All the verbs we have used thus far are in the present indicative. 122. The Persons. There are three persons, as in English. The first person is the person speaking (_I sing_); the second person the person spoken to (_you sing_); the third person the person spoken of (_he sings_). Instead of using personal pronouns for the different persons in the two numbers, singular and plural, the Latin verb uses the personal endings (cf. 22 _a_; 29). We have already learned that -t is the ending of the third person singular in the active voice and -nt of the third person plural. The complete list of personal endings of the active voice is as follows: SINGULAR PLURAL _1st Pers._ _I_ -m or - _we_ -mus _2d Pers._ _thou_ or _you_ -s _you_ -tis _3d Pers._ _he, she, it_ -t _they_ -nt 123. Most verbs form their moods and tenses after a regular plan and are called _regular_ verbs. Verbs that depart from this plan are called _irregular_. The verb _to be_ is irregular in Latin as in English. The present, imperfect, and future tenses of the indicative are inflected as follows: PRESENT INDICATIVE SINGULAR PLURAL _1st Pers._ su-m, _I am_ su-mus, _we are_ _2d Pers._ e-s, _you[1] are_ es-tis, _you[1] are_ _3d Pers._ es-t, _he, she_, or _it is_ su-nt, _they are_ IMPERFECT INDICATIVE SINGULAR PLURAL _1st Pers._ er-a-m, _I was_ er--mus, _we were_ _2d Pers._ er--s, _you were_ er--tis, _you were_ _3d Pers._ er-a-t, _he, she_, or _it was_ er--nt, _they were_ FUTURE INDICATIVE SINGULAR PLURAL _1st Pers._ er-, _I shall be_ er-i-mus, _we shall be_ _2d Pers._ er-i-s, _you will be_ er-i-tis, _you will be_ _3d Pers._ er-i-t, _he will be_ er-u-nt, _they will be_ _a._ Be careful about vowel quantity and accent in these forms, and consult 12.2; 14; 15. [Footnote 1: Observe that in English _you are_, _you were_, etc. may be either singular or plural. In Latin the singular and plural forms are never the same.] 124. DIALOGUE THE BOYS SEXTUS AND MARCUS First learn the special vocabulary, p. 287. S. Ubi es, Mrce? Ubi est Quntus? Ubi estis, amc? M. Cum Qunt, Sexte, in silv sum. Nn sl sumus; sunt in silv mult ali puer. S. Nunc laetus es, sed nper nn laetus ers. Cr miser ers? M. Miser eram quia amc me erant in ali vic et eram slus. Nunc sum apud socis mes. Nunc laet sumus et erimus. S. Ertisne in ldo hodi? M. Hodi nn ermus in ld, quod magister erat aeger. S. Eritisne mox in ld? M. Amc me ibi erunt, sed ego (_I_) nn er. S. Cr nn ibi eris? Magister, saepe irtus, inopiam tuam stud dligentiaeque nn laudat. M. Nper aeger eram et nunc nfrmus sum. 125. EXERCISE 1. You are, you were, you will be, (_sing. and plur._). 2. I am, I was, I shall be. 3. He is, he was, he will be. 4. We are, we were, we shall be. 5. They are, they were, they will be. 6. Why were you not in school to-day? I was sick. 7. Lately he was a sailor, now he is a farmer, soon he will be a teacher. 8. To-day I am happy, but lately I was wretched. 9. The teachers were happy because of the boys industry. [Illustration: PUERI ROMANI IN LUDO] LESSON XIX THE FOUR REGULAR CONJUGATIONS PRESENT ACTIVE INDICATIVE OF _AM_ AND _MONE_ 126. There are four conjugations of the regular verbs. These conjugations are distinguished from each other by the final vowel of the present conjugation-stem.[1] This vowel is called the _distinguishing vowel_, and is best seen in the present infinitive. [Footnote 1: The _stem_ is the body of a word to which the terminations are attached. It is often identical with the base (cf. 58). If, however, the stem ends in a vowel, the latter does not appear in the base, but is variously combined with the inflectional terminations. This point is further explained in 230.] Below is given the _present infinitive_ of a verb of each conjugation, the _present stem_, and the _distinguishing vowel._ DISTINGUISHING CONJUGATION PRES. INFIN. PRES. STEM VOWEL I. amre, _to love_ am- lj II. monre, _to advise_ mon- ǐ III. regere, _to rule_ rege- e IV. audre, _to hear_ audi- ǔ _a._ Note that the present stem of each conjugation is found by dropping -re, the ending of the present infinitive. NOTE. The present infinitive of sum is esse, and es- is the present stem. 127. From the present stem are formed the _present_, _imperfect_, and _future_ tenses. 128. The inflection of the Present Active Indicative of the first and of the second conjugation is as follows: am, amre (_love_) mone, monre (_advise_) PRES. STEM am- PRES. STEM mon- SINGULAR PLURAL PERSONAL ENDINGS 1. am, _I love_ mone, _I advise_ - 2. ams, _you love_ mons, _you advise_ -s 3. amat, _he (she, it) loves_ monet, _he (she, it) advises_ -t 1. ammus, _we love_ monmus, _we advise_ -mus 2. amtis, _you love_ montis, _you advise_ -tis 3. amant, _they love_ monent, _they advise_ -nt 1. The present tense is inflected by adding the personal endings to the present stem, and its first person uses -o and not -m. The form am is for am-, the two vowels lj- contracting to Ǚ. In mone there is no contraction. _Nearly all regular verbs ending in -eo belong to the second conjugation._ 2. Note that the long final vowel of the stem is shortened before another vowel (mon- = mone), and before final -t (amat, monet) and -nt (amant, monent). Compare 12.2. 129. Like am and mone inflect the present active indicative of the following verbs[2]: [Footnote 2: The only new verbs in this list are the five of the second conjugation which are starred. Learn their meanings.] INDICATIVE PRESENT INFINITIVE PRESENT ar, _I plow_ arre, _to plow_ cr, _I care for_ crre, _to care for_ *dle, _I destroy_ dlre, _to destroy_ dsder, _I long for_ dsderre, _to long for_ d,[3] _I give_ dare, _to give_ *habe, _I have_ habre, _to have_ habit, _I live, I dwell_ habitre, _to live, to dwell_ *iube, _I order_ iubre, _to order_ labr, _I labor_ labrre, _to labor_ laud, _I praise_ laudre, _to praise_ mtr, _I hasten_ mtrre, _to hasten_ *move, _I move_ movre, _to move_ nrr, _I tell_ nrrre, _to tell_ nec, _I kill_ necre, _to kill_ nnti, _I announce_ nntire, _to announce_ par, _I prepare_ parre, _to prepare_ port, _I carry_ portre, _to carry_ proper, _I hasten_ properre, _to hasten_ pugn, _I fight_ pugnre, _to fight_ *vide, _I see_ vidre, _to see_ voc, _I call_ vocre, _to call_ [Footnote 3: Observe that in d, dare, the a is _short_, and that the present stem is da- and not d-. The only forms of d that have a long are ds (pres. indic.), d (pres. imv.), and dns (pres. part.).] 130. The Translation of the Present. In English there are three ways of expressing present action. We may say, for example, _I live, I am living_, or _I do live_. In Latin the one expression habit covers all three of these expressions. 131. EXERCISES Give the _voice_, _mood_, _tense_, _person_, and _number_ of each form. I. 1. Vocmus, propertis, iubent. 2. Movtis, lauds, vids. 3. Dltis, habtis, dant. 4. Mtrs, dsderat, vidmus. 5. Iubet, movent, necat. 6. Nrrmus, movs, vident. 7. Labrtis, properant, ports, parant. 8. Dlet, habtis, iubmus, ds. N.B. Observe that the personal ending is of prime importance in translating a Latin verb form. Give that your first attention. II. 1. We plow, we are plowing, we do plow. 2. They care for, they are caring for, they do care for. 3. You give, you are having, you do have (_sing_.). 4. We destroy, I do long for, they are living. 5. He calls, they see, we are telling. 6. We do fight, we order, he is moving, he prepares. 7. They are laboring, we kill, you announce. LESSON XX IMPERFECT ACTIVE INDICATIVE OF _AM_ AND _MONE_ [Special Vocabulary] NOUNS frma, -ae, f., _form, beauty_ regna, -ae, f., _queen_ (regal) poena, -ae, f., _punishment, penalty_ superbia, -ae, f., _pride, haughtiness_ potentia, -ae, f., _power_ (potent) trstta, -ae, f., _sadness, sorrow_ ADJECTIVES septem, indeclinable, _seven_ superbus, -a, -um, _proud, haughty_ (superb) CONJUNCTIONS nn slum ... sed etiam, _not only ... but also_ 132. Tense Signs. Instead of using auxiliary verbs to express differences in tense, like _was_, _shall_, _will_, etc., Latin adds to the verb stem certain elements that have the force of auxiliary verbs. These are called _tense signs_. 133. Formation and Inflection of the Imperfect. The tense sign of the imperfect is -b-, which is added to the present stem. The imperfect consists, therefore, of three parts: PRESENT STEM TENSE SIGN PERSONAL ENDING am- ba- m _loving_ _was_ _I_ The inflection is as follows: CONJUGATION I CONJUGATION II PERSONAL SINGULAR ENDINGS 1. ambam, _I was loving_ monbam, _I was advising_ -m 2. ambs, _you were loving_ monbs, _you were advising_ -s 3. ambat, _he was loving_ monbat, _he was advising_ -t PLURAL 1. ambmus, _we were loving_ monbmus, _we were advising_ -mus 2. ambtis, _you were loving_ monbtis, _you were advising_ -tis 3. ambant, _they were loving_ monbant, _they wereadvising_ -nt _a._ Note that the lj of the tense sign -b- is shortened before -nt, and before m and t when final. (Cf. 12.2.) In a similar manner inflect the verbs given in 129. 134. Meaning of the Imperfect. The Latin imperfect describes an act as _going on_ or _progressing in past time_, like the English past-progressive tense (as, _I was walking_). It is the regular tense used to describe a past situation or condition of affairs. 135. EXERCISES I. 1. Vidbmus, dsderbat, mtrbs. 2. Dabant, vocbtis, dlbmus. 3. Pugnant, laudbs, movbtis. 4. Iubbant, properbtis, portbmus. 5. Dabs, nrrbant, labrbtis. 6. Vidbant, movbs, nntibmus. 7. Necbat, movbam, habbat, parbtis. II. 1. You were having (_sing. and plur._), we were killing, they were laboring. 2. He was moving, we were ordering, we were fighting. 3. We were telling, they were seeing, he was calling. 4. They were living, I was longing for, we were destroying. 5. You were giving, you were moving, you were announcing, (_sing. and plur._). 6. They were caring for, he was plowing, we were praising. 136. NIOBE AND HER CHILDREN First learn the special vocabulary, p. 287. Niob, rgina Thbnrum, erat pulchra fmina sed superba. Erat superba nn slum frm[1] su martque potenti[1] sed etiam magn lberrum numer.[1] Nam habbat[2] septem flis et septem flis. Sed ea superbia erat rgnae[3] causa magnae trstitiae et lbers[3] causa drae poenae. NOTE. The words Niob, Thbnrum, and mart will be found in the general vocabulary. Translate the selection without looking up any other words. [Footnote 1: Ablative of cause.] [Footnote 2: Translate _had_; it denotes a past situation. (See 134.)] [Footnote 3: Dative, cf. 43.] LESSON XXI FUTURE ACTIVE INDICATIVE OF _AM_ AND _MONE_ [Special Vocabulary] NOUNS sacrum, -, n., _sacrifice, offering, rite_ verbum, -, n., _word_ (verb) VERBS sede, -re, _sit_ (sediment) vol, -re, _fly_ (volatile) ADJECTIVES interfectus, -a, -um, _slain_ molestus, -a, -um, _troublesome, annoying_ (molest) perpetuus, -a, -um, _perpetual, continuous_ ego, personal pronoun, _I_ (egotism). Always emphatic in the nominative. 137. The tense sign of the Future Indicative in the first and second conjugations is -bi-. This is joined to the present stem of the verb and followed by the personal ending, as follows: PRESENT STEM TENSE SIGN PERSONAL ENDING am- bi- s _love_ _will_ _you_ 138. The Future Active Indicative is inflected as follows. CONJUGATION I CONJUGATION II SINGULAR 1. amb, _I shall love_ monb, _I shall advise_ 2. ambis, _you will love_ monbis, _you will advise_ 3. ambit, _he will love_ monbit, _he will advise_ PLURAL 1. ambimus, _we shall love_ monbimus, _we shall advise_ 2. ambitis _you will love_ monbitis, _you will advise_ 3. ambunt, _they will love_ monbunt, _they will advise_ _a._ The personal endings are as in the present. The ending -b in the first person singular is contracted from -bi-. The -bi- appears as -bu- in the third person plural. Note that the inflection is like that of er, the future of sum. _Pay especial attention to the accent._ In a similar manner inflect the verbs given in 129. 139. EXERCISES I. 1. Movbitis, laudbis, arb. 2. Dlbitis, vocbitis, dabunt. 3. Mtrbis, dsderbit, vidbimus. 4. Habbit, movbunt, necbit. 5. Nrrbimus, monbis, vidbunt. 6. Labrbitis, crbunt, dabis. 7. Habitbimus, properbitis, iubbunt, parbit. 8. Nntib, portbimus, iubb. II. 1. We shall announce, we shall see, I shall hasten. 2. I shall carry, he will plow, they will care for. 3. You will announce, you will move, you will give, (_sing. and plur._). 4. We shall fight, we shall destroy, I shall long for. 5. He will call, they will see, you will tell (_plur._). 6. They will dwell, we shall order, he will praise. 7. They will labor, we shall kill, you will have (_sing. and plur._), he will destroy. 140. NIOBE AND HER CHILDREN (_Concluded_) First learn the special vocabulary, p. 288. Apoll et Dina erant lber Ltnae. Is Thbn sacra crbra parbant.[1] Oppidn ambant Ltnam et lbers eius. Id superbae rgnae erat molestum. Cr, inquit, Ltnae et lbers sacra partis? Dus lbers habet Ltna; quattuordecim habe ego. Ubi sunt mea sacra? Ltna is verbs[2] rta lbers sus vocat. Ad eam volant Apoll Dinaque et sagitts[3] sus misers lbers rgnae superbae dlent. Niob, nper laeta, nunc misera, sedet apud lbers interfects et cum perpetus lacrims[4] es dsderat. NOTE. Consult the general vocabulary for Apoll, inquit, dus, and quattuordecim. Try to remember the meaning of all the other words. [Footnote 1: Observe the force of the imperfect here, _used to prepare_, _were in the habit of preparing_; so ambant denotes a past situation of affairs. (See 134.)] [Footnote 2: Ablative of cause.] [Footnote 3: Ablative of means.] [Footnote 4: This may be either manner or accompaniment. It is often impossible to draw a sharp line between means, manner, and accompaniment. The Romans themselves drew no sharp distinction. It was enough for them if the general idea demanded the ablative case.] LESSON XXII REVIEW OF VERBS THE DATIVE WITH ADJECTIVES [Special Vocabulary] NOUNS disciplna, -ae, f., _training, culture, discipline_ Gius, G, m., _Caius_, a Roman first name Ǚrnmentum, -, n., _ornament, jewel_ Tiberius, Tiber, m., _Tiberius_, a Roman first name VERB doce, -re, _teach_ (doctrine) ADVERB maxim, _most of all, especially_ ADJECTIVE antquus, -qua, -quum, _old, ancient_ (antique) 141. Review the present, imperfect, and future active indicative, both orally and in writing, of sum and the verbs in 129. 142. We learned in 43 for what sort of expressions we may expect the dative, and in 44 that one of its commonest uses is with _verbs_ to express the indirect object. It is also very common with _adjectives_ to express the object toward which the quality denoted by the adjective is directed. We have already had a number of cases where grtus, _agreeable to_, was so followed by a dative; and in the last lesson we had molestus, _annoying to_, followed by that case. The usage may be more explicitly stated by the following rule: 143. RULE. Dative with Adjectives. _The dative is used with adjectives to denote the object toward which the given quality is directed. Such are, especially, those meaning near, also fit, friendly, pleasing, like, and their opposites._ 144. Among such adjectives memorize the following: idneus, -a, -um, _fit, suitable_ (for) amcus, -a, -um, _friendly_ (to) inimicus, -a, -um, _hostile_ (to) grtus, -a, -um, _pleasing_ (to), _agreeable_ (to) molestus, -a, -um, _annoying_ (to), _troublesome_ (to) fnitimus, -a, -um, _neighboring_ (to) proximus, -a, -um, _nearest, next_ (to) 145. EXERCISES I. 1. Rmn terram idneam agr cultrae habent. 2. Gall cpis Rmns inimc erant. 3. Cui dea Ltna amca non erat? 4. Dea Ltna superbae rgnae amca nn erat. 5. Cibus noster, Mrce, erit armts virs grtus. 6. Quid erat molestum populs Italiae? 7. Bella longa cum Galls erant molesta populs Italiae. 8. Agr Germnrum fluvi Rhn fnitim erant. 9. Rmn ad silvam oppid proximam castra movbant. 10. Nn slum frma sed etiam superbia rgnae erat magna. 11. Mox rgna pulchra erit aegra trstiti. 12. Cr erat Niob, rgna Thbnrum, laeta? Laeta erat Niob mults flis et flibus. II. 1. The sacrifices of the people will be annoying to the haughty queen. 2. The sacrifices were pleasing not only to Latona but also to Diana. 3. Diana will destroy those hostile to Latona. 4. The punishment of the haughty queen was pleasing to the goddess Diana. 5. The Romans will move their forces to a large field[1] suitable for a camp. 6. Some of the allies were friendly to the Romans, others to the Gauls. [Footnote 1: Why not the dative?] 146. CORNELIA AND HER JEWELS First learn the special vocabulary, p. 288. Apud antqus domins, Cornlia, fricn flia, erat[2] maxim clra. Fli eius erant Tiberius Gracchus et Gius Gracchus. I puer cum Cornli in oppid Rm, clr Italiae oppid, habitbant. Ibi es crbat Cornlia et ibi magn cum studi es docbat. Bona fmina erat Cornlia et bonam disciplnam maxim ambat. NOTE. Can you translate the paragraph above? There are no new words. [Footnote 2: Observe that all the imperfects denote continued or progressive action, or describe a state of affairs. (Cf. 134.)] LESSON XXIII PRESENT ACTIVE INDICATIVE OF _REG_ AND _AUDI_ 147. As we learned in 126, the present stem of the third conjugation ends in -e, and of the fourth in -. The inflection of the Present Indicative is as follows: CONJUGATION III CONJUGATION IV reg, regere (_rule_) audio, audre (_hear_) PRES. STEM rege- PRES. STEM aud- SINGULAR 1. reg, _I rule_ audi, _I hear_ 2. regis, _you rule_ auds, _you hear_ 3. regit, _he (she, it) rules_ audit, _he (she, it) hears_ PLURAL 1. regimus, _we rule_ audmus, _we hear_ 2. regitis, _you rule_ audtis, _you hear_ 3. regunt, _they rule_ audiunt, _they hear_ 1. The personal endings are the same as before. 2. The final short -e- of the stem rege- combines with the - in the first person, becomes -u- in the third person plural, and becomes -i- elsewhere. The inflection is like that of er, the future of sum. 3. In audi the personal endings are added regularly to the stem aud-. In the third person plural -u- is inserted between the stem and the personal ending, as audi-u-nt. Note that the long vowel of the stem is shortened before final -t just as in am and mone. (Cf. 12.2.) Note that -i- is always short in the third conjugation and long in the fourth, excepting where long vowels are regularly shortened. (Cf. 12.1, 2.) 148. Like reg and audi inflect the present active indicative of the following verbs: INDICATIVE PRESENT INFINITIVE PRESENT ag, _I drive_ agere, _to drive_ dc, _I say_ dcere, _to say_ dc, _I lead_ dcere, _to lead_ mitt, _I send_ mittere, _to send_ mni, _I fortify_ mnre, _to fortify_ reperi, _I find_ reperre, _to find_ veni, _I come_ venre, _to come_ 149. EXERCISES I. 1. Quis agit? Cr venit? Quem mittit? Quem dcis? 2. Quid mittunt? Ad quem veniunt? Cuius castra mniunt? 3. Quem agunt? Venmus. Quid puer reperit? 4. Quem mittimus? Cuius equum dcitis? Quid dcunt? 5. Mnmus, ventis, dcit. 6. Agimus, repertis, mns. 7. Reperis, ducitis, dcis. 8. Agitis, audimus, regimus. II. 1. What do they find? Whom do they hear? Why does he come? 2. Whose camp are we fortifying? To whom does he say? What are we saying? 3. I am driving, you are leading, they are hearing. 4. You send, he says, you fortify (_sing. and plur._). 5. I am coming, we find, they send. 6. They lead, you drive, he does fortify. 7. You lead, you find, you rule, (_all plur._). 150. CORNELIA AND HER JEWELS (_Concluded_) Proximum domicli Cornliae erat pulchrae Campnae domicilium. Campna erat superba nn slum frm su sed maxim rnments sus. Ea[1] laudbat semper. Habsne t lla ornmenta, Cornlia? inquit. Ubi sunt tua rnmenta? Deinde Cornlia flis sus Tiberium et Gium vocat. Puer me, inquit, sunt mea rnmenta. Nam bon lber sunt semper bonae fminae rnmenta maxim clra. NOTE. The only new words here are Campna, semper, and t. [Footnote 1: Ea, accusative plural neuter.] [Illustration: PUERI MEI SUNT MEA ORNAMENTA] LESSON XXIV IMPERFECT ACTIVE INDICATIVE OF _REG_ AND _AUDI_ THE DATIVE WITH SPECIAL INTRANSITIVE VERBS 151. PARADIGMS CONJUGATION III CONJUGATION IV SINGULAR 1. regbam, _I was ruling_ audibam, _I was hearing_ 2. regbs, _you were riding_ audibs, _you were hearing_ 3. regbat, _he was ruling_ audibat, _he was hearing_ PLURAL 1. regbmus, _we were ruling_ audibmus, _we were hearing_ 2. regbtis, _you were ruling_ audibtis, _you were hearing_ 3. regbant, _they were ruling_ audibant, _they were hearing_ 1. The tense sign is -b-, as in the first two conjugations. 2. Observe that the final -e- of the stem is lengthened before the tense sign -b-. This makes the imperfect of the third conjugation just like the imperfect of the second (cf. monbam and regbam). 3. In the fourth conjugation -- is inserted between the stem and the tense sign -b- (audi--ba-m). 4. In a similar manner inflect the verbs given in 148. 152. EXERCISES I. 1. Agbat, venibat, mittbat, dcbant. 2. Agbant, mittbant, dcbas, mnibant. 3. Mittbmus, dcbtis, dcbant. 4. Mnibmus, venibtis, dcbs. 5. Mittbs, venibmus, reperibat. 6. Reperibs, venibs, audibtis. 7. Agbmus, reperibtis, mnibat. 8. Agbtis, dcbam, mnibam. II. 1. They were leading, you were driving (_sing. and plur._), he was fortifying. 2. They were sending, we were finding, I was coming. 3. You were sending, you were fortifying, (_sing. and plur._), he was saying. 4. They were hearing, you were leading (_sing. and plur._), I was driving. 5. We were saying, he was sending, I was fortifying. 6. They were coming, he was hearing, I was finding. 7. You were ruling (_sing. and plur._), we were coming, they were ruling. 153. The Dative with Special Intransitive Verbs. We learned above (20.a) that a verb which does not admit of a direct object is called an _intransitive_ verb. Many such verbs, however, are of such meaning that they can govern an indirect object, which will, of course, be in the dative case (45). Learn the following list of intransitive verbs with their meanings. In each case the dative indirect object is the person or thing to which a benefit, injury, or feeling is directed. (Cf. 43.) crd, crdere, _believe_ (give belief to) fave, favre, _favor_ (show favor to) noce, nocre, _injure_ (do harm to) pre, prre, _obey_ (give obedience to) persude, persudre, _persuade_ (offer persuasion to) resist, resistere, _resist_ (offer resistance to) stude, studre, _be eager for_ (give attention to) 154. RULE. Dative with Intransitive Verbs. _The dative of the indirect object is used with the intransitive verbs crd, fave, noce, pre, persude, resist, stude, and others of like meaning._ 155. EXERCISE 1. Crdisne verbs socirum? Mult verbs erum nn crdunt. 2. Me fnitim cnsili tu nn favbunt, quod bell student. 3. Tiberius et Gius disciplnae drae nn resistbant et Cornliae prbant. 4. Dea erat inimca septem flibus rgnae. 5. Dra poena et perpetua trstitia rgnae nn persudbunt. 6. Nper ea resistbat et nunc resistit potentiae Ltnae. 7. Mox sagittae volbunt et lbers misers nocbunt. LESSON XXV FUTURE ACTIVE INDICATIVE OF _REG_ AND _AUDI_ 156. In the future tense of the third and fourth conjugations we meet with a new tense sign. Instead of using -bi-, as in the first and second conjugations, we use --[1] in the first person singular and -- in the rest of the tense. In the third conjugation the final -e- of the stem is dropped before this tense sign; in the fourth conjugation the final -- of the stem is retained.[2] [Footnote 1: The -- is shortened before -m final, and -- before -t final and before -nt. (Cf. 12.2.)] [Footnote 2: The -- is, of course, shortened, being before another vowel. (Cf. 12.1.)] 157. PARADIGMS CONJUGATION III CONJUGATION IV SINGULAR 1. regam, _I shall rule_ audiam, _I shall hear_ 2. regs, _you will rule_ audis, _you will hear_ 3. reget, _he will rule_ audiet, _he will hear_ PLURAL 1. regmus, _we shall rule_ audimus, _we shall hear_ 2. regtis, _you will rule_ auditis, _you will hear_ 3. regent, _they will rule_ audient, _they will hear_ 1. Observe that the future of the third conjugation is like the present of the second, excepting in the first person singular. 2. In the same manner inflect the verbs given in 148. 158. EXERCISES I. 1. Dcet, dctis, mnimus. 2. Dcent, dctis, mittmus. 3. Mnient, venient, mittent, agent. 4. Dcet, mitts, veniet, aget. 5. Mniet, reperitis, agmus. 6. Mittam, venimus, regent. 7. Auditis, venis, reperis. 8. Reperiet, agam, dcmus, mittet. 9. Vidbitis, sedb, vocbimus. II. 1. I shall find, he will hear, they will come. 2. I shall fortify, he will send, we shall say. 3. I shall drive, you will lead, they will hear. 4. You will send, you will fortify, (_sing. and plur._), he will say. 5. I shall come, we shall find, they will send. 6. Who[3] will believe the story? I[4] shall believe the story. 7. Whose friends do you favor? We favor our friends. 8. Who will resist our weapons? Sextus will resist your weapons. 9. Who will persuade him? They will persuade him. 10. Why were you injuring my horse? I was not injuring your horse. 11. Whom does a good slave obey? A good slave obeys his master. 12. Our men were eager for another battle. [Footnote 3: Remember that quis, _who_, is singular in number.] [Footnote 4: Express by ego, because it is emphatic.] LESSON XXVI VERBS IN _-I_ OF THE THIRD CONJUGATION THE IMPERATIVE MOOD 159. There are a few common verbs ending in -i which do not belong to the fourth conjugation, as you might infer, but to the third. The fact that they belong to the third conjugation is shown by the ending of the infinitive. (Cf. 126.) Compare audi, audre (_hear_), fourth conjugation capi, capere (_take_), third conjugation 160. The present, imperfect, and future active indicative of capi are inflected as follows: capi, capere, _take_ PRES. STEM cape- PRESENT IMPERFECT FUTURE SINGULAR 1. capi capibam capiam 2. capis capibs capis 3. capit capibat capiet PLURAL 1. capimus capibmus capimus 2. capitis capibtis capitis 3. capiunt capibant capient 1. Observe that capi and the other -i verbs follow the fourth conjugation wherever in the fourth conjugation _two vowels occur in succession._ (Cf. capi, audi; capiunt, audiunt; and all the imperfect and future.) All other forms are like the third conjugation. (Cf. capis, regis; capit, regit; etc.) 2. Like capi, inflect faci, facere, _make, do_ fugi, fugere, _flee_ iaci, iacere, _hurl_ rapi, rapere, _seize_ 161. The Imperative Mood. The imperative mood expresses a command; as, _come!_ _send!_ The present tense of the imperative is used only in the second person, singular and plural. _The singular in the active voice is regularly the same in form as the present stem. The plural is formed by adding -te to the singular._ CONJUGATION SINGULAR PLURAL I. am, _love thou_ amte, _love ye_ II. mon, _advise thou_ monte, _advise ye_ III. (_a_) rege, _rule thou_ regite, _rule ye_ (_b_) cape, _take thou_ capite, _take ye_ IV. aud, _hear thou_ audte, _hear ye_ sum (irregular) es, _be thou_ este, _be ye_ 1. In the third conjugation the final -e- of the stem becomes -i- in the plural. 2. The verbs dc, _say_; dc, _lead_; and faci, _make_, have the irregular forms dc, dc, and fac in the singular. 3. Give the present active imperative, singular and plural, of veni, dc, voc, doce, laud, dc, sede, ag, faci, mni, mitt, rapi. 162. EXERCISES I. 1. Fugient, faciunt, iacibat. 2. Dl, nntite, fugiunt. 3. Vente, dc, facitis. 4. Dcite, iaciam, fugibant. 5. Fac, iacibmus, fugimus, rapite. 6. Sedte, reper, docte. 7. Fugimus, iacient, rapis. 8. Reperient, rapibtis, nocent. 9. Favte, resist, prbitis. 10. Vol ad mults terrs et d auxilium. 11. Ego tla mea capiam et mults fers dlb. 12. Quis fbulae tuae crdet? 13. Este bon, puer, et audte verba grta magistr. II. 1. The goddess will seize her arms and will hurl her weapons. 2. With her weapons she will destroy many beasts. 3. She will give aid to the weak.[1] 4. She will fly to many lands and the beasts will flee. 5. Romans, tell[2] the famous story to your children. [Footnote 1: Plural. An adjective used as a noun. (Cf. 99.II.3.)] [Footnote 2: Imperative. The imperative generally stands first, as in English.] * * * * * Third Review, Lessons XVIII-XXVI, 510-512 * * * * * LESSON XXVII THE PASSIVE VOICE PRESENT, IMPERFECT, AND FUTURE INDICATIVE OF _AM_ AND _MONE_ [Special Vocabulary] NOUNS ljla, -ae, f., _wing_ deus, -, m., _god_ (deity)[A] monstrum, -, n., _omen, prodigy; monster_ rculum, -, n., _oracle_ VERB vst, -re, _lay waste, devastate_ ADJECTIVES commtus, -a, -um, _moved, excited_ maximus, -a, -um, _greatest_ (maximum) saevus, -a, -um, _fierce, savage_ ADVERBS ita, _thus, in this way, as follows_ tum, _then, at that time_ [Footnote A: For the declension of deus, see 468] 163. The Voices. Thus far the verb forms have been in the _active voice_; that is, they have represented the subject as _performing_ an action; as, The lion ---> _killed_ ---> the hunter A verb is said to be in the _passive voice_ when it represents its subject as _receiving_ an action; as, The lion <--- _was killed_ <--- by the hunter Note the direction of the arrows. 164. Passive Personal Endings. In the passive voice we use a different set of personal endings. They are as follows: SINGULAR PLURAL 1. -r, _I_ 1. -mur, _we_ 2. -ris, -re, _you_ 2. -min, _you_ 3. -tur, _he, she, it_ 3. -ntur, _they_ _a._ Observe that the letter -r appears somewhere in all but one of the endings. This is sometimes called the _passive sign_. 165. PARADIGMS am, amre mono, monre PRES. STEM am- PRES. STEM mon- PRESENT INDICATIVE PERSONAL ENDINGS SINGULAR amor, _I am loved_ moneor, _I am advised_ -or[1] amris or amre, monris or monre. -ris or -re _you are loved_ _you are advised_ amtur, _he is loved_ montur, _he is advised_ -tur PLURAL ammur, _we are loved_ monmur, _we are advised_ -mur ammin, _you are loved_ monmin, _you are advised_ -mini amantur, _they are loved_ monentur, _they are advised_ -ntur [Footnote 1: In the present the personal ending of the first person singular is -or.] IMPERFECT INDICATIVE (TENSE SIGN -b-) SINGULAR ambar, monbar, -r _I was being loved_ _I was being advised_ ambris or ambre, monbris or monbre -ris or -re _you were being loved_ _you were being advised_ ambtur, monbtur, -tur _he was being loved_ _he was being advised_ PLURAL ambmur, monbmur, -mur _we were being loved_ _we were being advised_ ambmin, monbmin, -min _you were being loved_ _you were being advised_ ambantur, monbantur, -ntur _they were being loved_ _they were being advised_ FUTURE (TENSE SIGN -bi-) SINGULAR ambor, monbor, -r _I shall be loved_ _I shall be advised_ amberis, _or_ ambere monberis _or_ monbere, -ris or -re _you will be loved_ _you will be advised_ ambitur, monbitur, -tur _he will be loved_ _he will be advised_ PLURAL ambimur, monbimur, -mur _we shall be loved_ _we shall be advised_ ambimin, monbimin, -min _you will be loved_ _you will be advised_ ambuntur, monbuntur, -ntur _they will be loved_ _they will be advised_ 1. The tense sign and the personal endings are added as in the active. 2. In the future the tense sign -bi- appears as -bo- in the first person, -be- in the second, singular number, and as -bu- in the third person plural. 3. Inflect laud, nec, port, move, dle, iube, in the present, imperfect, and future indicative, active and passive. 166. Intransitive verbs, such as mtr, _I hasten_; habit, _I dwell_, do not have a passive voice with a personal subject. 167. EXERCISES I. 1. Laudris _or_ laudre, lauds, datur, dat. 2. Dabitur, dabit, vidmin, vidtis. 3. Vocbat, vocbtur, dlbitis, dlbimin. 4. Parbtur, parbat, crs, crris _or_ crre. 5. Portbantur, portbant, vidbimur, vidbimus. 6. Iubris _or_ iubre, iubs, laudbris _or_ laudbre, laudbs. 7. Movberis or movbere, movbis, dabantur, dabant. 8. Dlentur, dlent, parbmur, parbmus. II. 1. We prepare, we are prepared, I shall be called, I shall call, you were carrying, you were being carried. 2. I see, I am seen, it was being announced, he was announcing, they will order, they will be ordered. 3. You will be killed, you will kill, you move, you are moved, we are praising, we are being praised. 4. I am called, I call, you will have, you are cared for. 5. They are seen, they see, we were teaching, we were being taught, they will move, they will be moved. [Illustration: PERSEUS ANDROMEDAM SERVAT] 168. PERSEUS AND ANDROMEDA First learn the special vocabulary, p. 288. Perseus flius erat Iovis,[2] maxim[3] derum. D e mults fabuls nrrant potae. E favent de, e magica arma et ls dant. Es tls armtus et ls frtus ad mults terrs volbat et mnstra saeva dlbat et misers nfrmsque auxilium dabat. Aethiopia est terra fricae. Eam terram Cpheus[4] regbat. E[5] Neptnus, maximus aqurum deus, erat rtus et mittit[6] mnstrum saevum ad Aethiopiam. Ibi mnstrum nn slum lts pulchrsque Aethiopiae agrs nocbat sed etiam domicilia agricolrum dlbat, et mults virs, fmins, lbersque necbat. Populus ex agrs fugibat et oppida mrs valids mnibat. Tum Cpheus magn trstiti commtus ad Iovis rculum properat et ita dcit: Amc me necantur; agr me vstantur. Aud verba mea, Iuppiter. D misers auxilium. Age mnstrum saevum ex patri. [Footnote 2: Iovis, the genitive of Iuppiter.] [Footnote 3: Used substantively, _the greatest_. So below, l. 4, misers and ǔnfrms are used substantively.] [Footnote 4: Pronounce in two syllables, _Cepheus_.] [Footnote 5: E, _at him_, dative with ǔrtus.] [Footnote 6: The present is often used, as in English, in speaking of a past action, in order to make the story more vivid and exciting.] LESSON XXVIII PRESENT, IMPERFECT, AND FUTURE INDICATIVE PASSIVE OF _REG_ AND _AUDI_ [Special Vocabulary] VERBS responde, -re, _respond, reply_ serv, -re, _save, preserve_ ADJECTIVE crus, -a, -um, _dear_ (cherish) CONJUNCTION autem, _but, moreover, now_. Usually stands second, never first NOUN vta, -ae, f., _life_ (vital) 169. Review the present, imperfect, and future indicative active of reg and audi, and learn the passive of the same tenses (490, 491). _a._ Observe that the tense signs of the imperfect and future are the same as in the active voice, and that the passive personal endings (164) are added instead of the active ones. _b._ Note the slight irregularity in the second person singular present of the third conjugation. There the final -e- of the stem is not changed to -i-, as it is in the active. We therefore have regeris or regere, _not_ regiris, regire. _c._ Inflect ag, dc, dc, mni, reperi, in the present, imperfect, and future indicative, active and passive. 170. EXERCISES I. 1. Agbat, agbtur, mittbat, mittbtur, dcbat. 2. Agunt, aguntur, mittuntur, mittunt, mniunt. 3. Mittor, mittar, mittam, dcre, dcere. 4. Dcmur, dcimus, dcmus, dcimur, mnibamin. 5. Dcitur, dcimin, repermur, reperiar, agitur. 6. Agbmus, agbmur, reperris, reperimin. 7. Mnmin, venibam, dcbar, dctur. 8. Mittimin, mittitis, mittris, mitteris, agbmin. 9. Dcitur, dcit, mniuntur, reperient, audientur. II. 1. I was being driven, I was driving, we were leading, we were being led, he says, it is said. 2. I shall send, I shall be sent, you will find, you will be found, they lead, they are led. 3. I am found, we are led, they are driven, you were being led (_sing. and plur._). 4. We shall drive, we shall be driven, he leads, he is being led, they will come, they will be fortified. 5. They were ruling, they were being ruled, you will send, you will be sent, you are sent, (_sing. and plur._). 6. He was being led, he will come, you are said (_sing. and plur._). 171. PERSEUS AND ANDROMEDA (_Continued_) First learn the special vocabulary, p. 288. Tum rculum ita respondet: Mala est fortna tua. Neptnus, magnus aqurum deus, terrae Aethiopiae inimcus, es poens mittit. Sed par rt de sacrum idneum et mnstrum saevum ex patri tu agtur. Andromeda flia tua est mnstr grta. D eam mnstr. Serv cram patriam et vtam popul tu. Andromeda autem erat puella pulchra. Eam ambat Cpheus maxim. LESSON XXIX PRESENT, IMPERFECT, AND FUTURE INDICATIVE PASSIVE OF _-I_ VERBS PRESENT PASSIVE INFINITIVE AND IMPERATIVE [Special Vocabulary] VERB super, -re, _conquer, overcome_ (insuperable) NOUNS cra, -ae, f., _care, trouble_ locus, -, m., _place, spot_ (location). Locus is neuter in the plural and is declined loca, -rum, etc. perculum, -, n., _danger, peril_ ADVERBS semper, _always_ tamen, _yet, nevertheless_ PREPOSITIONS d, with abl., _down from; concerning_ per, with acc., _through_ CONJUNCTION si, _if_ 172. Review the active voice of capi, present, imperfect, and future, and learn the passive of the same tenses (492). _a._ The present forms capior and capiuntur are like audior, audiuntur, and the rest of the tense is like regor. _b._ In like manner inflect the passive of iaci and rapi. 173. The Infinitive. The infinitive mood gives the general meaning of the verb without person or number; as, amre, _to love_. Infinitive means _unlimited_. The forms of the other moods, being limited by person and number, are called the _finite_, or limited, verb forms. 174. The forms of the Present Infinitive, active and passive, are as follows: CONJ. PRES. PRES. INFINITIVE PRES. INFINITIVE STEM ACTIVE PASSIVE I. am- amre, amr, _to love_ _to be loved_ II. mon- monre, monr, _to advise_ _to be advised_ III. rege- regere, reg, _to rule_ _to be ruled_ cape- capere cap, _to take_ _to be taken_ IV. aud- audre, audr, _to hear_ _to be heard_ 1. Observe that to form the present active infinitive we add -re to the present stem. _a._ The present infinitive of sum is esse. There is no passive. 2. Observe that the present passive infinitive is formed from the active by changing final -e to -, except in the third conjugation, which changes final -ere to -. 3. Give the active and passive present infinitives of doce, sede, vol, cr, mitt, dc, mni, reperi, iaci, rapi. 175. The forms of the Present Imperative, active and passive, are as follows: ACTIVE[1] PASSIVE CONJ. SINGULAR PLURAL SINGULAR PLURAL I. am amte amre, ammin, _be thou loved_ _be ye loved_ II. mon monte monre, monmin, _be thou advised_ _be ye advised_ III. rege regite regere, regimin, _be thou ruled _ _be ye ruled_ cape capite capere, capimin, _be thou taken_ _be ye taken_ IV. aud audte audre, audmin, _be thou heard_ _be ye heard_ 1. Observe that the second person singular of the present passive imperative is like the present active infinitive, and that both singular and plural are like the second person singular[2] and plural, respectively, of the present passive indicative. 2. Give the present imperative, both active and passive, of the verbs in 174.3. [Footnote 1: For the sake of comparison the active is repeated from 161.] [Footnote 2: That is, using the personal ending -re. A form like amre may be either _indicative_, _infinitive_, or _imperative_.] 176. EXERCISES First learn the special vocabulary, p. 289. I. 1. Tum Perseus ls ad terrs mults volabit. 2. Mnstrum saevum per aqus properat et mox agrs nostrs vstbit. 3. S autem Cpheus ad rculum properbit, rculum ita respondbit. 4. Quis tls Perse superbitur? Multa mnstra tls eius superbuntur. 5. Cum crs magns et lacrims mults agricolae ex domicilis crs aguntur. 6. Multa loca vstbantur et multa oppida dlbantur. 7. Mnstrum est validum, tamen superbitur. 8. Crdsne semper verbs rcul? Ego is non semper crdam. 9. Prbitne Cpheus rcul? Verba rcul e persudbunt. 10. Si nn fugimus, oppidum capitur et oppidn necbuntur. 11. Vocte puers et nrrte fbulam clram d mnstr saev. II. 1. Fly thou, to be cared for, be ye sent, lead thou. 2. To lead, to be led, be ye seized, fortify thou. 3. To be hurled, to fly, send thou, to be found. 4. To be sent, be ye led, to hurl, to be taken. 5. Find thou, hear ye, be ye ruled, to be fortified. LESSON XXX SYNOPSES IN THE FOUR CONJUGATIONS THE ABLATIVE DENOTING _FROM_ [Special Vocabulary] VERBS absum, abesse, irreg., _be away, be absent, be distant_, with separative abl. adpropinqu, -re, _draw near, approach_ (propinquity), with dative[A] contine, -re, _hold together, hem in, keep_ (contain) discd, -ere, _depart, go away, leave_, with separative abl. ege, -re, _lack, need, be without_, with separative abl. interfici, -ere, _kill_ prohibe, -re, _restrain, keep from_ (prohibit) vulner, -re, _wound_ (vulnerable) NOUNS prvincia, -ae, f., _province_ vnum, -, n., _wine_ ADJECTIVE dfessus, -a, -um, _weary, worn out_ ADVERB long, _far, by far, far away_ [Footnote A: This verb governs the dative because the idea of _nearness to_ is stronger than that of _motion to_. If the latter idea were the stronger, the word would be used with ad and the accusative.] 177. You should learn to give rapidly synopses of the verbs you have had, as follows:[1] CONJUGATION I CONJUGATION II INDICATIVE ACTIVE PASSIVE ACTIVE PASSIVE _Pres._ am amor mone moneor _Imperf._ ambam ambar monbam monbar _Fut._ ambo ambor monbo monbor [Footnote 1: Synopses should be given not only in the first person, but in other persons as well, particularly in the third singular and plural.] CONJUGATION I CONJUGATION II IMPERATIVE ACTIVE PASSIVE ACTIVE PASSIVE _Pres._ am amre mon monre INFINITIVE _Pres._ amre amr monre monr CONJUGATION III CONJUGATION III (-i verbs) INDICATIVE ACTIVE PASSIVE ACTIVE PASSIVE _Pres._ reg regor capi capior _Imperf._ regbam regbar capibam capibar _Fut._ regam regar capiam capiar IMPERATIVE _Pres._ rege regere cape capere INFINITIVE _Pres._ regere reg capere cap CONJUGATION IV INDICATIVE ACTIVE PASSIVE _Pres._ audi audior _Imperf._ audibam audibar _Fut._ audiam audiar IMPERATIVE _Pres._ aud audre INFINITIVE _Pres._ audre audr 1. Give the synopsis of rapi, mni, reperi, doce, vide, dc, ag, laud, port, and vary the person and number. 178. We learned in 50 that one of the three relations covered by the ablative case is expressed in English by the preposition _from._ This is sometimes called the _separative ablative_, and it has a number of special uses. You have already grown familiar with the first mentioned below. 179. RULE. Ablative of the Place From. _The place from which is expressed by the ablative with the prepositions lj or ab, d, ǐ or ex._ Agricolae ex agrs veniunt, _the farmers come from the fields_ _a._ lj or ab denotes _from near_ a place; ǐ or ex, _out from_ it; and d, _down from_ it. This may be represented graphically as follows: _________ | | lj or ab | | ǐ or ex /_____________| ___________________\ \ | Place | / |_________| | | d | V 180. RULE. Ablative of Separation. _Words expressing separation or deprivation require an ablative to complete their meaning._ _a._ If the separation is _actual_ and _literal_ of one material thing from another, the preposition lj or ab, ǐ or ex, or d is generally used. If no actual motion takes place of one thing from another, no preposition is necessary. (a) Perseus terram mnstrs lberat _Perseus frees the land from monsters_ (literal separation--actual motion is expressed) (b) Perseus terram trstiti lberat _Perseus frees the land from sorrow_ (figurative separation--no actual motion is expressed) 181. RULE. Ablative of the Personal Agent. _The word expressing the person from whom an action starts, when not the subject, is put in the ablative with the preposition lj or ab._ _a._ In this construction the English translation of lj, ab is _by_ rather than _from_. This ablative is regularly used with passive verbs to indicate the _person by whom_ the act was performed. Mnstrum Perse nectur, _the monster is being slain by_ (lit. _from_) _Perseus_ _b._ Note that the active form of the above sentence would be Perseus monstrum necat, _Perseus is slaying the monster_. In the passive the _object_ of the active verb becomes the _subject_, and the _subject_ of the active verb becomes the _ablative of the personal agent_, with lj or ab. _c._ Distinguish carefully between the ablative of means and the ablative of the personal agent. Both are often translated into English by the preposition _by_. (Cf. 100. _b._) _Means is a thing; the agent or actor is a person_. The ablative of means has no preposition. The ablative of the personal agent has lj or ab. Compare Fera sagitt nectur, _the wild beast is killed by an arrow_ Fera Din nectur, _the wild beast is killed by Diana_ Sagitt, in the first sentence, is the ablative of means; lj Din, in the second, is the ablative of the personal agent. 182. EXERCISES First learn the special vocabulary, p. 289. I. 1. Viri inopi cib dfess ab e loc discdent. 2. Gerinn castrs Rmns adpropinqubant, tamen lgtus cpis proeli continbat. 3. Multa Gallrum oppida ab Rmans capientur. 4. Tum Rmn ttum populum erum oppidrum gladis plsque interficient. 5. Oppidn Rmns resistent, sed defess long proelo fugient. 6. Mult ex Galli fugibant et in Germnrum vics habitbant. 7. Miser nautae vulnerantur ab inimcs[2] saevs et cib egent. 8. Discdite et date virs frmentum et cpiam vn. 9. Cpiae nostrae proeli continbantur ab Sext lgat. 10. Id oppidum ab prvinci Rmn long aberat. II. 1. The weary sailors were approaching a place dear to the goddess Diana. 2. They were without food and without wine. 3. Then Galba and seven other men are sent to the ancient island by Sextus. 4. Already they are not far away from the land, and they see armed men on a high place. 5. They are kept from the land by the men with spears and arrows. 6. The men kept hurling their weapons down from the high place with great eagerness. [Footnote 2: inimcs, here used as a noun. See vocabulary.] LESSON XXXI PERFECT, PLUPERFECT, AND FUTURE PERFECT OF _SUM_ [Special Vocabulary] NOUNS aurum, -, n., _gold_ (oriole) mora, -ae, f., _delay_ nvigium, nvig, n., _boat, ship_ ventus, -, m., _wind_ (ventilate) VERB nvig, -re, _sail_ (navigate) ADJECTIVES attentus, -a, -um, _attentive, careful_ dubius, -a, -um, _doubtful_ (dubious) perfidus, -a, -um, _faithless, treacherous_ (perfidy) ADVERB ante, _before, previously_ PREPOSITION sine, with abl., _without_ 183. Principal Parts. There are certain parts of the verb that are of so much consequence in tense formation that we call them the _principal parts._ The principal parts of the Latin verb are the present, the past, and the past participle; as _go, went, gone_; _see, saw, seen_, etc. The principal parts of the Latin verb are the _first person singular of the present indicative_, the _present infinitive_, the _first person singular of the perfect indicative_, and _the perfect passive participle._ 184. Conjugation Stems. From the principal parts we get three conjugation stems, from which are formed the entire conjugation. We have already learned about the present stem, which is found from the present infinitive (cf. 126.a). The other two stems are the perfect stem and the participial stem. 185. The Perfect Stem. The perfect stem of the verb is formed in various ways, but may always be _found by dropping - from the first person singular of the perfect_, the third of the principal parts. From the perfect stem are formed the following tenses: THE PERFECT ACTIVE INDICATIVE THE PLUPERFECT ACTIVE INDICATIVE (ENGLISH PAST PERFECT) THE FUTURE PERFECT ACTIVE INDICATIVE All these tenses express completed action in present, past, or future time respectively. 186. The Endings of the Perfect. The perfect active indicative is inflected by adding the endings of the perfect to the perfect stem. These endings are different from those found in any other tense, and are as follows: SINGULAR PLURAL 1. -, _I_ 1. -imus, _we_ 2. -ist, _you_ 2. -istis, _you_ 3. -it, _he, she, it_ 3. -runt or -re, _they_ 187. Inflection of sum in the perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect indicative: PRES. INDIC. PRES. INFIN. PERF. INDIC. PRIN. PARTS sum esse fu PERFECT STEM fu- PERFECT SINGULAR PLURAL fu, _I have been, I was_ fuimus, _we have been, we were_ fuist, fuistis, _you have been, you were_ _you have been, you were_ fuit, _he has been, he was_ furunt _or_ fure, _they have been, they were_ PLUPERFECT (TENSE SIGN -er-) fueram, _I had been_ fuermus, _we had been_ fuers, _you had been_ fuertis, _you had been_ fuerat, _he had been_ fuerant, _they had been_ FUTURE PERFECT (TENSE SIGN -eri-) fuer, _I shall have been_ fuerimus, _we shall have been_ fueris, _you will have been_ fueritis, _you will have been_ fuerit, _he will have been_ fuerint, _they will have been_ 1. Note carefully the changing accent in the perfect. 2. Observe that the pluperfect may be formed by adding eram, the imperfect of sum, to the perfect stem. The tense sign is -er-. 3. Observe that the future perfect may be formed by adding er, the future of sum, to the perfect stem. But the third person plural ends in -erint, not in -erunt. The tense sign is -eri-. 4. All active perfects, pluperfects, and future perfects are formed on the perfect stem and inflected in the same way. 188. DIALOGUE THE BOYS TITUS, MARCUS, AND QUINTUS First learn the special vocabulary, p. 289. M. Ubi fuistis, Tite et Qunte? T. Ego in me ld fu et Quntus in su ld fuit. Bon puer fuimus. Fuitne Sextus in vc hodi? M. Fuit. Nper per agrs proxims fluvi properbat. Ibi is et Cornlius habent nvigium. T. _Nvigium_ dcis? Ali[1] nrr eam fbulam! M. Vr (_Yes, truly_), pulchrum et novum nvigium! Q. Cuius pecni[2] Sextus et Cornlius id nvigium parant? Quis is pecniam dat? M. Amc Cornl multum habent aurum et puer pecni nn eget. T. Qu puer nvigbunt? Nvigbuntne long terr? M. Dubia sunt cnsilia erum. Sed hodi, crd, s ventus erit idneus, ad maximam nsulam nvigbunt. Iam ante ibi furunt. Tum autem ventus erat perfidus et puer magn in percul erant. Q. Aqua vent commta est inimca nauts semper, et saepe perfidus ventus nvigia rapit, agit, dletque. I puer, s nn fuerint maxim attent, rt aqu et valid vent superbuntur et ita interficientur. [Footnote 1: Dative case. (Cf. 109.)] [Footnote 2: Ablative of means.] 189. EXERCISE 1. Where had the boys been before? They had been in school. 2. Where had Sextus been? He had been in a field next to the river. 3. Who has been with Sextus to-day? Cornelius has been with him. 4. Who says so? Marcus. 5. If the wind has been suitable, the boys have been in the boat. 6. Soon we shall sail with the boys. 7. There[3] will be no danger, if we are (shall have been) careful.[4] [Footnote 3: The expletive _there_ is not expressed, but the verb will precede the subject, as in English.] [Footnote 4: This predicate adjective must be nominative plural to agree with _we_.] LESSON XXXII THE PERFECT ACTIVE INDICATIVE OF THE FOUR REGULAR CONJUGATIONS [Special Vocabulary] NOUNS animus, -, m., _mind, heart; spirit, feeling_ (animate) bracchium, bracch, n., _forearm, arm_ porta, -ae, f., _gate_ (portal) ADJECTIVES adversus, -a, -um, _opposite; adverse, contrary_ plnus, -a, -um, _full_ (plenty) PREPOSITION pr, with abl., _before; in behalf of; instead of_ ADVERB di, _for a long time, long_ 190. Meanings of the Perfect. The perfect tense has two distinct meanings. The first of these is equivalent to the English present perfect, or perfect with _have_, and denotes that the action of the verb is complete at the time of speaking; as, _I have finished my work_. As this denotes completed action at a definite time, it is called the perfect definite. The perfect is also used to denote an action that happened _sometime in the past_; as, _I finished my work._ As no definite time is specified, this is called the perfect indefinite. It corresponds to the ordinary use of the English past tense. _a._ Note carefully the difference between the following tenses: _I {was finishing } my work_ (imperfect, 134) {used to finish} _I finished my work_ (perfect indefinite) _I have finished my work_ (perfect definite) When telling a story the Latin uses the _perfect indefinite_ to mark the different _forward steps_ of the narrative, and the _imperfect_ to _describe situations and circumstances_ that attend these steps. If the following sentences were Latin, what tenses would be used? Last week I went to Boston. I was trying to find an old friend of mine, but he was out of the city. Yesterday I returned home. 191. Inflection of the Perfect. We learned in 186 that any perfect is inflected by adding the endings of the perfect to the perfect stem. The inflection in the four regular conjugations is then as follows: CONJ. I amv _I have loved_, _I loved_ or _did love_ CONJ. II monu _I have advised_, _I advised_ or _did advise_ CONJ. III rx _I have ruled_, _I ruled_ or _did rule_ cp _I have taken_, _I took_ or _did take_ CONJ. IV audv _I have heard_, _I heard_ or _did hear_ PERFECT STEMS amv- monu- rx- cp- audv- SINGULAR 1. amv monu rx cp audv 2. amvist monuist rxist cpist audvist 3. amvit monuit rxit cpit audvit PLURAL 1. amvimus monuimus rximus cpimus audvimus 2. amvistis monuistis rxistis cpistis audvistis 3. amvrunt monurunt rxrunt cprunt audvrunt _or_ _or_ _or_ _or_ _or_ amvre monure rxre cpre audvre 1. The first person of the perfect is always given as the third of the principal parts. From this we get the perfect stem. _This shows the absolute necessity of learning the principal parts thoroughly._ 2. Nearly all perfects of the first conjugation are formed by adding -v to the present stem. Like amv inflect parv, vocv, crv, laudv. 3. Note carefully the changing accent in the perfect. Drill on it. 192. Learn the principal parts and inflect the perfects: PRES. INDIC. PRES. INFIN. PERF. INDIC. d dare ded _give_ dle dlre dlv _destroy_ habe habre habu _have_ move movre mv _move_ pre prre pru _obey_ prohibe prohibre prohbu _restrain, keep from_ vide vidre vd _see_ dc dcere dx _say_ discd discdere discess _depart_ dc dcere dx _lead_ faci facere fc _make, do_ mitt mittere ms _send_ mni mnre mnv _fortify_ veni venre vn _come_ 193. PERSEUS AND ANDROMEDA (_Continued_) First learn the special vocabulary, p. 290. Cpheus, advers fortn maxim commtus, discessit et mults cum lacrims popul Aethiopiae verba rcul nrrvit. Fta Andromedae, puellae pulchrae, tt popul dplrbantur, tamen nllum erat auxilium. Deinde Cpheus cum pln trstitiae anim cram suam fliam ex oppid port ad aquam dxit et bracchia eius ad saxa dra revnxit. Tum amc puellae miserae long discessrunt et di mnstrum saevum exspectvrunt. Tum forte Perseus, ls frtus, super Aethiopiam volbat. Vdit populum, Andromedam, lacrims, et, magnopere attonitus, ad terram dscendit. Tum Cpheus e tts crs nrrvit et ita dxit: Prb verbs rcul, et pr patri fliam meam dab; sed s id mnstrum interficis et Andromedam servbis, tibi (_to you_) eam dab. LESSON XXXIII PLUPERFECT AND FUTURE PERFECT ACTIVE INDICATIVE PERFECT ACTIVE INFINITIVE 194. CONJ. I CONJ. II CONJ. III CONJ. IV am mone reg capi audi PERFECT STEMS amv- monu- rx- cp- audv- PLUPERFECT INDICATIVE ACTIVE TENSE SIGN -er- SINGULAR I had loved I had advised I had ruled I had taken I had heard 1. amveram monueram rxeram cperam audveram 2. amvers monuers rxers cpers audvers 3. amverat monuerat rxerat cperat audverat PLURAL 1. amvermus monuermus rxermus cpermus audvermus 2. amvertis monuertis rxertis cpertis audvertis 3. amaverant monuerant rxerant cperant audverant FUTURE PERFECT INDICATIVE ACTIVE TENSE SIGN -eri- SINGULAR I shall have I shall have I shall have I shall have I shall have loved advised ruled taken heard 1. amver monuer rxer cper audver 2. amveris monueris rxeris cperis audveris 3. amverit monuerit rxerit cperit audverit PLURAL 1. amverimus monuerimus rxerimus cperimus audverimus 2. amveritis monueritis rxeritis cperitis audveritis 3. amverint monuerint rxerint cperint audverint 1. Observe that these are all inflected alike and the rules for formation given in 187.2-4 hold good here. 2. In like manner inflect the pluperfect and future perfect indicative active of d, port, dle, move, habe, dc, discd, faci, veni, mni. 195. The Perfect Active Infinitive. The perfect active infinitive is formed by adding -isse to the perfect stem. CONJ PERFECT STEM PERFECT INFINITIVE I. amv- amvisse, _to have loved_ II. monu- monuisse, _to have advised_ III. (_a_) rx- rxisse, _to have ruled_ (_b_) cp- cpisse, _to have taken_ IV. audv audvisse, _to have heard_ sum fu- fuisse, _to have been_ 1. In like manner give the perfect infinitive active of d, port, dle, move, habe, dc, discd, faci, veni, mni. 196. EXERCISES I. 1. Habuist, mvrunt, miserant. 2. Vdit, dxeris, dxisse. 3. Msistis, prurunt, discessermus. 4. Mnvit, dederam, mser. 5. Habuerimus, dlv, pruit, fuisse. 6. Deders, mnveritis, vnertis, msisse. 7. Vners, fcisse, dedertis, portveris. 8. Quem verba rcul mverant? Populum verba rcul mverant. 9. Cui Cpheus verba rcul nrrverit? Perse Cpheus verba rcul nrrverit. 10. Amc ab Andromed discesserint. 11. Mnstrum saevum domicilia multa dlverat. 12. Ubi mnstrum vdistis? Id in aqu vdimus. 13. Quid mnstrum faciet? Mnstrum Andromedam interficiet. II. 1. They have obeyed, we have destroyed, I shall have had. 2. We shall have sent, I had come, they have fortified. 3. I had departed, he has obeyed, you have sent (_sing. and plur._). 4. To have destroyed, to have seen, he will have given, they have carried. 5. He had destroyed, he has moved, you have had (_sing. and plur._). 6. I have given, you had moved (_sing. and plur._), we had said. 7. You will have made (_sing. and plur._), they will have led, to have given. 8. Who had seen the monster? Andromeda had seen it. 9. Why had the men departed from[1] the towns? They had departed because the monster had come. 10. Did Cepheus obey[2] the oracle[3]? He did. [Footnote 1: ex. What would ab mean?] [Footnote 2: _Did ... obey_, perfect tense.] [Footnote 3: What case?] LESSON XXXIV REVIEW OF THE ACTIVE VOICE [Special Vocabulary] ADVERBS celeriter, _quickly_ (celerity) dnique, _finally_ graviter, _heavily, severely_ (gravity) subit, _suddenly_ VERB report, -re, -v, _bring back, restore; win, gain_ (report) 197. A review of the tenses of the indicative active shows the following formation: { PRESENT = First of the principal parts TENSES { IMPERFECT = Present stem + -ba-m OF THE { FUTURE = Present stem + -b, Conj. I and II INDICATIVE { -a-m, Conj. III and IV { PERFECT = Third of the principal parts { PLUPERFECT = Perfect stem + -era-m { FUTURE PERFECT = Perfect stem + -er 198. The synopsis of the active voice of am, as far as we have learned the conjugation, is as follows: PRINCIPAL PARTS am, amre, amv PRES. STEM am- { _Pres._ am INDIC. { _Imperf._ ambam { _Fut._ amb PRES. IMV. am PRES. INFIN. amre PERF. STEM amv- { _Perf._ amv INDIC. { _Pluperf._ amveram { _Fut. perf._ amver PERF. INFIN. amvisse 1. Learn to write in the same form and to give rapidly the principal parts and synopsis of par, d, laud, dle, habe, move, pre, vide, dc, discd, dc, mitt, capi, muni, veni.[1] [Footnote 1: Learn to give synopses rapidly, and not only in the first person singular but in any person of either number.] 199. Learn the following principal parts:[2] PRES. INDIC. PRES. INFIN. PERF. INDIC. IRREGULAR VERBS sum esse fu _be_ absum abesse fu _be away_ d dare ded _give_ CONJUGATION II contine continre continu _hold in, keep_ doce docre docu _teach_ ege egre egu _need_ fave favre fv _favor_ iube iubre iuss _order_ noce nocre nocu _injure_ persude persudre persus _persuade_ responde respondre respond _reply_ sede sedre sd _sit_ stude studre studu _be eager_ CONJUGATION III ag agere g _drive_ crd crdere crdid _believe_ fugi fugere fg _flee_ iaci iacere ic _hurl_ interfici interficere interfc _kill_ rapi rapere rapu _seize_ resist resistere restit _resist_ CONJUGATION IV reperi reperre repper _find_ [Footnote 2: These are all verbs that you have had before, and the perfect is the only new form to be learned.] 200. PERSEUS AND ANDROMEDA (_Concluded_) First learn the special vocabulary, p. 290. Read the whole story. Perseus semper proeli studbat[3] et respondit,[3] Verba tua sunt maxim grta, et laetus arma sua magica parvit.[3] Subit mnstrum vidtur; celeriter per aquam properat et Andromedae adpropinquat. Eius amc long absunt et misera puella est sla. Perseus autem sine mor super aquam volvit.[3] Subit dscendit[3] et dr gladi saevum mnstrum graviter vulnervit.[3] Di pugntur,[4] di proelium est dubium. Dnique autem Perseus mnstrum interfcit[3] et victriam reportvit.[3] Tum ad saxum vnit[3] et Andromedam lbervit[3] et eam ad Cpheum dxit.[3] Is, nper miser, nunc laetus, ita dxit[3]: Tu auxili, m amce, cra flia mea est lbera; tua est Andromeda. Di Perseus cum Andromed ibi habitbat[3] et magnopere tt popul ambtur.[3] [Footnote 3: See if you can explain the use of the perfects and imperfects in this passage.] [Footnote 4: The verb pugntur means, literally, _it is fought_; translate freely, _the battle is fought_, or _the contest rages_. The verb pugn in Latin is intransitive, and so does not have a personal subject in the passive. A verb with an indeterminate subject, designated in English by _it_, is called impersonal.] LESSON XXXV THE PASSIVE PERFECTS OF THE INDICATIVE THE PERFECT PASSIVE AND FUTURE ACTIVE INFINITIVE 201. The fourth and last of the principal parts (183) is the perfect passive participle. _From it we get the participial stem on which are formed the future active infinitive and all the passive perfects._ 1. Learn the following principal parts, which are for the first time given in full: CONJ. PRES. INDIC. PRES. INFIN. PERF. INDIC. PERF. PASS. PART. I. am am-re amv- amt-us This is the model for all regular verbs of the first conjugation. II. mone mon-re monu- monit-us III. reg rege-re rx- rct-us capi cape-re cp- capt-us IV. audi aud-re audv- audt-us 2. The base of the participial stem is found by dropping -us from the perfect passive participle. 202. In English the perfect, past perfect, and future perfect tenses of the indicative passive are made up of forms of the auxiliary verb _to be_ and the past participle; as, _I have been loved_, _I had been loved_, _I shall have been loved._ Very similarly, in Latin, the perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect passive tenses use respectively the present, imperfect, and future of sum as an auxiliary verb with the perfect passive participle, as Perfect passive, amtus sum, _I have been_ or _was loved_ Pluperfect passive, amtus eram, _I had been loved_ Future perfect passive, amtus er, _I shall have been loved_ 1. In the same way give the synopsis of the corresponding tenses of mone, reg, capi, and audi, and give the English meanings. 203. Nature of the Participle. A participle is partly verb and partly adjective. As a verb it possesses tense and voice. As an adjective it is declined and agrees with the word it modifies in gender, number, and case. 204. The perfect passive participle is declined like bonus, bona, bonum, and in the compound tenses (202) it agrees as a predicate adjective with the subject of the verb. EXAMPLES IN SINGULAR Vir laudtus est, _the man was praised_, or _has been praised_ Puella laudta est, _the girl was praised_, or _has been praised_ Cnsilium laudtum est, _the plan was praised_, or _has been praised_ EXAMPLES IN PLURAL Vir laudt sunt, _the men were praised_, or _have been praised_ Puellae laudtae sunt, _the girls were praised_, or _have been praised_ Cnsilia laudta sunt, _the plans were praised_, or _have been praised_ 1. Inflect the perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect indicative passive of am, mone, reg, capi, and audi (488-492). 205. The perfect passive infinitive is formed by adding esse, the present infinitive of sum, to the perfect passive participle; as, amt-us (-a, -um) esse, _to have been loved_; monit-us (-a, -um) esse, _to have been advised_. 1. Form the perfect passive infinitive of reg, capi, audi, and give the English meanings. 206. The future active infinitive is formed by adding esse, the present infinitive of sum, to the future active participle. This participle is made by adding -rus, -a, -um to the base of the participial stem. Thus the future active infinitive of am is amat-rus (-a, -um) esse, _to be about to love_. _a._ Note that in forming the three tenses of the active infinitive we use all three conjugation stems: Present, amre (present stem), _to love_ Perfect, amvisse (perfect stem), _to have loved_ Future, amtrus esse (participial stem), _to be about to love_ 1. Give the three tenses of the active infinitive of laud, mone, reg, capi, audi, with the English meanings. 207. EXERCISES I. 1. Fbula Andromedae nrrta est. 2. Multae fbulae magistr nrrtae sunt. 3. Ager ab agricol valid artus erat. 4. Agr ab agricols valids art erant. 5. Aurum serv perfid ad domicilium suum porttum erit. 6. Nostra arma lgt laudta sunt. Quis vestra arma laudvit? 7. Ab ancill tu ad cnam voctae sumus. 8. Andromeda mnstr nn data est, quia mnstrum Perse nectum erat. II. 1. The provinces were laid waste, the field had been laid waste, the towns will have been laid waste. 2. The oracles were heard, the oracle was heard, the oracles had been heard. 3. The oracle will have been heard, the province had been captured, the boats have been captured. 4. The fields were laid waste, the man was advised, the girls will have been advised. 5. The towns had been ruled, we shall have been captured, you will have been heard. LESSON XXXVI REVIEW OF PRINCIPAL PARTS PREPOSITIONS _YES_-OR-_NO_ QUESTIONS [Special Vocabulary] dexter, dextra, dextrum, _right_ (dextrous) sinister, sinistra, sinistrum, _left_ frstr, adv., _in vain_ (frustrate) ger, gerere, gess, gestus, _bear, carry on; wear_; bellum gerere, _to wage war_ occup, occupre, occupv, occuptus, _seize, take possession of_ (occupy) postul, postulre, postulv, postultus, _demand_ (ex-postulate) recs, recsre, recsv, recstus, _refuse_ st, stre, stet, status, _stand_ tempt, temptre, temptv, tempttus, _try, tempt, test; attempt_ tene, tenre, tenu, ----, _keep, hold_ (tenacious) The word ubi, which we have used so much in the sense of _where_ in asking a question, has two other uses equally important: 1. ubi = _when_, as a relative conjunction denoting time; as, Ubi mnstrum audvrunt, fgrunt, _when they heard the monster, they fled_ 2. ubi = _where_, as a relative conjunction denoting place; as, Vide oppidum ubi Galba habitat, _I see the town where Galba lives_ ubi is called a _relative conjunction_ because it is equivalent to a relative pronoun. _When_ in the first sentence is equivalent to _at the time at which;_ and in the second, _where_ is equivalent to _the place in which._ 208. The following list shows the principal parts of all the verbs you have had excepting those used in the paradigms. The parts you have had before are given for review, and the perfect participle is the only new form for you to learn. Sometimes one or more of the principal parts are lacking, which means that the verb has no forms based on that stem. A few verbs lack the perfect passive participle but have the future active participle in -rus, which appears in the principal parts instead. IRREGULAR VERBS sum esse fu futrus _be_ absum abesse ljfu ljfutrus _be away_ d[1] dare ded datus _give_ [Footnote 1: d is best classed with the irregular verbs because of the short a in the present and participial stems.] CONJUGATION I port portre portv porttus _carry_ So for all verbs of this conjugation thus far used. CONJUGATION II contine continre continu contentus _hold in, keep_ dle dlre dlv dltus _destroy_ doce docre docu doctus _teach_ ege egre egu ---- _lack_ fave favre fv fautrus _favor_ iube iubre iuss iussus _order_ move movre mv mtus _move_ noce nocre nocu nocitrus _injure_ pre prre pru ---- _obey_ persude persudre persus persusus _persuade (from)_ prohibe prohibre prohibu prohibitus _restrain, keep_ responde respondre respond respnsus _reply_ sede sedre sd -sessus _sit_ stude studre studu ---- _be eager_ vide vidre vd vsus _see_ CONJUGATION III ag agere ǐg ljctus _drive_ crd crdere crdid crditus _believe_ dc dcere dx dictus _say_ discd discdere discess discessus _depart_ dc dcere dx ductus _lead_ faci[2] facere fc factus _make_ fugi fugere fg fugitrus _flee_ iaci iacere ic iactus _hurl_ interfici interficere interfc interfectus _kill_ mitt mittere ms missus _send_ rapi rapere rapu raptus _seize_ resist resistere restit ---- _resist_ CONJUGATION IV mni mnre mnv mntus _fortify_ reperi reperre repper repertus _find_ veni venre vn ventus _come_ [Footnote 2: faci has an irregular passive which will be presented later.] 209. Prepositions. 1. We learned in 52, 53 that only the _accusative_ and the _ablative_ are used with prepositions, and that prepositions expressing ablative relations govern the ablative case. Those we have had are here summarized. The table following should be learned. lj or ab, _from, by_ cum, _with_ d, _down from, concerning_ ǐ or ex, _out from, out of_ pr, _before, in front of; for, in behalf of_ sine, _without_ 2. Prepositions not expressing ablative relations must govern the _accusative_ (52). Of these we have had the following: ad, _to_; apud, _among_; per, _through_ There are many others which you will meet as we proceed. 3. The preposition in when meaning _in_ or _on_ governs the _ablative_; when meaning _to, into, against_ (relations foreign to the ablative) in governs the _accusative_. 210. _Yes_-or-_No_ Questions. Questions not introduced by some interrogative word like _who, why, when_, etc., but expecting the answer _yes_ or _no_, may take one of three forms: 1. _Is he coming?_ (Asking for information. Implying nothing as to the answer expected.) 2. _Is he not coming?_ (Expecting the answer _yes_.) 3. _He isnt coming, is he?_ (Expecting the answer _no_.) These three forms are rendered in Latin as follows: 1. Venitne? _is he coming?_ 2. Nnne venit? _is he not coming?_ 3. Num venit? _he isnt coming, is he?_ _a._ -ne, the question sign, is usually added to the verb, which then stands first. _b._ We learned in 56.b that _yes_-or-_no_ questions are usually answered by repeating the verb, with or without a negative. Instead of this, ita, vr, cert, etc. (_so, truly, certainly_, etc.) may be used for _yes_, and nn, minim, etc. for _no_ if the denial is emphatic, as, _by no means_, _not at all_. 211. EXERCISES First learn the special vocabulary, p. 290. I. 1. Nnne habbat Cornlia rnmenta aur? Habbat. 2. Num Sextus lgtus sctum in dextr bracchi gerbat? Nn in dextr, sed sinistr in bracchi Sextus sctum gerbat. 3. Frstr bella multa ab Galls gesta erant. 4. Ubi oppidum perfid Sext occuptum est, oppidn miser gladi interfect sunt. 5. Id oppidum erat plnum frment. 6. Nnne Sextus ab oppidns frmentum postulvit? Vr, sed i recsvrunt frmentum dare. 7. Cr oppidum ab Sext dltum est? Quia frmentum recstum est. 8. Ea victria nn dubia erat. 9. Oppidn erant dfess et arms egbant. 10. Num fugam temptvrunt? Minim. II. 1. Where was Julia standing? She was standing where you had ordered. 2. Was Julia wearing any ornaments? She had many ornaments of gold. 3. Did she not attempt flight when she saw the danger? She did. 4. Who captured her? Galba captured her without delay and held her by the left arm. 5. She didnt have the ladys gold, did she? No, the gold had been taken by a faithless maid and has been brought back. * * * * * Fourth Review, Lessons XXVII-XXXVI, 513-516 * * * * * LESSON XXXVII CONJUGATION OF _POSSUM_ THE INFINITIVE USED AS IN ENGLISH [Special Vocabulary] neque or nec, conj., _neither_, _nor_, _and ... not_; neque ... neque, _neither ... nor_ castellum, -, n., _redoubt, fort_ (castle) cotdi, adv., _daily_ cess, cessre, cessv, cesstus, _cease_, with the infin. incipi, incipere, incp, inceptus, _begin_ (incipient), with the infin. oppugn, oppugnre, oppugnv, oppugntus, _storm, assail_ pet, petere, petivi or peti, pettus, _aim at, assail, storm, attack; seek, ask_ (petition) pn, pnere, posu, positus, _place, put_ (position); castra pnere, _to pitch camp_ possum, posse, potu, ----, _be able, can_ (potent), with the infin. vet, vetre, vetu, vetitus, _forbid_ (veto), vith the infin.; opposite of iube, _command_ vinc, vincere, vc, victus, _conquer_ (in-vincible) vv, vvere, vx, ----, _live, be alive_ (re-vive) 212. Learn the principal parts of possum, _I am able_, _I can_, and its inflection in the indicative and infinitive. (Cf. 495.) _a._ Possum, _I can_, is a compound of potis, _able_, and sum, _I am_. 213. The Infinitive with Subject Accusative. The _infinitive_ (cf. 173) is a _verbal noun_. Used as a noun, it has the constructions of a noun. As a verb it can govern a case and be modified by an adverb. The uses of the infinitive are much the same in Latin as in English. 1. In English certain verbs of _wishing, commanding, forbidding_, and the like are used with an object clause consisting of a substantive in the objective case and an infinitive, as, _he commanded the men to flee_. Such object clauses are called infinitive clauses, and the substantive is said to be the subject of the infinitive. Similarly in Latin, some verbs of _wishing, commanding, forbidding_, and the like are used with an object clause consisting of an infinitive with a subject in the accusative case, as, Is virs fugere iussit, _he commanded the men to flee_. 214. RULE. Subject of the Infinitive. _The subject of the infinitive is in the accusative._ 215. The Complementary Infinitive. In English a verb is often followed by an infinitive to complete its meaning, as, _the Romans are able to conquer the Gauls_. This is called the _complementary_ infinitive, as the predicate is not _complete_ without the added infinitive. Similarly in Latin, _verbs of incomplete predication_ are completed by the infinitive. Among such verbs are possum, _I am able, I can_; proper, mtr, _I hasten_; tempt, _I attempt_; as Rmn Galls superre possunt, _the Romans are able to_ (or _can_) _conquer the Gauls_ Bellum gerere mtrant, _they hasten to wage war_ _a._ A predicate adjective completing a complementary infinitive agrees in gender, number, and case with the subject of the main verb. Mal puer esse bon nn possunt, _bad boys are not able to_ (or _cannot_) _be good._ Observe that bon agrees with puer. 216. The Infinitive used as a Noun. In English the infinitive is often used as a pure noun, as the subject of a sentence, or as a predicate nominative. For example, _To conquer_ (= conquering) _is pleasing; To see_ (= seeing) _is to believe_ (= believing). The same use of the infinitive is found in Latin, especially with est, as Superre est grtum, _to conquer is pleasing_ Vidre est crdere, _to see is to believe_ _a._ In the construction above, the infinitive often has a subject, which must then be in the accusative case, as Galbam superre inimcs est grtum mults, _for Galba to conquer his enemies is pleasing to many_ _b._ An infinitive used as a noun is neuter singular. Thus, in the sentence superre est grtum, the predicate adjective grtum is in the neuter nominative singular to agree with superre the subject. 217. EXERCISES First learn the special vocabulary, p. 291. I. 1. Magister ld lbers cum dligenti labrre iussit. 2. Egre cib et vin est virs molestum. 3. Vir armt veturunt Galls castra ibi pnere. 4. Estne lgtus in castell an in mr? Is est pr port. 5. Ubi nostr[1] fugere incprunt, lgtus ab vestrs[1] captus est. 6. Gall castellum ibi oppugnverant ubi praesidium erat nfrmum. 7. Ali pugnre temptbant, ali ports petbant. 8. Fminae pr domicilis sedbant neque resistere valids Galls poterant. 9. Bellum est saevum, nec nfrms nec misers favet. 10. Sed vir arma postulbant et studbant Galls d mrs agere. 11. Id castellum ab Galls occupr Rmns nn grtum erit. 12. Gall ubi Rmns vict sunt, esse lber[2] cessvrunt. 13. Di sine aqu vvere nn potestis. II. 1. The girl began daily to carry water from the river to the gates. 2. The Gauls had pitched their camp in a place suitable for a battle. 3. For a long time they tried in vain to seize the redoubt. 4. Neither did they cease to hurl weapons against[3] the walls. 5. But they were not able to (could not) take the town. [Footnote 1: Supply _men_. nostri, vestr, and su are often used as nouns in this way.] [Footnote 2: Not _children_. The Romans used lber either as an adjective, meaning _free_, or as a noun, meaning _the free_, thereby signifying their _free-born children_. The word was never applied to children of slaves.] [Footnote 3: in with the accusative.] 218. THE FAITHLESS TARPEIA Sabn lim cum Rmns bellum gerbant et mults victris reportverant. Iam agrs proxims mrs vstbant, iam oppid adpropinqubant. Rmn autem in Capitlium fgerant et long percul aberant. Mrs valids et saxs alts crdbant. Frstr Sabn tla iacibant, frstr ports drs petbant; castellum occupre nn poterant. Deinde novum cnsilium cprunt.[4] Tarpia erat puella Rmna pulchra et superba. Cotdi aquam cpis Rmns in Capitlium portbat. E[5] nn nocbant Sabn, quod ea sine arms erat neque Sabn bellum cum fmins lbersque gerbant. Tarpia autem maxim ambat rnmenta aur. Cotdi Sabnrum rnmenta vidbat et mox ea dsderre incipibat. E nus ex[6] Sabns dxit, Dc cpis Sabns intr ports, Tarpia, et maxima erunt praemia tua. [Footnote 4: cnsilium capere, _to make a plan_. Why is the _perfect_ tense used here and the imperfect in the preceding sentences? Explain the use of tenses in the next paragraph.] [Footnote 5: Dative with nocbant. (Cf. 154.)] [Footnote 6: ex, _out of_, i.e. _from the nuumber of_; best translated _of_.] [Illustration: TARPEIA PUELLA PERFIDA] LESSON XXXVIII THE RELATIVE PRONOUN AND THE INTERROGATIVE PRONOUN 219. Sentences are _simple, compound_, or _complex_. _a._ A _simple sentence_ is a sentence containing but one statement, that is, one subject and one predicate: _The Romans approached the town._ _b._ A _compound sentence_ is a sentence containing two or more independent statements: _The Romans approached the town_ | and | _the enemy fled._ NOTE. An independent statement is one that can stand alone; it does not depend upon another statement. _c._ A _complex sentence_ is a sentence containing one independent statement and one or more dependent statements: _When the Romans approached the town | the enemy fled._ NOTE. A dependent or subordinate statement is one that depends on or qualifies another statement; thus _the enemy fled_ is independent, and _when the Romans approached the town_ is dependent or subordinate. _d._ The separate statements in a compound or complex sentence are called _clauses_. In a complex sentence the independent statement is called the _main clause_ and the dependent statement the _subordinate clause._ 220. Examine the complex sentence _The Romans killed the men who were taken_ Here are two clauses: _a._ The main clause, _The Romans killed the men_ _b._ The subordinate clause, _who were taken_ The word _who_ is a pronoun, for it takes the place of the noun _men_. It also connects the subordinate clause _who were taken_ with the noun _men_. Hence the clause is an _adjective clause_. A pronoun that connects an _adjective clause_ with a substantive is called a _relative pronoun_, and the substantive for which the relative pronoun stands is called its _antecedent_. The relative pronouns in English are _who, whose, whom, which, what, that_. 221. The relative pronoun in Latin is qu, quae, quod, and it is declined as follows: SINGULAR PLURAL MASC. FEM. NEUT. MASC. FEM. NEUT. _Nom._ qu quae quod qu quae quae _Gen._ cuius cuius cuius qurum qurum qurum _Dat._ cui cui cui quibus quibus quibus _Acc._ quem quam quod qus qus quae _Abl._ qu qu qu quibus quibus quibus 1. Review the declension of is, 114, and note the similarity in the endings. The forms qu, quae, and quibus are the only forms showing new endings. NOTE. The genitive cuius and the dative cui are pronounced _c[oo]iy[oo]s_ (two syllables) and _c[oo]i_ (one syllable). 222. The Relative Pronoun is translated as follows:[1] MASC. AND FEM. NEUT. _Nom._ _who, that_ _which, what, that_ _Gen._ _of whom, whose_ _of which, of what, whose_ _Dat._ _to_ or _for whom_ _to_ or _for which_, _to_ or _for what_ _Acc._ _whom, that_ _which, what, that_ _Abl._ _from_, etc., _whom_ _from_, etc., _which_ or _what_ [Footnote 1: This table of meanings need not be memorized. It is inserted for reference when translating.] _a._ We see from the table above that qu, when it refers to a person, is translated by some form of _who_ or by _that_; and that when it refers to anything else it is translated by _which, what_, or _that_. 223. Note the following sentences: _The Romans killed the men who were taken_ _The Romans killed the woman who was taken_ Rmn interfcrunt virs qu capt sunt Rmn interfcrunt fminam quae capta est In the first sentence _who_ (qu) refers to the antecedent _men_ (virs), and is _masculine plural_. In the second, _who_ (quae) refers to _woman_ (fminam), and _feminine singular_. From this we learn that the relative must agree with its antecedent in _gender_ and _number_. In neither of the sentences are the antecedents and relatives in the same case. Virs and fminam are accusatives, and qu and quae are nominatives, being the subjects of the subordinate clauses. Hence 224. RULE. Agreement of the Relative. _A relative pronoun must agree with its antecedent in gender and number; but its case is determined by the way it is used in its own clause._ 225. Interrogative Pronouns. An interrogative pronoun is a pronoun that asks a question. In English the interrogatives are _who?_ _which?_ _what?_ In Latin they are quis? quid? (pronoun) and qu? quae? quod? (adjective). 226. Examine the sentences _a._ _Who is the man?_ Quis est vir? _b._ _What man is leading them?_ Qu vir es dcit? In _a_, _who_ is an interrogative _pronoun_. In _b_, _what_ is an interrogative _adjective_. Observe that in Latin quis, quid is the _pronoun_ and qu, quae, quod is the _adjective_. 227. 1. The interrogative adjective qu, quae, quod is declined just like the relative pronoun. (See 221.) 2. The interrogative pronoun quis, quid is declined like qu, quae, quod in the plural. In the singular it is declined as follows: MASC. AND FEM. NEUT. _Nom._ quis, _who?_ quid, _what? which?_ _Gen._ cuius, _whose?_ cuius, _whose?_ _Dat._ cui, _to_ or _for whom?_ cui, _to_ or _for_ _what_ or _which?_ _Acc._ quem, _whom?_ quid, _what? which?_ _Abl._ qu, _from_, etc., _whom?_ qu, _from_, etc., _which_ or _what?_ NOTE. Observe that the masculine and feminine are alike and that all the forms are like the corresponding forms of the relative, excepting quis and quid. 228. EXERCISES I. 1. Quis est aeger? Servus quem am est aeger. 2. Cuius sctum habs? Sctum habe quod lgtus ad castellum msit. 3. Cui lgtus suum sctum dabit? Fli me sctum dabit. 4. Ubi Germn antqu vvbant? In terr quae est proxima Rhn Germn vvbant. 5. Quibuscum[1] Germn bellum gerbant? Cum Rmns, qui es superre studbant, Germn bellum gerbant. 6. Qu vir castra pnunt? I sunt vir qurum arms Germn vict sunt. 7. Quibus tls cpiae nostrae egurunt? Gladis et tels nostrae cpiae egurunt. 8. quibus porta sinistra tenbtur? socis porta sinistra tenbtur. 9. Quae prvinciae Rmns occuptae sunt? Multae prvinciae Rmns occuptae sunt. 10. Quibus virs de favbunt? Bons virs de favbunt. [Footnote 1: cum is added to the ablative of relative, interrogative, and personal pronouns instead of being placed before them.] [Illustration: GERMANI ANTIQUI] II. 1. What victory will you announce? 2. I will announce to the people the victory which the sailors have won. 3. The men who were pitching camp were eager for battle. 4. Nevertheless they were soon conquered by the troops which Sextus had sent. 5. They could not resist our forces, but fled from that place without delay. 229. THE FAITHLESS TARPEIA (_Concluded_)[2] Tarpia, commta rnaments Sabnrum pulchrs, di resistere nn potuit et respondit: Date mihi[3] rnmenta quae in sinistrs bracchs geritis, et celeriter cpis vestrs in Capitlium dcam. Nec Sabn recsvrunt, sed per drs magnsque castell ports propervrunt qu[1] Tarpia dxit et mox intr valids et alts mrs stbant. Tum sine mor in[2] Tarpiam scta graviter icrunt; nam scta quoque in sinistrs bracchis gerbant. Ita perfida puella Tarpia interfecta est; ita Sabn Capitlium occupvrunt. [Footnote 2: Explain the use of the tenses in this selection.] [Footnote 3: _to me._] [Footnote 1: qu = _whither_, _to the place where_. Here quo is the relative adverb. We have had it used before as the interrogative adverb, _whither?_ _to what place?_] [Footnote 2: _upon_.] LESSON XXXIX THE THIRD DECLENSION CONSONANT STEMS [Special Vocabulary] barbarus, -a, -um, _strange, foreign, barbarous_. As a noun, barbar, -rum, m., plur., _savages, barbarians_ dux, ducis, m., _leader_ (duke). Cf. the verb dc eques, equitis, m., _horseman, cavalryman_ (equestrian) idex, idicis, _m., judge_ lapis, lapidis, m., _stone_ (lapidary) mles, mlitis, m., _soldier_ (militia) pedes, peditis, m., _foot soldier_ (pedestrian) ps, pedis,[A] m., _foot_ (pedal) prnceps, prncipis, m., _chief_ (principal) rx, rgis, m., _king_ (regal) summus, -a, -um, _highest, greatest_ (summit) virts, virttis, f., _manliness, courage_ (virtue) [Footnote A: Observe that e is _long_ in the nom. sing, and _short_ in the other cases.] 230. Bases and Stems. In learning the first and second declensions we saw that the different cases were formed by adding the case terminations to the part of the word that did not change, which we called the base. If to the base we add - in the first declension, and -o in the second, we get what is called the stem. Thus porta has the base port- and the stem port-; servus has the base serv- and the stem servo-. These stem vowels, -- and -o-, play so important a part in the formation of the case terminations that these declensions are named from them respectively the __- and _O_-Declensions. 231. Nouns of the Third Declension. The third declension is called the Consonant or _I_-Declension, and its nouns are classified according to the way the _stem_ ends. If the last letter of the stem is a consonant, the word is said to have a _consonant stem_; if the stem ends in -i-, the word is said to have an i-_stem_. _In consonant stems the stem is the same as the base. In_ i-_stems the stem is formed by adding_ -i- _to the base._ The presence of the i makes a difference in certain of the cases, so the distinction is a very important one. 232. Consonant stems are divided into two classes: I. Stems that add -s to the base to form the nominative singular. II. Stems that add no termination in the nominative singular. CLASS I 233. Stems that add -s to the base in the nominative singular are either masculine or feminine and are declined as follows: prnceps, mles, m., lapis, m., _chief_ _soldier_ m., _stone_ BASES OR STEMS prncip- mlit- lapid- SINGULAR TERMINATIONS M. AND F. _Nom._ prnceps mles lapis -s _Gen._ prncipis mlitis lapidis -is _Dat._ prncip mlit lapid - _Acc._ prncipem mlitem lapidem -em _Abl._ prncipe mlite lapide -e PLURAL _Nom._ prncips mlits lapids -s _Gen._ prncipum mlitum lapidum -um _Dat._ prncipibus mlitibus lapidibus -ibus _Acc._ prncips mlits lapids -s _Abl._ prncipibus mlitibus lapidibus -ibus rx, idex, virts, f., m., _king_ m.,_judge_ _manliness_ BASES OR STEMS rg- idic- virtt- SINGULAR TERMINATIONS M. AND F. _Nom._ rx idex virts -s _Gen._ rgis idicis virttis -is _Dat._ rg idic virtt - _Acc._ rgem idicem virttem -em _Abl._ rge idice virtte -e PLURAL _Nom._ rgs idics virtts -s _Gen._ rgum idicum virttum -um _Dat._ rgibus idicibus virttibus -ibus _Acc._ rgs idics virtts -s _Abl._ rgibus idicibus virttibus -ibus 1. The base or stem is found by dropping -is in the genitive singular. 2. Most nouns of two syllables, like prnceps (prncip-), mles (mlit-), idex (idic-), have i in the base, but e in the nominative. _a._ lapis is an exception to this rule. 3. Observe the consonant changes of the base or stem in the nominative: _a._ A final -t or -d is dropped before -s; thus mles for mlets, lapis for lapids, virts for virtts. _b._ A final -c or -g unites with -s and forms -x; thus idec + s = idex, rg + s = rx. 4. Review 74 and apply the rules to this declension. In like manner decline dux, ducis, m., _leader_; eques, equitis, m., _horseman_; pedes, peditis, m., _foot soldier_; ps, pedis, m.,_foot_. 234. EXERCISES First learn the special vocabulary, p. 291. I. 1. Neque pedits neque equits occupre castellum Rmnum poterant. 2. Summ virtte mrs alts cotdi oppugnbant. 3. Pedes mlitum lapidibus qu d mr iacibantur saepe vulnerbantur. 4. Quod novum cnsilium dux cpit? 5. Is perfidam puellam pulchrs rnments temptvit. 6. Quid puella fcit? 7. Puella commta aur mlits per ports dxit. 8. Tamen praemia quae summ studi petverat nn reportvit. 9. Apud Rmns antqus Tarpia nn est laudta. II. 1. What ship is that which I see? That (illud) ship is the _Victory_. It is sailing now with a favorable wind and will soon approach Italy. 2. The judges commanded the savages to be seized and to be killed. 3. The chiefs of the savages suddenly began to flee, but were quickly captured by the horsemen. 4. The king led the foot soldiers to the wall from which the townsmen were hurling stones with the greatest zeal. [Illustration: NAVIGIUM] LESSON XL THE THIRD DECLENSION CONSONANT STEMS (_Continued_) [Special Vocabulary] Caesar, -aris, m., _Csar_ captvus, -, m., _captive, prisoner_ cnsul, -is, m., _consul_ frter, frtris, m., _brother_ (fraternity) hom, hominis, m., _man, human being_ impedmentum, -, n., _hindrance_ (impediment); plur. impedmenta, -rum, _baggage_ impertor, impertris, m., _commander in chief, general_ (emperor) legi, leginis, f., _legion_ mter, mtris, f., _mother_ (maternal) Ǚrd, rdinis, m., _row, rank_ (order) pater, patris, m., _father_ (paternal) sals, saltis, f., _safety_ (salutary) soror, sorris, f., _sister_ (sorority) CLASS II 235. Consonant stems that add no termination in the nominative are declined in the other cases exactly like those that add -s. They may be masculine, feminine, or neuter. 236. PARADIGMS MASCULINES AND FEMININES cnsul, legi, f., Ǚrd, pater, m., m., _consul_ _legion_ m., _row_ _father_ BASES OR STEMS cnsul- legin- Ǚrdin- patr- SINGULAR TERMINATIONS M. AND F. _Nom._ cnsul legi rd pater -- _Gen._ cnsulis leginis rdinis patris -is _Dat._ cnsul legin rdin patr - _Acc._ cnsulem leginem rdinem patrem -em _Abl._ cnsule legine rdine patre -e PLURAL _Nom._ cnsuls legins rdins patrs -s _Gen._ cnsulum leginum rdinum patrum -um _Dat._ cnsulibus leginibus rdinibus patribus -ibus _Acc._ cnsuls legins rdins patrs -s _Abl._ cnsulibus leginibus rdinibus patribus -ibus 1. With the exception of the nominative, the terminations are exactly the same as in Class I, and the base or stem is found in the same way. 2. Masculines and feminines with bases or stems in -in- and -n- drop -n- and end in - in the nominative, as legi (base or stem legin-), rd (base or stem rdin-). 3. Bases or stems in -tr- have -ter in the nominative, as pater (base or stem patr-). 4. Note how the genitive singular gives the clue to the whole declension. _Always learn this with the nominative._ 237. EXERCISES First learn the special vocabulary, p. 291. I. 1. Audsne tubs, Mrce? Nn slum tubs audi sed etiam rdins militum et carrs impedmentrum plns vidre possum. 2. Qus legins vidmus? Eae legins nper ex Galli vnrunt. 3. Quid ibi fcrunt? Studbantne pugnre an sine virtte erant? 4. Multa proelia fcrunt[1] et magns victris et mults captvs reportvrunt. 5. Quis est impertor erum leginum? Caesar, summus Rmnrum impertor. 6. Quis est eques qu pulchram cornam gerit? Is eques est frter meus. E corna cnsule data est quia summ virtte pugnverat et barbars patriam servverat. II. 1. Who has seen my father to-day? 2. I saw him just now (nper). He was hastening to your dwelling with your mother and sister. 3. When men are far from the fatherland and lack food, they cannot be restrained[2] from wrong[3]. 4. The safety of the soldiers is dear to Csar, the general. 5. The chiefs were eager to storm a town full of grain which was held by the consul. 6. The king forbade the baggage of the captives to be destroyed. [Footnote 1: proelium facere = _to fight a battle._] [Footnote 2: contine. Cf. 180.] [Footnote 3: Abl. iniri.] LESSON XLI THE THIRD DECLENSION CONSONANT STEMS (_Concluded_) [Special Vocabulary] calamits, calamittis, f., _loss, disaster, defeat_ (calamity) caput, capitis, n., _head_ (capital) flmen, flminis, n., _river_ (flume) labor, labris, m., _labor, toil_ opus, operis, n., _work, task_ Ǚrtor, rtris, m., _orator_ rpa, -ae, f., _bank_ (of a stream) tempus, temporis, n., _time_ (temporal) terror, terrris, m., _terror, fear_ victor, victris, m., _victor_ accipi, accipere, accp, acceptus, _receive, accept_ cnfirm, cnfrmre, cnfrmv, cnfrmtus, _strengthen, establish, encourage_ (confirm) 238. Neuter consonant stems add no termination in the nominative and are declined as follows: flmen, tempus, opus, caput, n., _river_ n., _time_ n., _work_ n., _head_ BASES OR STEMS flmin- tempor- oper- capit- SINGULAR TERMINATIONS _Nom._ flmen tempus opus caput -- _Gen._ flminis temporis operis capitis -is _Dat._ flmin tempor oper capit - _Acc._ flmen tempus opus caput -- _Abl._ flmine tempore opere capite -e PLURAL _Nom._ flmina tempora opera capita -a _Gen._ flminum temporum operum capitum -um _Dat._ flminibus temporibus operibus capitibus -ibus _Acc._ flmina tempora opera capita -a _Abl._ flminibus temporibus operibus capitibus -ibus 1. Review 74 and apply the rules to this declension. 2. Bases or stems in -in- have -e- instead of -i- in the nominative, as flmen, base or stem flmin-. 3. Most bases or stems in -er- and -or- have -us in the nominative, as opus, base or stem oper-; tempus, base or stem tempor-. 239. EXERCISES First learn the special vocabulary, p. 292. I. 1. Barbar ubi Rmam cprunt, maxima rgum opera dlvrunt. 2. Rmn mults calamitts barbars accprunt. 3. Ubi erat summus terror apud oppidns, anim dubi erum ab rtre clar cnfrmti sunt. 4. Rma est in rps fiminis magn. 5. Ubi Caesar impertor mlits sus arma capere iussit, i proeli continr nn poturunt. 6. Ubi proelium factum est, impertor reperr nn potuit. 7. Impertor sagitt in capite vulnertus erat et stre nn poterat. 8. Eum magn labre pedes ex proeli portvit. 9. Is bracchis sus impertrem tenuit et eum ex perculs summs servvit. 10. Virtte su bonus mles ab impertre cornam accpit. II. 1. The consul placed a crown on the head of the victor. 2. Before the gates he was received by the townsmen. 3. A famous orator praised him and said, By your labors you have saved the fatherland from disaster. 4. The words of the orator were pleasing to the victor. 5. To save the fatherland was a great task. [Illustration: Corona] LESSON XLII REVIEW LESSON 240. Review the paradigms in 233, 236, 238; and decline all nouns of the third declension in this selection. TERROR CIMBRICUS[1] lim Cimbr et Teutons, popul Germniae, cum fmins lbersque Italiae adpropinquverant et cpis Rmns maxim proeli vcerant. Ubi fuga leginum nntita est, summus erat terror ttus Rmae, et Rmn, graviter commt, sacra crbra des facibant et saltem petbant. Tum Mnlius rtor anims popul ita cnfrmvit:--Magnam calamittem accpimus. Oppida nostra Cimbrs Teutonibusque capiuntur, agricolae interficiuntur, agr vstantur, cpiae barbarrum Rmae adpropinquant. Itaque, nisi novs anims proelium novum facimus et Germns ex patri nostr sine mor agmus, erit nlla sals fmins nostrs lbersque. Servte lbers! Servte patriam! Ante supert sumus quia impertrs nostr furunt nfrm. Nunc Marius, clrus impertor, qu iam mults alis victris reportvit, legins dcet et anims nostrs terrre Cimbric lberre mtrbit. Marius tum in fric bellum gerbat. Sine mor ex fric in Italiam voctus est. Cpis novs nn slum tt Italiae sed etiam prvincis socirum impervit.[2] Discipln autem dr labribusque perpetus mlits exercuit. Tum cum peditibus equitibusque, qu iam proeli studbant, ad Germnrum castra celeriter propervit. Di et criter pugntum est.[3] Dnique barbar fgrunt et mult in fug ab equitibus sunt interfect. Marius pater patriae voctus est. [Footnote 1: About the year 100 B.C. the Romans were greatly alarmed by an invasion of barbarians from the north known as Cimbri and Teutons. They were traveling with wives and children, and had an army of 300,000 fighting men. Several Roman armies met defeat, and the city was in a panic. Then the Senate called upon Marius, their greatest general, to save the country. First he defeated the Teutons in Gaul. Next, returning to Italy, he met the Cimbri. A terrible battle ensued, in which the Cimbri were utterly destroyed; but the _terror Cimbricus_ continued to haunt the Romans for many a year thereafter.] [Footnote 2: _He made a levy_ (of troops) _upon_, impervit with the acc. and the dat.] [Footnote 3: Cf. 200. II. 2.] LESSON XLIII THE THIRD DECLENSION _I_-STEMS [Special Vocabulary] animal, animlis (-ium[A]), n., _animal_ avis, avis (-ium), f., _bird_ (aviation) caeds, caedis (-ium), f., _slaughter_ calcar, calcris (-ium), n., _spur_ cvis, cvis (-ium), m. and f., _citizen_ (civic) clins, clientis (-ium), m., _retainer, dependent_ (client) fnis, fnis (-ium), m., _end, limit_ (final); plur., _country, territory_ hostis, hostis (-ium), m. and f., _enemy_ in war (hostile). Distinguish from inimcus, which means a _personal_ enemy ignis, ignis (-ium), m., _fire_ (ignite) ǔnsigne, nsignis (-ium), n. _decoration, badge_ (ensign) mare, maris (-ium[B]), n., _sea_ (marine) nvis, nvis (-ium), f., _ship_ (naval); nvis longa, _man-of-war_ turris, turris (-ium), f., _tower_ (turret) urbs, urbis (-ium), f., _city_ (suburb). An urbs is larger than an oppidum. [Footnote A: The genitive plural ending -ium is written to mark the i-stems.] [Footnote B: The genitive plural of mare is not in use.] 241. To decline a noun of the third declension correctly we must know whether or not it is an i-stem. Nouns with i-stems are 1. Masculines and feminines: _a._ Nouns in -s and -s with the same number of syllables in the genitive as in the nominative. Thus caeds, caedis, is an i-stem, but mles, mlitis, is a consonant stem. _b._ Nouns in -ns and -rs. _c._ Nouns of one syllable in -s or -x preceded by a consonant. 2. Neuters in -e, -al, and -ar. 242. The declension of i-stems is nearly the same as that of consonant stems. Note the following differences: _a._ Masculines and feminities have -ium in the genitive plural and -s or -s in the accusative plural. _b._ Neuters have - in the ablative singular, and an -i- in every form of the plural. 243. Masculine and Feminine _I_-Stems. Masculine and feminine i-stems are declined as follows: caeds, f., hostis, urbs, f., clins, m., _slaughter_ m., _enemy_ _city_ _retainer_ STEMS caedi- hosti- urbi- clienti- BASES caed- host- urb- client- SINGULAR TERMINATIONS M. AND F. _Nom._ caeds hostis urbs clins[1] -s, -is, _or_ -s _Gen._ caedis hostis urbis clientis -is _Dat._ caed host urb client - _Acc._ caedem hostem urbem clientem -em (-im) _Abl._ caede hoste urbe cliente -e (-) PLURAL _Nom._ caeds hosts urbs clients -s _Gen._ caedium hostium urbium clientium -ium _Dat._ caedibus hostibus urbibus clientibus -ibus _Acc._ caeds, -s hosts, -s urbs, -s clients, -s -s, -s _Abl._ caedibus hostibus urbibus clientibus -ibus [Footnote 1: Observe that the vowel before -ns is long, but that it is shortened before -nt. Cf. 12.2, 3.] 1. avis, cvis, fnis, ignis, nvis have the ablative singular in - or -e. 2. turris has accusative turrim and ablative turr or turre. 244. Neuter _I_-Stems. Neuter i-stems are declined as follows: ǔnsigne, n., animal, n., calcar, _decoration_ _animal_ n., _spur_ STEMS ǔnsigni- animli- calcri- BASES ǔnsign- animl- calcr- SINGULAR TERMINATIONS _Nom._ nsigne animal calcar -e _or_ -- _Gen._ nsignis animlis calcris -is _Dat._ nsign animl calcr - _Acc._ nsigne animal calcar -e _or_ -- _Abl._ nsign animl calcr - PLURAL _Nom._ nsignia animlia calcria -ia _Gen._ nsignium animlium calcrium -ium _Dat._ nsignibus animlibus calcribus -ibus _Acc._ nsignia animlia calcria -ia _Abl._ nsignibus animlibus calcribus -ibus 1. Review 74 and see how it applies to this declension. 2. The final -i- of the stem is usually dropped in the nominative. If not dropped, it is changed to -e. 3. A long vowel is shortened before final -l or -r. (Cf. 12.2.) 245. EXERCISES First learn the special vocabulary, p. 292. I. 1. Quam urbem vidmus? Urbs quam vidtis est Rma. 2. Cvs Rmn urbem suam turribus alts et mrs longs mnverant. 3. Vent nvs longs prohibbant fnibus hostium adpropinqure. 4. Impertor a clientibus sus calcria aur et alia nsignia accpit. 5. Mlits Rmn cum hostibus bella saeva gessrunt et es caede magn supervrunt. 6. Alia animlia terram, alia mare amant. 7. Nvs longae quae auxilium ad impertrem portbant ign ab hostibus dltae sunt. 8. In e mar avis mults vdimus quae long terr volverant. 9. Nnne vdistis nvs longs hostium et igns quibus urbs nostra vstbtur? Cert, sed nec caedem cvium nec fugam clientium vdimus. 10. Avs et alia animlia, ubi ignem vdrunt, saltem fug petere celeriter incprunt. 11. Num. idex in peditum rdinibus stbat? Minim, idex erat apud equits et equus eius nsigne pulchrum gerbat. [Illustration: NAVES LONGAE] II. 1. Because of the lack of grain the animals of the village were not able to live. 2. When the general[2] heard the rumor, he quickly sent a horseman to the village. 3. The horseman had a beautiful horse and wore spurs of gold. 4. He said to the citizens, Send your retainers with horses and wagons to our camp, and you will receive an abundance of grain. 5. With happy hearts they hastened to obey his words.[3] [Footnote 2: Place first.] [Footnote 3: Not the accusative. Why?] LESSON XLIV IRREGULAR NOUNS OF THE THIRD DECLENSION GENDER IN THE THIRD DECLENSION [Special Vocabulary] arbor, arboris, f., _tree_ (arbor) collis, collis (-ium), m., _hill_ dns, dentis (-ium), m., _tooth_ (dentist) fns, fontis (-ium), m.. _fountain, spring; source_ iter, itineris, n., _march, journey, route_ (itinerary) mnsis, mnsis (-ium), m., _month_ moenia, -ium, n., plur., _walls, fortifications_. Cf. mrus mns, montis (-ium), m., _mountain_; summus mns, _top of the mountain_ numquam, adv., _never_ pns, pontis, m., _bridge_ (pontoon) sanguis, sanguinis, m., blood (sanguinary) summus, -a, -um, _highest, greatest_ (summit) trns, prep, with acc., _across_ (transatlantic) vs (vs), gen. plur. virium, f. _strength, force, violence_ (vim) 246. PARADIGMS [Transcribers Note: The original text gives v- and vr- as the Bases of vs, and omits the Stems for both words. The forms have been regularized to agree with the inflectional table in the Appendix.] vs, f., _force_ iter, n., _march_ STEMS v- and vri- iter- and itiner- BASES v- and vr- iter- and itiner- SINGULAR _Nom._ vs iter _Gen._ vs (rare) itineris _Dat._ v (rare) itiner _Acc._ vim iter _Abl._ v itinere PLURAL _Nom._ vrs itinera _Gen._ vrium itinerum _Dat._ vribus itineribus _Acc._ vrs, or -s itinera _Abl._ vribus itineribus 247. There are no rules for gender in the third declension that do not present numerous exceptions.[1] The following rules, however, are of great service, and should be thoroughly mastered: 1. Masculine are nouns in -or, -s, -er, -es (gen. -itis). _a._ arbor, _tree_, is feminine; and iter, _march_, is neuter. 2. Feminine are nouns in -, -is, -x, and in -s preceded by a consonant or by any long vowel but Ǚ. _a._ Masculine are collis (_hill_), lapis, mnsis (_month_), Ǚrd, ps, and nouns in -nis and -guis--as ignis, sanguis (_blood_)--and the four monosyllables dns, _a tooth_; mns, _a mountain_ pns, _a bridge_; fns, _a fountain_ 3. Neuters are nouns in -e, -al, -ar, -n, -ur, -us, and caput. [Footnote 1: Review 60. Words denoting males are, of course, masculine, and those denoting females, feminine.] 248. Give the gender of the following nouns and the rule by which it is determined: animal calamits flmen lapis nvis avis caput ignis legi opus caeds eques ǔnsigne mare sals calcar fnis labor mles urbs 249. EXERCISES First learn the special vocabulary, p. 292. I. _The First Bridge over the Rhine._ Sals socirum erat semper cra Rmns. lim Gall, amc Rmnrum, mults iniris ab Germns qu trns flmen Rhnum vivbant accperant. Ubi lgt ab is ad Caesarem impertrem Rmnum vnrunt et auxilium postulvrunt, Rmn magns itineribus ad hostium fns propervrunt. Mox ad rps magn flminis vnrunt. Impertor studbat cpis sus trns fluvium dcere, sed nll vi[2] poterat. Nlls nvs habbat. Alta erat aqua. Impertor autem, vir clrus, numquam advers fortn commtus, novum cnsilium cpit. Iussit sus[3] in[4] lt flmine facere pontem. Numquam ante pns in Rhn vsus erat. Hosts ubi pontem quem Rmn fcerant vdrunt, summ terrre commt, sine mor fugam parre incprunt. II. 1. The enemy had taken (possession of) the top of the mountain. 2. There were many trees on the opposite hills. 3. We pitched our camp near (ad) a beautiful spring. 4. A march through the enemies country is never without danger. 5. The time of the month was suitable for the march. 6. The teeth of the monster were long. 7. When the foot soldiers[5] saw the blood of the captives, they began to assail the fortifications with the greatest violence.[2] [Footnote 2: Abl. of manner.] [Footnote 3: sus, used as a noun, _his men_.] [Footnote 4: We say _build a bridge over_; the Romans, _make a bridge on_.] [Footnote 5: Place first.] * * * * * Fifth Review, Lessons XXXVII-XLIV, 517-520 * * * * * LESSON XLV ADJECTIVES OF THE THIRD DECLENSION _I_-STEMS [Special Vocabulary] ljcer, cris, cre, _sharp, keen, eager_ (acrid) brevis, breve, _short, brief_ difficilis, difficile, _difficult_ facilis, facile, _facile, easy_ fortis, forte, _brave_ (fortitude) gravis, grave, _heavy, severe, serious_ (grave) omnis, omne, _every, all_ (omnibus) pr, gen. paris, _equal_ (par) pauc, -ae, -a, _few, only a few_ (paucity) secundus, -a, -um, _second; favorable_, opposite of adversus signum, -, n., _signal, sign, standard_ vlx, gen. vlcis, _swift_ (velocity) conloc, conlocre, conlocv, conloctus, _arrange, station, place_ (collocation) dmnstr, dmnstrre, dmnstrv, dmnstrtus, _point out, explain_ (demonstrate) mand, mandre, mandv, mandtus, _commit, intrust_ (mandate) 250. Adjectives are either of the first and second declensions (like bonus, aeger, or lber), or they are of the third declension. 251. Nearly all adjectives of the third declension have i-_stems_, and they are declined almost like nouns with i-stems. 252. Adjectives learned thus far have had a different form in the nominative for each gender, as, bonus, m.; bona, f.; bonum, n. Such an adjective is called an _adjective of three endings_. Adjectives of the third declension are of the following classes: I. Adjectives of three endings-- a different form in the nominative for each gender. II. Adjectives of two endings-- masculine and feminine nominative alike, the neuter different. III. Adjectives of one ending-- masculine, feminine, and neuter nominative all alike. 253. Adjectives of the third declension in -er have three endings; those in -is have two endings; the others have one ending. CLASS I 254. Adjectives of Three Endings are declined as follows: ljcer, cris, cre, _keen, eager_ STEM ljcri- BASE ljcr- SINGULAR PLURAL MASC. FEM. NEUT. MASC. FEM. NEUT. _Nom._ cer cris cre crs crs cria _Gen._ cris cris cris crium crium crium _Dat._ cr cr cr cribus cribus cribus _Acc._ crem crem cre crs, -s crs, -s cria _Abl._ cr cr cr cribus cribus cribus CLASS II 255. Adjectives of Two Endings are declined as follows: omnis, omne, _every, all_[1] STEM omni- BASE omn- SINGULAR PLURAL MASC. AND FEM. NEUT. MASC. AND FEM. NEUT. _Nom._ omnis omne omns omnia _Gen._ omnis omnis omnium omnium _Dat._ omn omn omnibus omnibus _Acc._ omnem omne omns, -s omnia _Abl._ omn omn omnibus omnibus [Footnote 1: omnis is usually translated _every_ in the singular and _all_ in the plural.] CLASS III 256. Adjectives of One Ending are declined as follows: pr, _equal_ STEM pari- BASE par- SINGULAR PLURAL MASC. AND FEM. NEUT. MASC. AND FEM. NEUT. _Nom._ pr pr pars paria _Gen._ paris paris parium parium _Dat._ par par paribus paribus _Acc._ parem pr pars, -s paria _Abl._ par par paribus paribus 1. All i-stem adjectives have - in the ablative singular. 2. Observe that the several cases of adjectives of one ending have the same form for all genders excepting in the accusative singular and in the nominative and accusative plural. 3. Decline vir cer, legi cris, animal cre, ager omnis, sctum omne, proelium pr. 257. There are a few adjectives of one ending that have consonant stems. They are declined exactly like nouns with consonant stems. 258. EXERCISES First learn the special vocabulary, p. 293. I. _The Romans invade the Enemys Country._ lim pedits Rmn cum equitibus vlcibus in hostium urbem iter facibant. Ubi nn long furunt, rapurunt agricolam, qu es viam brevem et facilem dmnstrvit. Iam Rmn moenia alta, turrs valids aliaque opera urbis vidre poterant. In moenibus stbant mult prncips. Prncips ubi vdrunt Rmns, iussrunt cvs lapids aliaque tla d mrs iacere. Tum mlits forts continr proeli nn poterant et cer impertor signum tub dar iussit. Summ v omns mtrvrunt. Impertor Sext lgt impedmenta omnia mandvit. Sextus impedmenta in summ colle conlocvit. Grave et cre erat proelium, sed hosts nn pars Rmns erant. Ali interfect, ali capt sunt. Apud captvs erant mter sororque rgis. Pauc Rmnrum ab hostibus vulnert sunt. Secundum proelium Rmns erat grtum. Fortna fortibus semper favet. II. 1. Some months are short, others are long. 2. To seize the top of the mountain was difficult. 3. Among the hills of Italy are many beautiful springs. 4. The soldiers were sitting where the baggage had been placed because their feet were weary. 5. The city which the soldiers were eager to storm had been fortified by strong walls and high towers. 6. Did not the king intrust a heavy crown of gold and all his money to a faithless slave? Yes, but the slave had never before been faithless. [Illustration: AQUILA LEGIONIS] LESSON XLVI THE FOURTH OR _U_-DECLENSION [Special Vocabulary] adventus, -s, m., _approach, arrival_ (advent) ante, prep, with acc., _before_ (ante-date) corn, -s, n., _horn, wing_ of an army (cornucopia); lj dextr corn, _on the right wing_; lj sinistr corn, _on the left wing_ equittus, -s, m., _cavalry_ exercitus, -s, m., _army_ impetus, -s, m., _attack_ (impetus); impetum facere in, with acc., _to make an attack on_ lacus, -s, dat. and abl. plur. lacubus, m., _lake_ manus, -s, f., _hand; band, force_ (manual) portus, -s, m., _harbor_ (port) post, prep, with acc., _behind, after_ (post-mortem) crem, cremre, cremv, cremtus, _burn_ (cremate) exerce, exercre, exercu, exercitus, _practice, drill, train_ (exercise) 259. Nouns of the fourth declension are either masculine or neuter. 260. Masculine nouns end in -us, neuters in -. The genitive ends in -s. _a._ Feminine by exception are domus, _house_; manus, _hand_; and a few others. PARADIGMS [Transcribers Note: The Stems are missing in the printed book. They have been supplied from the inflectional table in the Appendix.] adventus, corn, m., _arrival_ n., _horn_ STEMS adventu- cornu- BASES advent- corn- SINGULAR TERMINATIONS MASC. NEUT. _Nom._ adventus corn -us - _Gen._ advents corns -s -s _Dat._ adventu () corn -u () - _Acc._ adventum corn -um - _Abl._ advent corn - - PLURAL _Nom._ advents cornua -s -ua _Gen._ adventuum cornuum -uum -uum _Dat._ adventibus cornibus -ibus -ibus _Acc._ advents cornua -s -ua _Abl._ adventibus cornibus -ibus -ibus 1. Observe that the base is found, as in other declensions, by dropping the ending of the genitive singular. 2. lacus, _lake_, has the ending -ubus in the dative and ablative plural; portus, _harbor_, has either -ubus or -ibus. 3. corn is the only neuter that is in common use. 261. EXERCISES First learn the special vocabulary, p. 293. I. 1. Ante adventum Caesaris vlcs hostium equits crem impetum in castra fcrunt. 2. Continre exercitum proeli nn facile erat. 3. Post adventum suum Caesar iussit legins ex castrs dc. 4. Pr castrs cum hostium equitt pugntum est. 5. Post tempus breve equittus trns flmen fgit ubi castra hostium posita erant. 6. Tum victor impertor agrs vstvit et vcs hostium cremvit. 7. Castra autem nn oppugnvit quia mlits erant dfess et locus difficilis. 8. Hosts nn cessvrunt iacere tla, quae paucs nocurunt. 9. Post adversum proelium princips Gallrum lgts ad Caesarem mittere studbant, sed popul persudre nn poterant. II. 1. Did you see the man-of-war on the lake? 2. I did not see it (_fem_.) on the lake, but I saw it in the harbor. 3. Because of the strong wind the sailor forbade his brother to sail. 4. Csar didnt make an attack on the cavalry on the right wing, did he? 5. No, he made an attack on the left wing. 6. Who taught your swift horse to obey? 7. I trained my horse with my (own) hands, nor was the task difficult. 8. He is a beautiful animal and has great strength. LESSON XLVII EXPRESSIONS OF PLACE THE DECLENSION OF _DOMUS_ [Special Vocabulary] Athnae, -rum, f., plur., _Athens_ Corinthus, -, f., _Corinth_ domus, -s, locative dom, f., _house, home_ (dome). Cf. domicilium Genva, -ae, f., _Geneva_ Pompii, -rum, m., plur., _Pompeii_, a city in Campania. See map propter, prep. with acc., _on account of, because of_ rs, rris, in the plur. only nom. and acc. rra, n., _country_ (rustic) tergum, terg, n., _back_; lj terg, _behind, in the rear_ vulnus, vulneris, n., _wound_ (vulnerable) committ, committere, comms, commissus, _intrust, commit;_ proelium committere, _join battle_ convoc, convocre, convocv, convoctus, _call together, summon_ (convoke) time, timre, timu, ----, _fear; be afraid_ (timid) vert, vertere, vert, versus, _turn, change_ (convert); terga vertere, _to turn the backs_, hence _to retreat_ 262. We have become thoroughly familiar with expressions like the following: Galba ad (or in) oppidum properat Galba ab (d or ex) oppid properat Galba in oppid habitat From these expressions we may deduce the following rules: 263. RULE. Accusative of the Place to. _The place to which is expressed by ad or in with the accusative. This answers the question Whither?_ 264. RULE. Ablative of the Place from. _The place from which is expressed by lj or ab, d, ǐ or ex, with the separative ablative. This answers the question Whence?_ (Cf. Rule, 179.) 265. RULE. Ablative of the Place at or in. _The place at or in which is expressed by the ablative with in. This answers the question Where?_ _a._ The ablative denoting the _place where_ is called the _locative ablative_ (cf. locus, _place_). 266. Exceptions. Names of towns, small islands,[1] domus, _home_, rs, _country_, and a few other words in common use omit the prepositions in expressions of place, as, Galba Athns properat, _Galba hastens to Athens_ Galba Athns properat, _Galba hastens from Athens_ Galba Athns habitat, _Galba lives at_ (or _in_) _Athens_ Galba domum properat, _Galba hastens home_ Galba rs properat, _Galba hastens to the country_ Galba dom properat, _Galba hastens from home_ Galba rre properat, _Galba hastens from the country_ Galba rr (less commonly rre) habitat, _Galba lives in the country_ _a._ Names of _countries_, like Germnia, Italia, etc., do not come under these exceptions. _With them prepositions must not be omitted._ [Footnote 1: Small islands are classed with towns because they generally have but one town, and the name of the town is the same as the name of the island.] 267. The Locative Case. We saw above that the place-relation expressed by _at_ or _in_ is regularly covered by the locative ablative. However, Latin originally expressed this relation by a separate form known as the _locative case_. This case has been everywhere merged in the ablative excepting in the singular number of the first and second declensions. The form of the locative in these declensions is like the genitive singular, and its use is limited to names of towns and small islands, dom, _at home_, and a few other words. 268. RULE. Locative and Locative Ablative. _To express the place in which with names of towns and small islands, if they are singular and of the first or second declension, use the locative; otherwise use the locative ablative without a preposition; as_, Galba Rmae habitat, _Galba lives at Rome_ Galba Corinth habitat, _Galba lives at Corinth_ Galba dom habitat, _Galba lives at home_ Here Rmae, Corinth, and dom are _locatives_, being _singular_ and of the first and second declensions respectively. But in Galba Athns habitat, _Galba lives at Athens_, Galba Pompis habitat, _Galba lives at Pompeii_ Athns and Pompis are locative ablatives. These words can have no locative case, as the nominatives Athnae and Pompi are_plural_ and there is no plural locative case form. 269. The word domus, _home, house_, has forms of both the second and the fourth declension. Learn its declension (468). 270. EXERCISES First learn the special vocabulary, p. 293. I. 1. Corinth omnia nsignia aur ducibus victribus rapta erant. 2. Caesar Genvam exercitum magns itineribus dxit. 3. Quem pontem hosts cremverant? Pontem in Rhn hosts cremverant. 4. Pompis mults Rmnrum doms vidre poteritis. 5. Rm cnsul equ vlc rs propervit. 6. Dom cnsulis homins mult sedbant. 7. Impertor iusserat lgtum Athns cum mults nvibus longs nvigre. 8. Ante moenia urbis sunt rdins arborum altrum. 9. Propter arbors alts nec lacum nec portum reperre potuimus. 10. Proelis crbrs Caesar legins sus quae erant in Galli exercbat. 11. Cotdi in loc idone castra pnbat et mnibat. II. 1. Csar, the famous general, when he had departed from Rome, hastened to the Roman province on a swift horse.[2] 2. He had heard a rumor concerning the allies at Geneva. 3. After his arrival Csar called the soldiers together and commanded them to join battle. 4. The enemy hastened to retreat, some because[3] they were afraid, others because[3] of wounds. 5. Recently I was at Athens and saw the place where the judges used to sit.[4] 6. Marcus and Sextus are my brothers; the one lives at Rome, the other in the country. [Footnote 2: Latin says by a swift horse. What construction?] [Footnote 3: Distinguish between the English conjunction _because_ (quia or quod) and the preposition _because of_ (propter).] [Footnote 4: _used to sit_, express by the imperfect.] [Illustration: DAEDALUS ET ICARUS] 271. DAEDALUS AND ICARUS Crta est nsula antqua quae aqu alt magn maris pulstur. Ibi lim Mns erat rx. Ad eum vnit Daedalus qu ex Graeci patri fugibat. Eum Mns rx benigns verbs accpit et e domicilium in Crt dedit. [5]Qu in loc Daedalus sine cr vvebat et rg multa et clra opera facibat. Post tempus longum autem Daedalus patriam cram dsderre incpit. Domum properre studbat, sed rg persudre nn potuit et mare saevum fugam vetbat. [Footnote 5: _And in this place_; qu does not here introduce a subordinate relative clause, but establishes the connection with the preceding sentence. Such a relative is called a _connecting relative_, and is translated by _and_ and a demonstrative or personal pronoun.] LESSON XLVIII THE FIFTH OR -DECLENSION THE ABLATIVE OF TIME [Special Vocabulary] acis, -, f., _line of battle_ aests, aesttis, f., _summer_ annus, -, m., _year_ (annual) dis, di, m., _day_ (diary) fids, fide, no plur., f., _faith, trust; promise, word; protection_; in fidem venre, _to come under the protection_ fluctus, -s, m. _wave, billow_ (fluctuate) hiems, hiemis, f., _winter_ hra, -ae, f., _hour_ lx, lcis, f., _light_ (lucid); prma lux, _daybreak_ merdis, acc. -em, abl. -, no plur., m., _midday_ (meridian) nox, noctis (-ium), f., _night_ (nocturnal) prmus, -a, -um, _first_ (prime) rs, re, f., _thing, matter_ (real); rs gestae, _deeds, exploits_ (lit. _things performed_); rs adversae, _adversity_; rs secundae, _prosperity_ sps, spe, f., _hope_ 272. Gender. Nouns of the fifth declension are feminine except dis, _day_, and merdis, _midday_, which are usually masculine. 273. PARADIGMS [Transcribers Note: The Stems are missing in the printed book. They have been supplied from the inflectional table in the Appendix.] dis, rs, f., m., _day_ _thing_ STEMS di- r- BASES di- r- SINGULAR TERMINATIONS _Nom._ dis rs -s _Gen._ di re - _or_ -e _Dat._ di re - _or_ -e _Acc._ diem rem -em _Abl._ di r - PLURAL _Nom._ dis rs -s _Gen._ dirum rrum -rum _Dat._ dibus rbus -bus _Acc._ dis rs -s _Abl._ dibus rbus -bus 1. The vowel e which appears in every form is regularly long. It is shortened in the ending -e after a consonant, as in r-e; and before -m in the accusative singular, as in di-em. (Cf. 12.2.) 2. Only dis and rs are complete in the plural. Most other nouns of this declension lack the plural. Acis, _line of battle_, and sps, _hope_, have the nominative and accusative plural. 274. The ablative relation (50) which is expressed by the prepositions _at, in_, or _on_ may refer not only to place, but also to time, as _at noon, in summer, on the first day_. The ablative which is used to express this relation is called the _ablative of time_. 275. RULE. The Ablative of Time. _The time when or within which anything happens is expressed by the ablative without a preposition._ _a._ Occasionally the preposition _in_ is found. Compare the English _Next day we started_ and _On the next day we started_. 276. EXERCISES First learn the special vocabulary, p. 294. I. _Galba the Farmer._ Galba agricola rr vvit. Cotdi prm lce labrre incipit, nec ante noctem in studi su cessat. Merdi Ilia flia eum ad cnam vocat. Nocte peds dfesss domum vertit. Aestte fli agricolae auxilium patr dant. Hieme agricola es in ldum mittit. Ibi magister pueris mults fbuls d rbus gests Caesaris nrrat. Aestte fli agricolae perpetus labribus exercentur nec grave agr opus est is molestum. Galba sine ll cr vivit nec rs adverss timet. II. 1. In that month there were many battles in Gaul. 2. The cavalry of the enemy made an attack upon Csars line of battle. 3. In the first hour of the night the ship was overcome by the billows. 4. On the second day the savages were eager to come under Csars protection. 5. The king had joined battle, moved by the hope of victory. 6. That year a fire destroyed many birds and other animals. 7. We saw blood on the wild beasts teeth. 277. DAEDALUS AND ICARUS (_Continued_) Tum Daedalus gravibus crs commtus fli su car ita dixit: Animus meus, care, est plnus trstitiae nec ocul lacrims egent. Discdere ex Crt, Athns properre, maxim stude; sed rx recsat audre verba mea et omnem redits spem ripit. Sed numquam rbus adverss vincar. Terra et mare sunt inimca, sed aliam fugae viam reperiam. Tum in arts ignts animum dmittit et mrum capit cnsilium. Nam penns in rdine pnit et vrs ls facit. LESSON XLIX PRONOUNS CLASSIFIED PERSONAL AND REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS [Special Vocabulary] amcitia, -ae, f., _friendship_ (amicable) itaque, conj., _and so, therefore, accordingly_ littera, -ae, f., _a letter_ of the alphabet; plur., _a letter, an epistle_ metus, mets, m., _fear_ nihil, indeclinable, n., _nothing_ (nihilist) nntius, nnt, m., _messenger_. Cf. nnti px, pcis, f., _peace_ (pacify) rgnum, -, n., _reign, sovereignty, kingdom_ supplicum, supplic, n., _punishment_; supplicum smere d, with abl., _inflict punishment on_; supplicum dare, _suffer punishment_. Cf. poena place, placre, placu, placitus, _be pleasing to, please_, with dative. Cf. 154 sm, smere, smps, smptus, _take up, assume_ sustine, sustinre, sustinu, sustentus, _sustain_ 278. We have the same kinds of pronouns in Latin as in English. They are divided into the following eight classes: 1. Personal pronouns, which show the person speaking, spoken to, or spoken of; as, ego, _I_; t, _you_; is, _he_. (Cf. 279. etc.) 2. Possessive pronouns, which denote possession; as, meus, tuus, suus, etc. (Cf. 98.) 3. Reflexive pronouns, used in the predicate to refer back to the subject; as, _he saw himself_. (Cf. 281.) 4. Intensive pronouns, used to emphasize a noun or pronoun; as, _I myself saw it_. (Cf. 285.) 5. Demonstrative pronouns, which point out persons or things; as, is, _this, that_. (Cf. 112.) 6. Relative pronouns, which connect a subordinate adjective clause with an antecedent; as, qu, _who_. (Cf. 220.) 7. Interrogative pronouns, which ask a question; as, quis, _who?_ (Cf. 225.) 8. Indefinite pronouns, which point out indefinitely; as, _some one, any one, some, certain ones_, etc. (Cf. 296.) 279. The demonstrative pronoun is, ea, id, as we learned in 115, is regularly used as the personal pronoun of the third person (_he_, _she_, _it_, _they_, etc.). 280. The personal pronouns of the first person are ego, _I_; ns, _we_; of the second person, t, _thou_ or _you_; vs, _ye_ or _you_. They are declined as follows: SINGULAR FIRST PERSON SECOND PERSON _Nom._ ego, _I_ t, _you_ _Gen._ me, _of me_ tu, _of you_ _Dat._ mihi, _to_ or _for me_ tibi, _to_ or _for you_ _Acc._ m, _me_ t, _you_ _Abl._ m, _with, from_, etc., _me_ t, _with, from_, etc., _you_ PLURAL _Nom._ ns, _we_ vs, _you_ _Gen._ nostrum or nostr, _of us_ vestrum or vestr, _of you_ _Dat._ nbs, _to_ or _for us_ vbs, _to_ or _for you_ _Acc._ ns, _us_ vs, _you_ _Abl._ nbs, _with, from_, vbs, _with, from_, etc., _you_ etc., _us_ 1. The personal pronouns are not used in the nominative excepting for emphasis or contrast. 281. The Reflexive Pronouns. 1. The personal pronouns ego and t may be used in the predicate as reflexives; as, vide m, _I see myself_ vidmus ns, _we see ourselves_ vids t, _you see yourself_ vidtis vs, _you see yourselves_ 2. The reflexive pronoun of the third person (_himself, herself, itself, themselves_) has a special form, used only in these senses, and declined alike in the singular and plural. SINGULAR AND PLURAL _Gen._ su _Acc._ s _Dat._ sibi _Abl._ s EXAMPLES Puer s videt, _the boy sees himself_ Puella s videt, _the girl sees herself_ Animal s videt, _the animal sees itself_ I s vident, _they see themselves_ _a._ The form s is sometimes doubled, ss, for emphasis. 3. Give the Latin for _I teach myself_ _We teach ourselves_ _You teach yourself_ _You teach yourselves_ _He teaches himself_ _They teach themselves_ 282. The preposition cum, when used with the ablative of ego, t, or su, is appended to the form, as, mcum, _with me_; tcum, _with you_; nbscum, _with us_; etc. 283. EXERCISES First learn the special vocabulary, p. 294. I. 1. Mea mter est cra mihi et tua mter est cra tibi. 2. Vestrae litterae erant grtae nbis et nostrae litterae erant grtae vbs. 3. Nntius rgis qu nbscum est nihil respondbit. 4. Nnti pcem amcitiamque sibi et sus socis postulvrunt. 5. S t arma sms, ego rgnum occupb. 6. Uter vestrum est cvis Rmnus? Neuter nostrum. 7. E tempore mult supplicium dedrunt quia rgnum petierant. 8. Sme supplicium, Caesar, d hostibus patriae cribus. 9. Prm lce ali met commt ss fugae mandvrunt; ali autem magn virtte impetum exercits nostr sustinurunt. 10. Soror rgis, ubi d advers proeli audvit, ss Pompis interfcit. II. 1. Whom do you teach? I teach myself. 2. The soldier wounded himself with his sword. 3. The master praises us, but you he does not praise. 4. Therefore he will inflict punishment on you, but we shall not suffer punishment. 5. Who will march (i.e. make a march) with me to Rome? 6. I will march with you to the gates of the city. 7. Who will show us[1] the way? The gods will show you[1] the way. [Footnote 1: Not accusative.] DAEDALUS AND ICARUS (_Concluded_) 284. Puer carus n[2] stbat et mrum patris opus vidbat. Postquam manus ultima[3] ls imposita est, Daedalus es temptvit et similis av in aurs volvit. Tum ls umers fl adligvit et docuit eum volre et dxit, T vet, m fl, adpropinqure aut sl aut mar. S fluctibus adpropinquveris,[4] aqua ls tus nocbit, et s sl adpropinquveris,[4] ignis es crembit. Tum pater et filius iter difficile incipiunt. ls movent et aurae ss committunt. Sed stultus puer verbs patris nn pret. Sl adpropinquat. lae cremantur et carus in mare dcidit et vitam mittit. Daedalus autem sine ll percul trns flucts ad nsulam Siciliam volvit. [Footnote 2: Adverb, see vocabulary.] [Footnote 3: manus ultima, _the finishing touch_. What literally?] [Footnote 4: Future perfect. Translate by the present.] LESSON L THE INTENSIVE PRONOUN _IPSE_ AND THE DEMONSTRATIVE _DEM_ [Special Vocabulary] corpus, corporis, n., _body_ (corporal) dnsus, -a, -um, _dense_ ǔdem, eadem, idem, demonstrative pronoun, _the same_ (identity) ipse, ipsa, ipsum, intensive pronoun, _self; even, very_ mrus, -a, -um, _wonderful, marvelous_ (miracle) Ǚlim, adv., _formerly, once upon a time_ pars, partis (-ium), f., _part, region, direction_ quoque, adv., _also_. Stands _after_ the word which it emphasizes sl, slis, m., _sun_ (solar) vrus, -a, -um, _true, real_ (verity) dbe, dbre, dbu, dbitus, _owe, ought_ (debt) ǐripi, ripere, ripu, reptus, _snatch from_ 285. Ipse means _-self_ (_him-self, her-self_, etc.) or is translated by _even_ or _very_. It is used to emphasize a noun or pronoun, expressed or understood, with which it agrees like an adjective. _a._ Ipse must be carefully distinguished from the reflexive su. The latter is always used as a pronoun, while ipse is regularly adjective. Compare Hom s videt, _the man sees himself_ (reflexive) Hom ipse perculum videt, _the man himself_ (intensive) _sees the danger_ Hom ipsum perculum videt, _the man sees the danger itself_ (intensive) 286. Except for the one form ipse, the intensive pronoun is declined exactly like the nine irregular adjectives (cf. 108, 109). Learn the declension (481). 287. The demonstrative ǔdem, meaning _the same_, is a compound of is. It is declined as follows: SINGULAR MASC. FEM. NEUT. _Nom._ dem eadem idem _Gen._ eiusdem eiusdem eiusdem _Dat._ edem edem edem _Acc._ eundem eandem idem _Abl._ edem edem edem PLURAL _Nom._ idem eaedem eadem edem _Gen._ erundem erundem erundem _Dat._ isdem isdem isdem esdem esdem esdem _Acc._ esdem esdem eadem _Abl._ isdem isdem isdem esdem esdem esdem _a._ From forms like eundem (eum + -dem), erundem (erum + -dem), we learn the rule that m before d is changed to n. _b._ The forms idem, isdem are often spelled and pronounced with one ǔ. 288. EXERCISES First learn the special vocabulary, p. 295. I. 1. Ego et t[1] in edem urbe vvimus. 2. Iter ipsum nn timmus sed fers saevs quae in silv dns esse dcuntur. 3. lim ns ips idem iter fcimus. 4. E tempore mults fers vdimus. 5. Sed nbs nn nocurunt. 6. Caesar ipse sctum d manibus mlitis ripuit et in ipsam aciem propervit. 7. Itaque mlits summ virtte tla in hostium corpora icrunt. 8. Rmn quoque gravia vulnera accprunt. 9. Dnique hosts terga vertrunt et omms in parts[2] fgrunt. 10. Edem hr litterae Rmam ab impertre ips missae sunt. 11. Edem mnse captv quoque in Italiam miss sunt. 12. Sed mult propter vulnera iter difficile trns monts facere recsbant et Genvae esse dcbantur. II. 1. At Pompeii there is a wonderful mountain. 2. When I was in that place, I myself saw that mountain. 3. On the same day many cities were destroyed by fire and stones from that very mountain. 4. You have not heard the true story of that calamity, have you?[3] 5. On that day the very sun could not give light to men. 6. You yourself ought to tell (to) us that story. [Footnote 1: Observe that in Latin we say _I and you_, not _you and I_.] [Footnote 2: Not _parts_, but _directions_.] [Footnote 3: Cf. 210.] 289. HOW HORATIUS HELD THE BRIDGE[4] Tarquinius Superbus, septimus et ultimus rx Rmnrum, ubi in exsilium ab rts Rmns iectus est, Porsen, rge Etrscrum, auxilium petiit. Mox Porsena magns cum cpis Rmam vnit, et ipsa urbs summ in percul erat. Omnibus in partibus exercitus Rmnus victus erat. Iam rx montem Iniculum[5] occupverat. Numquam ante Rmn tant met tenbantur. Ex agrs in urbem properabnt et summ studi urbem ipsam mnibant. [Footnote 4: The story of Horatius has been made familiar by Macaulays well-known poem Horatius in his _Lays of Ancient Rome_. Read the poem in connection with this selection.] [Footnote 5: The Janiculum is a high hill across the Tiber from Rome.] LESSON LI THE DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS _HIC_, _ISTE_, _ILLE_ [Special Vocabulary] hic, haec, hoc, demonstrative pronoun, _this_ (of mine); _he, she, it_ ille, illa, illud, demonstrative pronoun _that_ (yonder); _he, she, it_ invsus, -a, -um, _hateful, detested_, with dative Cf. 143 iste, ista, istud, demonstrative pronoun, _that_ (of yours); _he, she, it_ lberts, -tis, f., _liberty_ modus, -, m., _measure; manner, way, mode_ nmen, nminis, n., _name_ (nominate) oculus, -, m., _eye_ (oculist) prstinus, -a, -um, _former, old-time_ (pristine) pblicus, -a, -um, _public, belonging to the state;_ rs pblica, re pblicae, f., _the commonwealth, the state, the republic_ vestgium, vestg, n., _footprint, track; trace, vestige_ vx, vcis, f., _voice_ 290. We have already learned the declension of the demonstrative pronoun is and its use. (Cf. Lesson XVII.) That pronoun refers to persons or things either far or near, and makes no definite reference to place or time. If we wish to point out an object definitely in place or time, we must use hic, iste, or ille. These demonstratives, like is, are used both as pronouns and as adjectives, and their relation to the speaker may be represented graphically thus: hic iste ille SPEAKER ------------->-------------->---------------> _this_, _he_; _that_, _he_; _that_, _he_ (near); (remote); (more remote) _a._ In dialogue hic refers to a person or thing near the speaker; iste, to a person or thing near the person addressed; ille, to a person or thing remote from both. These distinctions are illustrated in the model sentences, 293, which should be carefully studied and imitated. 291. Hic is declined as follows: SINGULAR MASC. FEM. NEUT. _Nom._ hic haec hoc _Gen._ huius huius huius _Dat._ huic huic huic _Acc._ hunc hanc hoc _Abl._ hc hc hc PLURAL _Nom._ h hae haec _Gen._ hrum hrum hrum _Dat._ hs hs hs _Acc._ hs hs haec _Abl._ hs hs hs _a._ Huius is pronounced _h[oo]y[oo]s_, and huic is pronounced _h[oo]ic_ (one syllable). 292. The demonstrative pronouns iste, ista, istud, and ille, illa, illud, except for the nominative and accusative singular neuter forms istud and illud, are declined exactly like ipse, ipsa, ipsum. (See 481.) 293. MODEL SENTENCES _Is this horse_ (of mine) _strong?_ Estne hic equus valdus? _That horse_ (of yours) _is strong, but that one_ (yonder) _is weak_ Iste equus est validus, sed ille est nfrmus _Are these_ (men by me) _your friends?_ Suntne h amc tu? _Those_ (men by you) _are my friends, but those_ (men yonder) _are enemies_ Ist sunt amc me, sed ill sunt inimc 294. EXERCISES First learn the special vocabulary, p. 295. I. _A German Chieftain addresses his Followers._ Ille fortis Germnrum dux sus convocvit et hc mod anims erum cnfirmvit. Vs, qu in hs fnibus vvitis, in hunc locum convocv[1] quia mcum dbtis ists agrs et ists doms ab iniris Rmnrum liberre. Hoc nbs nn difficile erit, quod ill hosts hs silvs dnss, fers saevs qurum vestgia vident, monts alts timent. S forts erimus, de ips nbs viam saltis dmonstrbunt. Ille sl, ist ocul calamtts nostrs vdrunt.[1] Itaque nmen illus re pblicae Rmnae nn slum nbis, sed etiam omnibus hominibus qu lberttem amant, est invsum. Ad arma vs voc. Exercte istam prstinam virttem et vinctis. [Footnote 1: The perfect definite. (Cf. 190.)] II. 1. Does that bird (of yours)[2] sing? 2. This bird (of mine)[2] sings both[3] in summer and in winter and has a beautiful voice. 3. Those birds (yonder)[2] in the country dont sing in winter. 4. Snatch a spear from the hands of that soldier (near you)[2] and come home with me. 5. With those very eyes (of yours)[2] you will see the tracks of the hateful enemy who burned my dwelling and made an attack on my brother. 6. For (propter) these deeds (rs) we ought to inflict punishment on him without delay. 7. The enemies of the republic do not always suffer punishment. [Footnote 2: English words in parentheses are not to be translated. They are inserted to show what demonstratives should be used. (Cf. 290.)] [Footnote 3: _both ... and_, et ... et.] [Illustration: HORATIUS PONTEM DEFENDIT] 295. HOW HORATIUS HELD THE BRIDGE (_Continued_) Altera urbis pars mrs, altera flmine satis mnr vidbtur. Sed erat pns in flmine qu hostibus iter paene dedit. Tum Hortius Cocles, fortis vir, magn vce dxit, Rescindite pontem, Rmn! Brev tempore Porsena in urbem cpis sus trdcet. Iam hosts in ponte erant, sed Hortius cum dubus (cf. 479) comitibus ad extrmam pontis partem propervit, et hi sli aciem hostium sustinurunt. Tum vr cvs Rmn pontem terg rescindere incipiunt, et hosts frstr Hortium superre temptant. LESSON LII THE INDEFINITE PRONOUNS [Special Vocabulary] incolumis, -e, _unharmed_ n ... quidem, adv., _not even_. The emphatic word stands between n and quidem nisi, conj., _unless, if ... not_ paene, adv., _almost_ (pen-insula) satis, adv., _enough, sufficiently_ (satisfaction) tantus, -a, -um, _so great_ vr, adv., _truly, indeed, in fact_. As a conj. _but, however_, usually stands second, never first. dcid, dcidere, dcid, ----, _fall down_ (deciduous) dsili, dsilre, dsilu, dsultus, _leap down, dismount_ mane, manre, mns, mnsrus, _remain_ trdc, trdcere, trdx, trductus, _lead across_ 296. The indefinite pronouns are used to refer to _some person_ or _some thing_, without indicating which particular one is meant. The pronouns quis and qu, which we have learned in their interrogative and relative uses, may also be indefinite; and nearly all the other indefinite pronouns are compounds of quis or qu and declined almost like them. Review the declension of these words, 221, 227. 297. Learn the declension and meaning of the following indefinites: MASC. FEM. NEUT. quis quid, _some one, any one_ (substantive) qu qua or quae quod, _some, any_ (adjective), 483 aliquis aliquid, _some one, any one_ (substantive), 487 aliqu aliqua aliquod, _some, any_ (adjective), 487 qudam quaedam quoddam, quiddam, _a certain, a certain one_, 485 quisquam quicquam or quidquam (no plural), _any one_ (at all) (substantive), 486 quisque quidque, _each one, every one_ (substantive), 484 quisque quaeque quodque, _each, every_ (adjective), 484 [Transcribers Note: In the original text, the combined forms (masculine/feminine) were printed in the masculine column.] NOTE. The meanings of the neuters, _something_, etc., are easily inferred from the masculine and feminine. _a._ In the masculine and neuter singular of the indefinites, quis-forms and quid-forms are mostly used as substantives, qu-forms and quod-forms as adjectives. _b._ The indefinites quis and qu never stand first in a clause, and are rare excepting after s, nisi, n, num (as, s quis, _if any one_; s quid, _if anything_; nisi quis, _unless some one_). Generally aliquis and aliqu are used instead. _c._ The forms qua and aliqua are both feminine nominative singular and neuter nominative plural of the indefinite adjectives qu and aliqu respectively. How do these differ from the corresponding forms of the relative qu? _d._ Observe that qudam (qu + -dam) is declined like qu, except that in the accusative singular and genitive plural m of qu becomes n (cf. 287.a): quendam, quandam, qurundam, qurundam; also that the neuter has quiddam (substantive) and quoddam (adjective) in the nominative and accusative singular. Qudam is the least indefinite of the indefinite pronouns, and implies that you could name the person or thing referred to if you cared to do so. _e._ Quisquam and quisque (substantive) are declined like quis. _f._ Quisquam, _any one_ (quicquam or quidquam, _anything_), is always used substantively and chiefly in negative sentences. The corresponding adjective _any_ is Ǟllus, -a, -um (108). 298. EXERCISES First learn the special vocabulary, p. 295. I. 1. Aliquis d ponte in flmen dcidit sed sine ll percul servtus est. 2. Est vr in vt cuiusque hominis aliqua bona fortna. 3. N mlitum quidem[1] quisquam in castrs mnsit. 4. S quem meae dom vids, iub eum discdere. 5. S quis pontem tenet, n tantus quidem exercitus capere urbem potest. 6. Urbs nn satis mnta erat et merdi rx qudam paene cpis sus trns pontem trdxerat. 7. Dnique mles qudam armtus in flucts dsiluit et incolumis ad alteram rpam oculs vertit. 8. Quisque ill fort mlit aliquid dare dbet. 9. Tanta vr virts Rmnus semper placuit. 10. lim Corinthus erat urbs satis magna et paene par Rmae ips; nunc vr moenia dcidrunt et pauca vestgia urbis illus reperr possunt. 11. Quisque lberttem amat, et aliquibus vr nmen rgis est invsum. II. 1. If you see a certain Cornelius at Corinth, send him to me. 2. Almost all the soldiers who fell down into the waves were unharmed. 3. Not even at Pompeii did I see so great a fire. 4. I myself was eager to tell something to some one. 5. Each one was praising his own work. 6. Did you see some one in the country? I did not see any one. 7. Unless some one will remain on the bridge with Horatius, the commonwealth will be in the greatest danger. [Footnote 1: Observe that qudam and quidem are different words.] 299. HOW HORATIUS HELD THE BRIDGE (_Concluded_) Mox, ubi parva pars pontis mnsit, Hortius iussit comits discdere et slus mr cnstanti impetum illius ttius exercits sustinbat. Dnique magn fragre pns in flmen dcdit. Tum vr Hortius tergum vertit et armtus in aqus dsiluit. In eum hosts multa tla icrunt; incolumis autem per fiucts ad alteram rpam trnvit. E propter tants rs gests populus Rmnus nn slum alia magna praemia dedit sed etiam statuam Horti in loc pblic posuit. * * * * * Sixth Review, Lessons XLV-LII, 521-523 * * * * * LESSON LIII REGULAR COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES [Special Vocabulary] aquila, -ae, f., _eagle_ (aquiline) audx, gen. audcis, adj., _bold, audacious_ celer, celeris, celere, _swift, quick_ (celerity). Cf. vlx explratr, -ris, m., _scout, spy_ (explorer) ingns, gen. ingentis, adj., _huge, vast_ medius, -a, -um, _middle, middle part of_ (medium) mns, mentis (-ium), f., _mind_ (mental). Cf. animus opportnus, -a, -um, _opportune_ quam, adv., _than_. With the superlative quam gives the force of _as possible_, as quam audcissim vir, _men as bold as possible_ recens, gen. recentis, adj., _recent_ tam, adv., _so_. Always with an adjective or adverb, while ita is generally used with a verb quaer, quaerere, quaesv, quaestus, _ask, inquire, seek_ (question). Cf. pet 300. The quality denoted by an adjective may exist in either a higher or a lower degree, and this is expressed by a form of inflection called comparison. The mere presence of the quality is expressed by the positive degree, its presence in a higher or lower degree by the comparative, and in the highest or lowest of all by the superlative. In English the usual way of comparing an adjective is by using the suffix _-er_ for the comparative and _-est_ for the superlative; as, positive _high_, comparative _higher_, superlative _highest_. Less frequently we use the adverbs _more_ and _most_; as, positive _beautiful_, comparative _more beautiful_, superlative _most beautiful._ In Latin, as in English, adjectives are compared by adding suffixes or by using adverbs. 301. Adjectives are compared by using suffixes as follows: POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE clrus, -a, -um clrior, clrus clrissimus, -a, -um (_bright_) (_brighter_) (_brightest_) (BASE clr-) brevis, breve brevior, brevius brevissimus, -a, -um (_short_) (_shorter_) (_shortest_) (BASE brev-) vlx vlcior, vlcius vlcissimus, -a, -um (_swift_) (_swifter_) (_swiftest_) (BASE veloc-) _a._ The comparative is formed from the base of the positive by adding -ior masc. and fem., and -ius neut.; the superlative by adding -issimus, -issima, -issimum. 302. Less frequently adjectives are compared by using the adverbs magis, _more_; maxim, _most_; as, idneus, _suitable_; magis idneus, _more suitable_; maxim idneus, _most suitable._ 303. Declension of the Comparative. Adjectives of the comparative degree are declined as follows: SINGULAR PLURAL MASC. AND FEM. NEUT. MASC. AND FEM. NEUT. _Nom._ clrior clrus clrrs clrira _Gen._ clriris clriris clrirum clrirum _Dat._ clrir clrir clriribus clriribus _Acc._ clrirem clrius clrirs clrira _Abl._ clrire clrire clriribus clriribus _a._ Observe that the endings are those of the consonant stems of the third declension. _b._ Compare longus, _long_; fortis, _brave_; recns (base, recent-), _recent_; and decline the comparative of each. 304. Adjectives in -er form the comparative regularly, but the superlative is formed by adding -rimus, -a, -um to the nominative masculine of the positive; as, POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE cer, cris, cre crior, crius cerrimus, -a, -um (BASE acr-) pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum pulchrior, pulchrius pulcherrimus, (BASE pulchr-) -a, -um lber, lbera, lberum lberior, lberius lberrimus, -a, -um (BASE lber-) _a._ In a similar manner compare miser, aeger, crber. 305. The comparative is often translated by _quite, too_, or _somewhat_, and the superlative by _very_; as, altior, _quite_ (_too, somewhat_) _high_; altissimus, _very high._ 306. EXERCISES First learn the special vocabulary, p. 296. I. 1. Quid explrtrs quaerbant? Explrtrs tempus opportfissimum itiner quaerbant. 2. Medi in silv igns quam crberrims fcimus, quod fers tam audcis numquam ante vdermus. 3. Antqus temporibus Germn erant fortirs quam Gall. 4. Caesar erat clrior quam inimc[1] qu eum necvrunt. 5. Quisque sctum ingns et plum longius gerbat. 6. Apud barbars Germn erant audcissim et fortissim. 7. Mns hominum est celerior quam corpus. 8. Vir aliqurum terrrum sunt miserrim. 9. Corpora Germnrum erant ingentira quam Rmnrum. 10. cerrim Gallrum prncips sine ll mor trns flmen quoddam equs vlcissims trdxrunt. 11. Aestte dis sunt longirs quam hieme. 12. Impertor qudam ab explrtribus d recent advent nvium longrum quaesvit. II. 1. Of all birds the eagle is the swiftest. 2. Certain animals are swifter than the swiftest horse. 3. The Roman name was most hateful to the enemies of the commonwealth. 4. The Romans always inflicted the severest[2] punishment on faithless allies. 5. I was quite ill, and so I hastened from the city to the country. 6. Marcus had some friends dearer than Csar.[3] 7. Did you not seek a more recent report concerning the battle? 8. Not even after a victory so opportune did he seek the generals friendship. [Footnote 1: Why is this word used instead of hosts?] [Footnote 2: Use the superlative of gravis.] [Footnote 3: Accusative. In a comparison the noun after quam is in the same case as the one before it.] N.B. Beginning at this point, the selections for reading will be found near the end of the volume. (See p. 197.) LESSON LIV IRREGULAR COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES THE ABLATIVE WITH COMPARATIVES WITHOUT _QUAM_ [Special Vocabulary] alacer, alacris, alacre, _eager, spirited, excited_ (alacrity) celerits, -tis, f., _speed_ (celerity) clmor, clmris, m., _shout, clamor_ lnis, lne, _mild, gentle_ (lenient) mulier, mulieris, f., _woman_ multitd, multitdinis, f., _multitude_ nmo, dat. nmin, acc. nminem (gen. nllus, abl. nll, from nllus), no plur., m. and f., _no one_ nbilis, nbile, _well known, noble_ noct, adv. (an old abl.), _by night_ (nocturnal) statim, adv., _immediately, at once_ subit, adv., _suddenly_ tardus, -a, -um, _slow_ (tardy) cupi, cupere, cupv, cuptus, _desire, wish_ (cupidity) 307. The following six adjectives in -lis form the comparative regularly; but the superlative is formed by adding -limus to the base of the positive. Learn the meanings and comparison. POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE facilis, -e, _easy_ facilior, -ius facillimus, -a, -um difficilis, -e, _hard_ difficilior, -ius difficillimus, -a, -um similis, -e, _like_ similior, -ius simillimus, -a, -um dissimilis, -e, _unlike_ dissimilior, -ius dissimillimus, -a, -um gracilis, -e, _slender_ gracilior, -ius gracillimus, -a, -um humilis, -e, _low_ humilior, -ius humillimus, -a, -um 308. From the knowledge gained in the preceding lesson we should translate the sentence _Nothing is brighter than the sun_ Nihil est clrius quam sl But the Romans, especially in negative sentences, often expressed the comparison in this way, Nihil est clrius sle which, literally translated, is _Nothing is brighter away from the sun_; that is, _starting from the sun as a standard, nothing is brighter_. This relation is expressed by the separative ablative sle. Hence the rule 309. RULE. Ablative with Comparatives. _The comparative degree, if quam is omitted, is followed by the separative ablative._ 310. EXERCISES First learn the special vocabulary, p. 296. I. 1. Nm mlits alacrirs Rmns vdit. 2. Statim impertor iussit nntis quam celerrims litters Rmam portre. 3. Multa flmina sunt lnira Rhn. 4. Apud Rmans quis erat clrior Caesare? 5. Nihil pulchrius urbe Rm vd. 6. Subit multitdo audacissima magn clamre proelium crius commsit. 7. Num est equus tuus tardus? Nn vr tardus, sed celerior aquil. 8. Ubi Romae fu, nm erat mihi amicior Sext. 9. Quaedam muliers cibum mlitibus dare cupvrunt. 10. Rx vetuit cvis ex urbe noct discdere. 11. Ille puer est gracilior hc muliere. 12. Explrtor dus (_two_) vis, alteram facilem, alteram difficilirem, dmnstrvit. II. 1. What city have you seen more beautiful than Rome? 2. The Gauls were not more eager than the Germans. 3. The eagle is not slower than the horse. 4. The spirited woman did not fear to make the journey by night. 5. The mind of the multitude was quite gentle and friendly. 6. But the kings mind was very different. 7. The king was not like (similar to) his noble father. 8. These hills are lower than the huge mountains of our territory. [Illustration: ARMA ROMANA] LESSON LV IRREGULAR COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES (_Continued_) [Special Vocabulary] aedificium, aedific, n., _building, dwelling_ (edifice) imperium, imper, n., _command, chief power; empire_ mors, mortis (-ium), f., _death_ (mortal) reliquus, -a, -um, _remaining, rest of_. As a noun, m. and n. plur., _the rest_ (relic) scelus, sceleris, n., _crime_ servits, -tis, f., _slavery_ (servitude) valls, vallis (-ium), f., _valley_ abd, abdere, abdid, abditus, _hide_ contend, contendere, contend, contentus, _strain, struggle; hasten_ (contend) occd, occdere, occd, occsus, _cut down, kill_. Cf. nec, interfici perterre, perterrre, perterru, perterritus, _terrify, frighten_ recipi, recipere, recp, receptus, _receive, recover_; s recipere, _betake ones self, withdraw, retreat_ trd, trdere, trdid, trditus, _give over, surrender, deliver_ (traitor) 311. Some adjectives in English have irregular comparison, as _good, better, best_; _many, more, most._ So Latin comparison presents some irregularities. Among the adjectives that are compared irregularly are POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE bonus, -a, -um, _good_ melior, melius optimus, -a, -um magnus, -a, -um, _great_ maior, maius maximus, -a, -um malus, -a, -um, _bad_ peior, peius pessimus, -a, -um multus, -a, -um, _much_ ----, pls plrimus, -a, -um mult, -ae, -a, _many_ plrs, plra plrim, -ae, -a parvus, -a, -um, _small_ minor, minus minimus, -a, -um 312. The following four adjectives have two superlatives. Unusual forms are placed in parentheses. exterus, -a, -um, (exterior, -ius, { extrmus, -a, -um } _outward_ _outer_) {(extimus, -a, -um) } _outermost, last_ ǔnferus, -a, -um, ǔnferior, -ius, { ǔnfimus, -a, -um } _low_ _lower_ { ǔmus, -a, -um } _lowest_ posterus, -a, -um, (posterior, -ius, { postrmus, -a, -um } _next_ _later_) {(postumus, -a, -um) } _last_ superus, -a, -um, superior, -ius { suprmus, -a, -um } _above_ _higher_ { summus, -a, -um } _highest_ 313. Pls, _more_ (plural _more, many, several_), is declined as follows: SINGULAR PLURAL MASC. AND FEM. NEUT. MASC. AND FEM. NEUT. _Nom._ ---- pls plrs plra _Gen._ ---- plris plrium plrium _Dat._ ---- ---- plribus plribus _Acc._ ---- pls plrs, -s plra _Abl._ ---- plre plribus plribus _a._ In the singular pls is used only as a neuter substantive. 314. EXERCISES First learn the special vocabulary, p. 296. I. 1. Reliqu hosts, qu dextr corn proelium commserant, d superire loc fgrunt et ss in silvam maximam recprunt. 2. In extrm parte silvae castra hostium posita erant. 3. Plrim captv ab equitibus ad Caesarem duct sunt. 4. Caesar vr iussit es in servittem trd. 5. Poster di magna multitd mulierum ab Rmns in valle m reperta est. 6. Hae muliers maxim perterritae advent Caesaris ss occdere studbant. 7. Eae quoque plrs fbuls d exercits Rmn sceleribus audverant. 8. Fma illrum mlitum optima nn erat. 9. In barbarrum aedificis maior cpia frment reperta est. 10. Nm crbrs proelis contendere sine aliqu percul potest. II. 1. The remaining women fled from their dwellings and hid themselves. 2. They were terrified and did not wish to be captured and given over into slavery. 3. Nothing can be worse than slavery. 4. Slavery is worse than death. 5. In the Roman empire a great many were killed because they refused to be slaves. 6. To surrender the fatherland is the worst crime. LESSON LVI IRREGULAR COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES (_Concluded_) ABLATIVE OF THE MEASURE OF DIFFERENCE [Special Vocabulary] aditus, -s, m., _approach, access; entrance_ cvits, cvittis, f., _citizenship; body of citizens, state_ (city) inter, prep, with acc., _between, among_ (interstate commerce) nam, conj., _for_ obses, obsidis, m. and f., _hostage_ paul, adv. (abl. n. of paulus), _by a little, somewhat_ incol, incolere, incolu, ----, transitive, _inhabit_; intransitive, _dwell_. Cf. habit, vv relinqu, relinquere, relqu, relictus, _leave, abandon_ (relinquish) statu, statuere, statu, stattus, _fix, decide_ (statute), usually with infin. 315. The following adjectives are irregular in the formation of the superlative and have no positive. Forms rarely used are in parentheses. COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE citerior, _hither_ (citimus, _hithermost_) interior, _inner_ (intimus, _inmost_) prior, _former_ prmus, _first_ propior, _nearer_ proximus, _next, nearest_ ulterior, _further_ ultimus, _furthest_ 316. In the sentence _Galba is a head taller than Sextus_, the phrase _a head taller_ expresses the measure of difference in height between Galba and Sextus. The Latin form of expression would be _Galba is taller than Sextus by a head_. This is clearly an ablative relation, and the construction is called the ablative of the measure of difference. EXAMPLES Galba est altior capite quam Sextus _Galba is a head taller_ (taller by a head) _than Sextus_. Illud iter ad Italiam est mult brevius _That route to Italy is much shorter_ (shorter by much) 317. RULE. Ablative of the Measure of Difference. _With comparatives and words implying comparison the ablative is used to denote the measure of difference._ _a._ Especially common in this construction are the neuter ablatives e, _by this, by that_ nihil,[1] _by nothing_ hc, _by this_ paul, _by a little_ mult, _by much_ [Footnote 1: nihil was originally nihilum and declined like plum. There is no plural.] 318. EXERCISES First learn the special vocabulary, p. 297. I. 1. Barbar proelium committere staturunt e magis quod Rmn nfrm esse vidbantur. 2. Meum cnsilium est mult melius quam tuum quia mult facilius est. 3. Haec via est mult ltior quam illa. 4. Barbar erant nihil tardirs quam Rmn. 5. Tuus equus est paul celerior quam meus. 6. I qu paul fortirs erant prohiburunt reliqus aditum relinquere. 7. Inter ills cvitts Germnia mlits habet optims. 8. Propior via quae per hanc vallem dcit est inter portum et lacum. 9. Serv, qu agrs citerirs incolbant, prirs domins relinquere nn cupvrunt, quod es ambant. 10. Ultimae Germniae parts numquam in fidem Rmnrum vnrunt. 11. Nam trns Rhnum aditus erat mult difficilior exercitu Rmn. II. 1. Another way much more difficult (more difficult by much) was left through hither Gaul. 2. In ancient times no state was stronger than the Roman empire. 3. The states of further Gaul did not wish to give hostages to Csar. 4. Slavery is no better (better by nothing) than death. 5. The best citizens are not loved by the worst. 6. The active enemy immediately withdrew into the nearest forest, for they were terrified by Csars recent victories. LESSON LVII FORMATION AND COMPARISON OF ADVERBS [Special Vocabulary] aequus, -a, -um, _even, level; equal_ cohors, cohortis (-ium), f., _cohort_, a tenth part of a legion, about 360 men curr, currere, cucurr, cursus, _run_ (course) difficults, -tis, f., _difficulty_ fossa, -ae, f., _ditch_ (fosse) gns, gentis (-ium), f., _race, tribe, nation_ (Gentile) negtium, negt, n., _business, affair, matter_ (negotiate) regi, -nis, f., _region, district_ rmor, rmris, m., _rumor, report_. Cf. fma simul atque, conj., _as soon as_ suscipi, suscipere, suscp, susceptus, _undertake_ trah, trahere, trx, trctus, _drag, draw_ (ex-tract) vale, valre, valu, valitrus, _be strong_; plrimum valre, _to be most powerful, have great influence_ (value). Cf. validus 319. Adverbs are generally derived from adjectives, as in English (e.g. adj. _sweet_, adv. _sweetly_). Like adjectives, they can be compared; but they have no declension. 320. Adverbs derived from adjectives of the first and second declensions are formed and compared as follows: POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE _Adj._ crus, _dear_ crior crissimus _Adv._ cr, _dearly_ crius crissim _Adj._ pulcher, _beautiful_ pulchrior pulcherrimus _Adv._ pulchr, _beautifully_ pulchrius pulcherrim _Adj._ lber, _free_ lberior lberrimus _Adv._ lber, _freely_ lberius lberrim _a._ The positive of the adverb is formed by adding - to the base of the positive of the adjective. The superlative of the adverb is formed from the superlative of the adjective in the same way. _b._ The comparative of any adverb is the neuter accusative singular of the comparative of the adjective. 321. Adverbs derived from adjectives of the third declension are formed like those described above in the comparative and superlative. The positive is usually formed by adding -iter to the base of adjectives of three endings or of two endings, and -ter to the base of those of one ending;[1] as, POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE _Adj._ fortis, _brave_ fortior fortissimus _Adv._ fortiter, _bravely_ fortius fortissim _Adj._ audx, _bold_ audcior audcissimus _Adv._ audcter, _boldly_ audcius audcissim [Footnote 1: This is a good working rule, though there are some exceptions to it.] 322. Case Forms as Adverbs. As we learned above, the neuter accusative of comparatives is used adverbially. So in the positive or superlative some adjectives, instead of following the usual formation, use the accusative or the ablative singular neuter adverbially; as, _Adj._ facilis, _easy_ prmus, _first_ _Adv._ facile (acc.), _easily_ prmum (acc.), _first_ prm (abl.), _at first_ _Adj._ multus, _many_ plrimus, _most_ _Adv._ multum (acc.), _much_ plrimum (acc.), _most_ mult (abl.), _by much_ 323. Learn the following irregular comparisons: bene, _well_ melius, _better_ optim, _best_ di, _long_ (time) ditius, _longer_ ditissim, _longest_ magnopere, _greatly_ magis, _more_ maxim, _most_ parum, _little_ minus, _less_ minim, _least_ prope, _nearly, near_ propius, _nearer_ proxim, _nearest_ saepe, _often_ saepius, _oftener_ saepissim, _oftenest_ 324. Form adverbs from the following adjectives, using the regular rules, and compare them: laetus, superbus, molestus, amcus, ljcer, brevis, gravis, recns. 325. RULE. Adverbs. _Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs._ 326. EXERCISES First learn the special vocabulary, p. 297. I. 1. Nlla rs melius gesta est quam proelium illud[2] ubi Marius mult minre exercit mult mairs cpis Germnrum in fugam dedit. 2. Audcter in Rmnrum cohorts hosts impets fcrunt 3. Marius autem omns hs fortissim sustinuit. 4. Barbar nihil fortirs erant quam Rmn. 5. Prm barbar esse superirs vidbantur, tum Rmn crius contendrunt. 6. Dnique, ubi iam ditissim paene aequ proeli pugntum est, barbar fugam petirunt. 7. Quaedam Germnrum gents, simul atque rmrem illus calamittis audvrunt, ss in ultims reginibus fnium surum abdidrunt. 8. Rmn saepius quam hosts vcrunt, quod melira arma habbant. 9. Inter omns gents Rmn plrimum valbant. 10. Hae cohorts simul atque in aequirem reginem s recprunt, castra sine ll difficultte posurunt. II. 1. Some nations are easily overcome by their enemies. 2. Germany is much larger than Gaul. 3. Were not the Romans the most powerful among the tribes of Italy? 4. On account of (his) wounds the soldier dragged his body from the ditch with the greatest difficulty. 5. He was able neither to run nor to fight. 6. Who saved him? A certain horseman boldly undertook the matter. 7. The rumors concerning the soldiers death were not true. [Footnote 2: ille standing after its noun means _that well-known, that famous_.] LESSON LVIII NUMERALS THE PARTITIVE GENITIVE [Special Vocabulary] commetus, -s, m.. _provisions_ ltitd, -inis, f., _width_ (latitude) longitd, -inis, f., _length_ (longitude) magnitd, -inis, f., _size, magnitude_ merctor, merctris, m., _trader, merchant_ mnti, -nis, f., _fortification_ (munition) spatium, spat, n., _room, space, distance; time_ cognsc, cognscere, cognv, cognitus, _learn_; in the perfect tenses, _know_ (re-cognize) cg, cgere, cog, coctus, _collect; compel_ (cogent) dfend, dfendere, dfend, dfnsus, _defend_ incend, incendere, incend, incnsus, _set fire to, burn_ (incendiary). Cf. crem obtine, obtinre, obtinu, obtentus, _possess, occupy, hold_ (obtain) perveni, pervenre, pervn, perventus, _come through, arrive_ 327. The Latin numeral adjectives may be classified as follows: 1. Cardinal Numerals, answering the question _how many?_ as, Ǟnus, _one_; duo, _two_; etc. 2. Ordinal Numerals, derived in most cases from the cardinals and answering the question _in what order?_ as, prmus, _first_; secundus, _second_; etc. 3. Distributive Numerals, answering the question _how many at a time?_ as, singul, _one at a time_. 328. The Cardinal Numerals. The first twenty of the cardinals are as follows: 1, Ǟnus 6, sex 11, Ǟndecim 16, sdecim 2, duo 7, septem 12, duodecim 17, septendecim 3, trs 8, oct 13, tredecim 18, duodvgint 4, quattuor 9, novem 14, quattuordecim 19, Ǟndvgint 5, qunque 10, decem 15, qundecim 20, vgint _a._ Learn also centum = 100, ducent = 200, mlle = 1000. 329. Declension of the Cardinals. Of the cardinals only Ǟnus, duo, trs, the hundreds above one hundred, and mlle used as a noun, are declinable. _a._ Ǟnus is one of the nine irregular adjectives, and is declined like nllus (cf. 109, 470). The plural of Ǟnus is used to agree with a plural noun of a singular meaning, as, Ǟna castra, _one camp_; and with other nouns in the sense of _only_, as, Gall n, _only the Gauls_. _b._ Learn the declension of duo, _two_; trs, _three_; and mlle, _a thousand_. (479.) _c._ The hundreds above one hundred are declined like the plural of bonus; as, ducent, -ae, -a ducentrum, -rum, -rum etc. etc. etc. 330. We have already become familiar with sentences like the following: Omnium avium aquila est vlcissima _Of all birds the eagle is the swiftest_ Hoc rculum erat omnium clrissimum _This oracle was the most famous of all_ In such sentences the genitive denotes the whole, and the word it modifies denotes a part of that whole. Such a genitive, denoting the whole of which a part is taken, is called a partitive genitive. 331. RULE. Partitive Genitive. _Words denoting a part are often used with the genitive of the whole, known as the partitive genitive._ _a._ Words denoting a part are especially pronouns, numerals, and other adjectives. But cardinal numbers excepting mlle regularly take the ablative with ex or d instead of the partitive genitive. _b._ Mlle, _a thousand_, in the singular is usually an indeclinable adjective (as, mlle mlits, _a thousand soldiers_), but in the plural it is a declinable noun and takes the partitive genitive (as, decem mlia mlitum, _ten thousand soldiers_). EXAMPLES: Fortissim hrum sunt Germn _The bravest of these are the Germans_ Decem mlia hostium interfecta sunt _Ten thousand_ (lit. _thousands_) _of the enemy were slain_ na ex captvs erat soror rgis _One of the captives was the kings sister_ 332. EXERCISES First learn the special vocabulary, p. 297. I. 1. Caesar maximam partem aedificirum incendit. 2. Magna pars mntinis aqu flminis dlta est. 3. Gall huius reginis qunque mlia hominum cogerant. 4. Duo ex mes frtribus eundem rmrem audvrunt. 5. Quis Rmnrum erat clarior Caesare? 6. Qunque cohorts ex ill legine castra quam fortissim dfendbant. 7. Hic locus aberat aequ spati[1] ab castrs Caesaris et castrs Germnrum. 8. Caesar simul atque pervnit, pls commets ab socis postulvit. 9. Nnne merctrs magnitdinem nsulae cognverant? Longitdinem sed nn ltitdinem cognverant. 10. Pauc hostium obtinbant collem quem explrtrs nostr vdrunt. II. 1. I have two brothers, and one of them lives at Rome. 2. Csar stormed that very town with three legions. 3. In one hour he destroyed a great part of the fortification. 4. When the enemy could no longer[2] defend the gates, they retreated to a hill which was not far distant.[3] 5. There three thousand of them bravely resisted the Romans.[4] [Footnote 1: Ablative of the measure of difference.] [Footnote 2: Not longius. Why?] [Footnote 3: Latin, _was distant by a small space._] [Footnote 4: Not the accusative.] LESSON LIX NUMERALS (_Continued_) THE ACCUSATIVE OF EXTENT [Special Vocabulary] agmen, agminis, n., _line of march, column_; prmum agmen, _the van_; novissimum agmen, _the rear_ atque, ac, conj., _and_; atque is used before vowels and consonants, ac before consonants only. Cf. et and -que concilium, concil, n., _council, assembly_ Helvti, -rum, m., _the Helvetii_, a Gallic tribe passus, passs, m., _a pace_, five Roman feet; mlle passuum, _a thousand (of) paces_, a Roman mile qu d caus, _for this reason, for what reason_ vllum, -, n., _earth-works, rampart_ cad, cadere, cecid, csrus, _fall_ (decadence) dd, ddere, ddid, dditus, _surrender, give up_; with a reflexive pronoun, _surrender ones self, submit_, with the dative of the indirect object prem, premere, press, pressus, _press hard, harass_ vex, vexre, vexv, vextus, _annoy, ravage_ (vex) 333. Learn the first twenty of the ordinal numerals (478). The ordinals are all declined like bonus. 334. The distributive numerals are declined like the plural of bonus. The first three are singul, -ae, -a, _one each, one by one_ bn, -ae, -a, _two each, two by two_ tern, -ae, -a, _three each, three by three_ 335. We have learned that, besides its use as object, the accusative is used to express space relations not covered by the ablative. We have had such expressions as per plrims anns, _for a great many years_; per ttum diem, _for a whole day_. Here the space relation is one of _extent of time_. We could also say per decem peds, _for ten feet_, where the space relation is one of _extent of space_. While this is correct Latin, the usual form is to use the accusative with no preposition, as, Vir ttum diem cucurrit, _the man ran for a whole day_ Caesar mrum decem peds mvit, _Csar moved the wall ten feet_ 336. RULE. Accusative of Extent. _Duration of time and extent of space are expressed by the accusative._ _a._ This accusative answers the questions _how long? how far?_ _b._ Distinguish carefully between the accusative of time _how long_ and the ablative of time _when_, or _within which._ Select the accusatives of time and space and the ablatives of time in the following: When did the general arrive? He arrived at two oclock. How long had he been marching? For four days. How far did he march? He marched sixty-five miles. Where has he pitched his camp? Three miles from the river, and he will remain there several days. The wall around the camp is ten feet high. When did the war begin? In the first year after the kings death. 337. EXERCISES First learn the special vocabulary, p. 298. I. _Csar in Gaul_. Caesar bellum in Gallia septem anns gessit. Prm ann Helvtis vcit, et edem ann multae Germanrum gents e ss ddidrunt. Mults iam anns Germn Galls vexabant[1] et ducs Germn cpis sus trns Rhnum saepe trdcbant.[1] Nn singul venibant, sed multa milia hominum in Galliam contendbant. Qu d caus prncips Galliae concilium convocvrunt atque staturunt legates ad Caesarem mittere. Caesar, simul atque hunc rmrem audvit, cpis sus sine mor cogit. Prim lce fortiter cum Germans proelium commsit. Ttum diem criter pugntum est. Caesar ipse dextr corn acicm dxit. Magna pars exercits Germn cecidit. Post magnam caedem pauc multa milia passuum ad flmen fgrunt. II. 1. Csar pitched camp two miles from the river. 2. He fortified the camp with a ditch fifteen feet wide and a rampart nine feet high. 3. The camp of the enemy was a great way off (was distant by a great space). 4. On the next day he hastened ten miles in three hours. 5. Suddenly the enemy with all their forces made an attack upon (in _with acc._) the rear. 6. For two hours the Romans were hard pressed by the barbarians. 7. In three hours the barbarians were fleeing. [Footnote 1: Translate as if pluperfect.] LESSON LX DEPONENT VERBS [Special Vocabulary] aut, conj., _or_; aut ... aut, _either ... or_ caus, abl. of causa, _for the sake of, because of_. Always stands _after_ the gen. which modifies it fer, adv., _nearly, almost_ opni, -nis, f., _opinion, supposition, expectation_ rs frmentria, re frmentriae, f. (lit. _the grain affair_), _grain supply_ timor, -ris, m., _fear_. Cf. time undique, adv., _from all sides_ cnor, cnr, cntus sum, _attempt, try_ ǐgredior, gred, gressus sum, _move out, disembark_; prgredior, _move forward, advance_ (egress, progress) moror, morr, mortus sum, _delay_ orior, orir, ortus sum, _arise, spring; begin; be born_ (_from_) (origin) proficscor, proficsc, profectus sum, _set out_ revertor, revert, reversus sum, _return_ (revert). The forms of this verb are usually active, and not deponent, in the perfect system. Perf. act., revert sequor, sequ, sectus sum, _follow_ (sequence). Note the following compounds of sequor and the force of the different prefixes: cnsequor (_follow with_), _overtake_; ǔnsequor (_follow against_), _pursue_; subsequor (_follow under_), _follow close after_ 338. A number of verbs are passive in form but active in meaning; as, hortor, _I encourage_; vereor, _I fear_. Such verbs are called deponent because they have laid aside (d-pnere, _to lay aside_) the active forms. _a._ Besides having all the forms of the passive, deponent verbs have also the future active infinitive and a few other active forms which will be noted later. (Sec375, 403.b.) 339. The principal parts of deponents are of course passive in form, as, Conj. I hortor, hortr, horttus sum, _encourage_ Conj. II vereor, verr, veritus sum, _fear_ Conj. III (_a_) sequor, sequ, sectus sum, _follow_ (_b_) patior, pat, passus sum, _suffer, allow_ Conj. IV partior, partr, parttus sum, _share, divide_ Learn the synopses of these verbs. (See 493.) Patior is conjugated like the passive of capi (492). 340. PREPOSITIONS WITH THE ACCUSATIVE The prepositions with the accusative that occur most frequently are ante, _before_ apud, _among_ circum, _around_ contr, _against, contrary to_ extr, _outside of_ in, _into, in, against, upon_ inter, _between, among_ intr, _within_ ob, _on account of_ (quam ob rem, _wherefore, therefore_) per, _through, by means of_ post, _after, behind_ propter, _on account of, because of_ trns, _across, over_ _a._ Most of these you have had before. Review the old ones and learn the new ones. Review the list of prepositions governing the ablative, 209. 341. EXERCISES First learn the special vocabulary, p. 298. I. 1. Trs ex lgts, contr Caesaris opninem, iter facere per hostium fns verbantur. 2. Quis es horttus est? Impertor es horttus est et is persudre cntus est, sed nn potuit. 3. Quid lgts perterruit? Aut timor hostium, qu undique prembant, aut longitd viae es perterruit. 4. Tamen omns fer Caesarem mult magis quam hosts verit sunt. 5. Fortissimae gents Galliae ex Germns oribantur. 6. Quam ob rem tam forts erant? Quia nec vnum nec alia quae virttem dlent ad s portr patibantur. 7. Caesar ex merctribus d nsul Britanni quaesvit, sed nihil cognscere potuit. 8. Itaque ipse statuit hanc terram petere, et medi fer aestte cum mults nvibus longs profectus est. 9. Magn celeritte iter confcit et in opportnissim loc gressus est. 10. Barbar summs vribus eum ab nsul prohibre cnt sunt. 11. Ille autem barbars multa mlia passuum nsectus est; tamen sine equitt es cnsequ nn potuit. II. 1. Contrary to our expectation, the enemy fled and the cavalry followed close after them. 2. From all parts of the multitude the shouts arose of those who were being wounded. 3. Csar did not allow the cavalry to pursue too far.[1] 4. The cavalry set out at the first hour and was returning[2] to camp at the fourth hour. 5. Around the Roman camp was a rampart twelve feet high. 6. Csar will delay three days because of the grain supply. 7. Nearly all the lieutenants feared the enemy and attempted to delay the march. [Footnote 1: Comparative of long.] [Footnote 2: Will this be a deponent or an active form?] * * * * * Seventh Review, Lessons LIII-LX, 524-526 * * * * * [Illustration] PART III CONSTRUCTIONS INTRODUCTORY NOTE The preceding part of this book has been concerned chiefly with forms and vocabulary. There remain still to be learned the forms of the Subjunctive Mood, the Participles, and the Gerund of the regular verb, and the conjugation of the commoner irregular verbs. These will be taken up in connection with the study of constructions, which will be the chief subject of our future work. The special vocabularies of the preceding lessons contain, exclusive of proper names, about six hundred words. As these are among the commonest words in the language, _they must be mastered_. They properly form the basis of the study of words, and will be reviewed and used with but few additions in the remaining lessons. For practice in reading and to illustrate the constructions presented, a continued story has been prepared and may be begun at this point (see p. 204). It has been divided into chapters of convenient length to accompany progress through the lessons, but may be read with equal profit after the lessons are finished. The story gives an account of the life and adventures of Publius Cornelius Lentulus, a Roman boy, who fought in Csars campaigns and shared in his triumph. The colored plates illustrating the story are faithful representations of ancient life and are deserving of careful study. LESSON LXI THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD 342. In addition to the indicative, imperative, and infinitive moods, which you have learned, Latin has a fourth mood called the subjunctive. The tenses of the subjunctive are PRESENT } IMPERFECT } ACTIVE AND PASSIVE PERFECT } PLUPERFECT } 343. The tenses of the subjunctive have the same time values as the corresponding tenses of the indicative, and, in addition, _each of them may refer to future time_. No meanings of the tenses will be given in the paradigms, as the translation varies with the construction used. 344. The present subjunctive is inflected as follows: CONJ. I CONJ. II CONJ. III CONJ. IV ACTIVE VOICE SINGULAR 1. amem moneam regam capiam audiam 2. ams mones regs capis audis 3. amet moneat regat capiat audiat PLURAL 1. ammus monemus regmus capimus audimus 2. amtis monetis regtis capitis auditis 3. ament moneant regant capiant audiant PASSIVE VOICE SINGULAR 1. amer monear regar capiar audiar 2. amris moneris regris capiris audiris (-re) (-re) (-re) (-re) (-re) 3. amtur monetur regtur capitur auditur PLURAL 1. ammur monemur regmur capimur audimur 2. ammin monemin regmin capimin audimin 3. amentur moneantur regantur capiantur audiantur _a._ The present subjunctive is formed from the present stem. _b._ The mood sign of the present subjunctive is -- in the first conjugation and -- in the others. It is shortened in the usual places (cf. 12), and takes the place of the final vowel of the stem in the first and third conjugations, but not in the second and fourth. _c._ The personal endings are the same as in the indicative. _d._ In a similar way inflect the present subjunctive of cr, iube, sm, iaci, mni. 345. The present subjunctive of the irregular verb sum is inflected as follows: { 1. sim { 1. smus SING. { 2. ss PLURAL { 2. stis { 3. sit { 3. sint 346. The Indicative and Subjunctive Compared. 1. The two most important of the finite moods are the indicative and the subjunctive. The indicative deals with facts either real or assumed. If, then, we wish to assert something as a fact or to inquire after a fact, we use the indicative. 2. On the other hand, if we wish to express a _desire_ or _wish_, a _purpose_, a _possibility_, an _expectation_, or some such notion, we must use the subjunctive. The following sentences illustrate the difference between the indicative and the subjunctive ideas. INDICATIVE IDEAS SUBJUNCTIVE IDEAS 1. _He is brave_ 1. _May he be brave_ Fortis est Fortis sit (idea of wishing) 2. _We set out at once_ 2. _Let us set out at once_ Statim proficscimur Statim proficscmur (idea of willing) 3. _You hear him every day_ 3. _You can hear him every day_ Cotdi eum auds Cotdi eum audis (idea of possibility) 4. _He remained until the ship_ 4. _He waited until the ship_ _arrived_ _should arrive_ Mnsit dum nvis pervnit Exspectvit dum nvis pervenret[1] (idea of expectation) 5. _Csar sends men who find the_ 5. _Csar sends men_ _bridge_ _who are to find_ (or _to find_) _the bridge_ Caesar mittit homins qu Caesar homins mittit qu pontem reperiunt pontem reperiant (idea of purpose) [Footnote 1: pervenret, imperfect subjunctive.] NOTE. From the sentences above we observe that the subjunctive may be used in either independent or dependent clauses; but it is far more common in the latter than in the former. 347. EXERCISE Which verbs in the following paragraph would be in the indicative and which in the subjunctive in a Latin translation? There have been times in the history of our country when you might be proud of being an American citizen. Do you remember the day when Dewey sailed into Manila Bay to capture or destroy the enemys fleet? You might have seen the admiral standing on the bridge calmly giving his orders. He did not even wait until the mines should be removed from the harbors mouth, but sailed in at once. Let us not despair of our country while such valor exists, and may the future add new glories to the past. LESSON LXII THE SUBJUNCTIVE OF PURPOSE 348. Observe the sentence Caesar homins mittit qu pontem reperiant, _Csar sends men to find the bridge_ The verb reperiant in the dependent clause is in the subjunctive because it tells us what Csar wants the men to do; in other words, it expresses his will and the purpose in his mind. Such a use of the subjunctive is called the subjunctive of purpose. 349. RULE. Subjunctive of Purpose. _The subjunctive is used in a dependent clause to express the purpose of the action in the principal clause._ 350. A clause of purpose is introduced as follows: I. If something is wanted, by qu, the relative pronoun (as above) ut, conj., _in order that, that_ qu (abl. of qu, _by which_), _in order that, that_, used when the purpose clause contains a comparative. The ablative qu expresses the measure of difference. (Cf. 317.) II. If something is not wanted, by n, conj., _in order that not, that not, lest_ 351. EXAMPLES 1. Caesar cpis cgit quibus hosts nsequtur _Csar collects troops with which to pursue the foe_ 2. Pcem petunt ut domum revertantur _They ask for peace in order that they may return home_ 3. Pontem faciunt qu facilius oppidum capiant _They build a bridge that they may take the town more easily_ (lit. _by which the more easily_) 4. Fugiunt n vulnerentur _They flee that they may not_ (or _lest they_) _be wounded_ 352. Expression of Purpose in English. In English, purpose clauses are sometimes introduced by _that_ or _in order that_, but much more frequently purpose is expressed in English by the infinitive, as _We eat to live_, _She stoops to conquer_. In Latin prose, on the other hand, purpose is never expressed by the infinitive. Be on your guard and do not let the English idiom betray you into this error. 353. EXERCISES I. 1. Veniunt ut { dcant, mittant, videant, audiant, { dcantur, mittantur, videantur, audiantur. 2. Fugimus n { capimur, trdmur, videmus, { necmur, rapimur, resistmus. 3. Mittit nntis qu { dicant, audiant, veniant, { nrrent, audiantur, in concili sedeant. 4. Castra mniunt { ss dfendant, impetum sustineant, qu facilius { hosts vincant, saltem petant. II. 1. The Helvetii send ambassadors to seek[1] peace. 2. They are setting out at daybreak in order that they may make a longer march before night. 3. They will hide the women in the forest (_acc. with_ in) that they may not be captured. 4. The Gauls wage many wars to free[1] their fatherland from slavery. 5. They will resist the Romans[2] bravely lest they be destroyed. [Footnote 1: Not infinitive.] [Footnote 2: Not accusative.] LESSON LXIII INFLECTION OF THE IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE THE SEQUENCE OF TENSES 354. The imperfect subjunctive may be formed by adding the personal endings to the present active infinitive. CONJ. I CONJ. II CONJ. III CONJ. IV ACTIVE 1. amrem monrem regerem caperem audrem 2. amrs monrs regers capers audrs 3. amret monret regeret caperet audret 1. amrmus monrmus regermus capermus audrmus 2. amrtis monrtis regertis capertis audrtis 3. amrent monrent regerent caperent audrent PASSIVE 1. amrer monrer regerer caperer audrer 2. amrris monrris regerris caperris audrris (-re) (-re) (-re) (-re) (-re) 3. amrtur monrtur regertur capertur audrtur 1. amrmur monrmur regermur capermur audrmur 2. amrmin monrmin regermin capermin audremin 3. amrentur monrentur regerentur caperentur audrentur _a._ In a similar way inflect the imperfect subjunctive, active and passive, of cr, iube, sm, iaci, mni. 355. The imperfect subjunctive of the irregular verb sum is inflected as follows: { 1. essem { 1. essmus SING. { 2. esss PLURAL { 2. esstis { 3. esset { 3. essent 356. The three great distinctions of time are _present_, _past_, and _future_. All tenses referring to present or future time are called primary tenses, and those referring to past time are called secondary tenses. Now it is a very common law of language that in a complex sentence the tense in the dependent clause should be of the same kind as the tense in the principal clause. In the sentence _He says that he is coming_, the principal verb, _says_, is present, that is, is in a primary tense; and _is coming_, in the dependent clause, is naturally also primary. If I change _he says_ to _he said_,--in other words, if I make the principal verb secondary in character,--I feel it natural to change the verb in the dependent clause also, and I say, _He said that he was coming_. This following of a tense by another of the same kind is called _tense sequence_, from _sequ_, to follow. In Latin the law of tense sequence is obeyed with considerable regularity, especially when an indicative in the principal clause is followed by a subjunctive in the dependent clause. Then a primary tense of the indicative is followed by a primary tense of the subjunctive, and a secondary tense of the indicative is followed by a secondary tense of the subjunctive. Learn the following table: 357. TABLE FOR SEQUENCE OF TENSES +-----+-------------------+-------------------------------------------+ | | PRINCIPAL VERB | DEPENDENT VERBS IN THE SUBJUNCTIVE | | P | IN THE +---------------------+---------------------+ | R | INDICATIVE | _Incomplete or_ | _Completed Action_ | | I | | _Continuing Action_ | | | M +-------------------+---------------------+---------------------+ | A | Present | | | | R | Future | Present | Perfect | | T | Future perfect | | | +-----+-------------------+---------------------+---------------------+ | S D | | | | | E A | Imperfect | | | | C R | Perfect | Imperfect | Pluperfect | | O Y | Pluperfect | | | | N- | | | | +-----+-------------------+---------------------+---------------------+ 358. RULE. Sequence of Tenses. _Primary tenses are followed by primary tenses and secondary by secondary._ 359. EXAMPLES I. Primary tenses in principal and dependent clauses: Mittit } Mittet } homins ut agrs vstent Mserit } { _sends_ } { _that they may_ } _He_ { _will send_ } _men_ { _in order to_ } { _will have sent_ } { _to lay waste the fields_ } II. Secondary tenses in principal and dependent clauses: Mittbat} Msit } homins ut agrs vstrent Mserat } { _was sending_ } { _that they might_ } _He_ { _sent or has sent_ } _men_ { _in order to_ } { _had sent_ } { _to lay waste the fields_ } 360. EXERCISES I. 1. Vnerant ut {dcerent, mitterent, vidrent, audrent, {dcerentur, mitterentur, vidrentur, audirentur 2. Fugibat n {capertur, trdertur, vidrtur, {necrtur, rapertur, resisteret. 3. Misit nntis qu {dcerent, audrent, venrent {nrrrent, audrentur, in concili sedrent. 4. Castra mnvrunt {ss dfenderent, impetum sustinrent, qu facilius {hosts vincerent, saltem peterent. II. 1. Csar encouraged the soldiers in order that they might fight more bravely. 2. The Helvetii left their homes to wage war. 3. The scouts set out at once lest they should be captured by the Germans. 4. Csar inflicted punishment on them in order that the others might be more terrified. 5. He sent messengers to Rome to announce the victory. LESSON LXIV THE PERFECT AND PLUPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE SUBSTANTIVE CLAUSES OF PURPOSE 361. The perfect and the pluperfect subjunctive active are inflected as follows: CONJ. I CONJ. II CONJ. III CONJ. IV PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE SINGULAR 1. amverim monuerim rxerim cperim audverim 2. amveris monueris rxeris cperis audveris 3. amverit monuerit rxerit cperit audverit PLURAL 1. amverimus monuerimus rxerimus cperimus audverimus 2. amveritis monueritis rxeritis cperitis audveritis 3. amverint monuerint rxerint cperint audverint PLUPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE SINGULAR 1. amvissem monuissem rxissem cpissem audvissem 2. amvisss monuisss rxisss cpisss audvissm 3. amvisset monuisset rxisset cpisset audvisset PLURAL 1. amvissmus monuissmus rxissmus cpissmus audvissmus 2. amvisstis monuisstis rxisstis cpisstis audvisstis 3. amvissent monuissent rxissent cpissent audvissent _a._ Observe that these two tenses, like the corresponding ones in the indicative, are formed from the perfect stem. _b._ Observe that the perfect subjunctive active is like the future perfect indicative active, excepting that the first person singular ends in -m and not in -. _c._ Observe that the pluperfect subjunctive active may be formed by adding -issem, -isss, etc. to the perfect stem. _d._ In a similar way inflect the perfect and pluperfect subjunctive active of cr, iube, sm, iaci, mni. 362. The passive of the perfect subjunctive is formed by combining the perfect passive participle with sim, the present subjunctive of sum. CONJ. I CONJ. II CONJ. III CONJ. IV PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE SINGULAR 1. amtus sim monitus sim rctus sim captus sim audtus sim 2. amtus ss monitus ss rctus ss captus ss audtus ss 3. amtus sit monitus sit rctus sit captus sit audtus sit PLURAL 1. amt smus monit s. rct s. capt s. audt s. 2. amt stis monit s. rct s. capt s. audt s. 3. amt sint monit sint rct sint capt sint audt sint 363. The passive of the pluperfect subjunctive is formed by combining the perfect passive participle with essem, the imperfect subjunctive of sum. CONJ. I CONJ. II CONJ. III CONJ. IV PLUPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE SINGULAR 1. amtus essem monitus essem rctus essem captus e. audtus e. 2. amtus esss monitus esss rctus esss captus e. audtus e. 3. amtus esset monitus esset rctus esset captus e. audtus e. PLURAL 1. amt essmus monit essmus rct essmus capt e. audt e. 2. amt esstis monit esstis rct esstis capt e. audt e. 3. amt essent monit essent rct essent capt e. audt e. _a._ In a similar way inflect the perfect and pluperfect subjunctive passive of cr, iube, sm, iaci, mni. 364. The perfect and pluperfect subjunctive of the irregular verb sum are inflected as follows: PERFECT PLUPERFECT fuerim fuerimus fuissem fuissmus fueris fueritis fuisss fuisstis fuerit fuerint fuisset fuissent 365. A substantive clause is a clause used like a noun, as, _That the men are afraid_ is clear enough (clause as subject) He ordered _them to call on him_ (clause as object) We have already had many instances of infinitive clauses used in this way (cf. 213), and have noted the similarity between Latin and English usage in this respect. But the Latin often uses the _subjunctive_ in substantive clauses, and this marks an important difference between the two languages. 366. RULE. Substantive Clauses of Purpose. _A substantive clause of purpose with the subjunctive is used as the object of verbs of commanding, urging, asking, persuading, or advising, where in English we should usually have the infinitive._ EXAMPLES 1. _The general ordered the soldiers to run_ Impertor mlitibus impervit ut currerent 2. _He urged them to resist bravely_ Horttus est ut fortiter resisterent 3. _He asked them to give the children food_ Petvit ut lbers cibum darent 4. _He will persuade us not to set out_ Nbs persudbit n proficscmur 5. _He advises us to remain at home_ Monet ut dom manemus _a._ The object clauses following these verbs all express the purpose or will of the principal subject that something be done or not done. (Cf. 348.) 367. The following verbs are used with object clauses of purpose. Learn the list and the principal parts of the new ones. hortor, _urge_ imper, _order_ (with the _dative_ of the _person_ ordered and a _subjunctive clause_ of the _thing_ ordered done) mone, _advise_ pet, quaer, rog, _ask, seek_ persude, _persuade_ (with the same construction as imper) postul, _demand, require_ sude, _advise_ (cf. persude) N.B. Remember that iube, _order_, takes the infinitive as in English. (Cf. 213.1.) Compare the sentences Iube eum venre, _I order him to come_ Imper e ut veniat, _I give orders to him that he is to come_ We ordinarily translate both of these sentences like the first, but the difference in meaning between iube and imper in the Latin requires the _infinitive_ in the one case and the _subjunctive_ in the other. 368. EXERCISES I. 1. Petit atque horttur ut ipse dcat. 2. Caesar Helvtis imperrvit n per prvinciam iter facerent. 3. Caesar nn iussit Helvtis per prvinciam iter facere. 4. Ille cvibus persusit ut d fnibus sus discderent. 5. Caesar prncips monbit n proelium committant. 6. Postulvit n cum Helvtis aut cum erum socis bellum gererent. 7. Ab is quaesv n proficscerentur. 8. Is persudre nn potu ut dom manrent. II. 1. Who ordered Csar to make the march? (_Write this sentence both with_ imper _and with_ iube.) 2. The faithless scouts persuaded him to set out at daybreak. 3. They will ask him not to inflict punishment. 4. He demanded that they come to the camp. 5. He advised them to tell everything (omnia). NOTE. Do not forget that the English infinitive expressing purpose must be rendered by a Latin subjunctive. Review 352. [Illustration: LEGIO ITER FACIT] LESSON LXV THE SUBJUNCTIVE OF _POSSUM_ VERBS OF FEARING 369. Learn the subjunctive of possum (495), and note especially the position of the accent. 370. Subjunctive after Verbs of Fearing. We have learned that what we want done or not done is expressed in Latin by a subjunctive clause of purpose. In this class belong also _clauses after verbs of fearing_, for we fear either that something will happen or that it will not, and we either want it to happen or we do not. If we want a thing to happen and fear that it will not, the purpose clause is introduced by ut. If we do not want it to happen and fear that it will, n is used. Owing to a difference between the English and Latin idiom we translate ut after a verb of fearing by _that not_, and n by _that_ or _lest_. 371. EXAMPLES time } { veniat timb } ut { timuer } { vnerit _I fear_, _shall fear_, _shall have feared_, _that he will not come_, _has not come_ timbam } { venret timu } ut { timueram } { vnisset _I was fearing_, _feared_, _had feared_, _that he would not come_, _had not come_ The same examples with n instead of ut would be translated _I fear that_ or _lest he will come_, _has come_, etc. 372. RULE. Subjunctive after Verbs of Fearing. _Verbs of fearing are followed by a substantive clause of purpose introduced by ut (that not) or n (that or lest)._ 373. EXERCISES I. 1. Caesar verbtur ut supplicium captvrum Galls placret. 2. Rmn ips magnopere verbantur n Helvti iter per prvinciam facerent. 3. Timbant ut satis re frmentriae mitt posset. 4. Vereor ut hostium impetum sustinre possim. 5. Timuit n impedmenta ab hostibus capta essent. 6. Caesar numquam timuit n legins vincerentur. 7. Legins pugnre nn timurunt.[1] II. 1. We fear that they are not coming. 2. We fear lest they are coming. 3. We feared that they had come. 4. We feared that they had not come. 5. They feared greatly that the camp could not be defended. 6. Almost all feared[1] to leave the camp. [Footnote 1: Distinguish between what one is afraid _to do_ (complementary infinitive as here) and what one is afraid _will take place_ or _has taken place_ (substantive clause with the subjunctive).] LESSON LXVI THE PARTICIPLES 374. The Latin verb has the following Participles:[1] [Transcribers Note: For reasons of space, this table is given in two forms: first a reduced version without translation, and then the complete text, including translations, split into two elements.] CONJ. I CONJ. II CONJ. III CONJ. IV ACTIVE PRESENT amns monns regns capins audins FUTURE amtrus monitrus rctrus captrus audtrus PASSIVE PERFECT amtus monitus rctus captus audtus FUTURE[2] amandus monendus regendus capiendus audiendus CONJ. I CONJ. II ACTIVE PRESENT amns monns _loving_ _advising_ FUTURE amtrus monitrus _about to love_ _about to advise_ PASSIVE PERFECT amtus monitus _loved, having_ _advised, having been advised_ _been loved_ FUTURE[2] amandus monendus _to be loved_ _to be advised_ CONJ. III CONJ. IV ACTIVE PRESENT regns capins audins _ruling_ _taking_ _hearing_ FUTURE rctrus captrus audtrus _about to rule_ _about to take_ _about to hear_ PASSIVE PERFECT rctus captus audtus _ruled, having_ _taken, having_ _heard, havinh_ _been ruled_ _been taken_ _been heard_ FUTURE[2] regendus capiendus audiendus _to be ruled_ _to be taken_ _to be heard_ [Footnote 1: Review 203.] [Footnote 2: The future passive participle is often called the _gerundive_.] _a._ The present active and future passive participles are formed from the present stem, and the future active and perfect passive participles are formed from the participial stem. _b._ The present active participle is formed by adding -ns to the present stem. In -i verbs of the third conjugation, and in the fourth conjugation, the stem is modified by the addition of --, as capi--ns, audi--ns. It is declined like an adjective of one ending of the third declension. (Cf. 256.) amns, _loving_ BASE amant- STEM amanti- SINGULAR PLURAL MASC. AND FEM. NEUT. MASC. AND FEM. NEUT. _Nom._ amns amns amants amantia _Gen._ amantis amantis amantium amantium _Dat._ amant amant amantibus amantibus _Acc._ amantem amns amants amantia _or_ -s _Abl._ amant amant amantibus amantibus _or_ -e _or_ -e (1) When used as an adjective the ablative singular ends in -; when used as a participle or as a substantive, in -e. (2) In a similar way decline monns, regns, capins, audins. _c._ The future active participle is formed by adding -rus to the base of the participial stem. We have already met this form combined with esse to produce the future active infinitive. (Cf. 206.) _d._ For the perfect passive participle see 201. The future passive participle or gerundive is formed by adding -ndus to the present stem. _e._ All participles in -us are declined like bonus. _f._ Participles agree with nouns or pronouns like adjectives. _g._ Give all the participles of the following verbs: cr, iube, sm, iaci, mni. 375. Participles of Deponent Verbs. Deponent verbs have the participles of the active voice as well as of the passive; consequently every deponent verb has four participles, as, _Pres. Act._ hortns, _urging_ _Fut. Act._ horttrus, _about to urge_ _Perf. Pass._ (in form) horttus, _having urged_ _Fut. Pass._ (_Gerundive_) hortandus, _to be urged_ _a._ Observe that the perfect participle of deponent verbs is passive in form but _active_ in meaning. _No other verbs have a perfect active participle._ On the other hand, the future passive participle of deponent verbs is passive in meaning as in other verbs. _b._ Give the participles of cnor, vereor, sequor, patior, partior. 376. Tenses of the Participle. The tenses express time as follows: 1. The present active participle corresponds to the English present active participle in _-ing_, but can be used only of an action occurring at the same time as the action of the main verb; as, mlits nsequents cprunt mults, _the soldiers, while pursuing, captured many._ Here the pursuing and the capturing are going on together. 2. The perfect participle (excepting of deponents) is regularly passive and corresponds to the English past participle with or without the auxiliary _having been_; as, audtus, _heard_ or _having been heard_. 3. The future active participle, translated _about to_, etc., denotes time after the action of the main verb. 377. Review 203, 204, and, note the following model sentences: 1. Mlits currents erant dfess, _the soldiers who were running_ (lit. _running_) _were weary_. 2. Caesar profectrus Rmam nn exspectvit, _Csar, when about to set out_ (lit. _about to set out_) _for Rome, did not wait_. 3. Oppidum captum vdimus, _we saw the town which had been captured_ (lit. _captured town_). 4. Impertor trduum mortus profectus est, _the general, since_ (_when_, or _after_) _he had delayed_ (lit. _the general, having delayed_) _three days, set out_. 5. Mlits vct terga nn vertrunt, _the soldiers, though they were conquered_ (lit. _the soldiers conquered_), _did not retreat_. In each of these sentences the literal translation of the participle is given in parentheses. We note, however, that its proper translation usually requires a clause beginning with some conjunction (_when, since, after, though_, etc.), or a relative clause. Consider, in each case, what translation will best bring out the thought, and do not, as a rule, translate the participle literally. 378. EXERCISES I. 1. Puer timns n capitur fugit. 2. Aquila r commta avs reliqus interficere cnta erat. 3. Mlits ab hostibus press tla iacere nn poturunt. 4. Caesar decimam leginem laudtrus ad prmum agmen prgressus est. 5. Impertor horttus equits ut fortiter pugnrent signum proeli dedit. 6. Mlits hosts oct milia passuum nsect mults cum captvs ad castra revertrunt. 7. Sl orins mults interfects vdit. 8. Rmn cnsilium audx suspict barbaris ss nn commsrunt. 9. Nvis port gressa nll in percul erat. II.[3] 1. The army was in very great danger while marching through the enemys country. 2. Frightened by the length of the way, they longed for home. 3. When the scouts were about to set out, they heard the shouts of victory. 4. When we had delayed many days, we set fire to the buildings and departed. 5. While living at Rome I heard orators much better than these. 6. The soldiers who are fighting across the river are no braver than we. [Footnote 3: In this exercise use participles for the subordinate clauses.] LESSON LXVII THE IRREGULAR VERBS _VOL_, _NL_, _ML_ THE ABLATIVE WITH A PARTICIPLE, OR ABLATIVE ABSOLUTE 379. Learn the principal parts and conjugation of vol, _wish_; nl (ne + vol), _be unwilling_; ml (magis + vol), _be more willing, prefer_ (497). Note the irregularities in the present indicative, subjunctive, and infinitive, and in the imperfect subjunctive. (Cf. 354.) _a._ These verbs are usually followed by the infinitive with or without a subject accusative; as, volunt venre, _they wish to come_; volunt amcs venre, _they wish their friends to come_. The English usage is the same.[1] [Footnote 1: Sometimes the subjunctive of purpose is used after these verbs. (See 366.)] [ Conjugations given in 497: PRINCIPAL PARTS: vol, velle, volu, ----, _be willing, will, wish_ nl, nlle, nlu, ----, _be unwilling, will not_ ml, mlle, mlu, ----, _be more willing, prefer_ INDICATIVE SINGULAR _Pres._ vol nl ml vs nn vis mvs vult nn vult mvult PLURAL volumus nlumus mlumus vultis nn vultis mvultis volunt nlunt mlunt _Impf._ volbam nlbam mlbam _Fut._ volam, vols, etc. nlam, nls, etc. mlam, mls, etc. _Perf._ volu nlu mlu _Plup._ volueram nlueram mlueram _F. P._ voluer nluer mluer SUBJUNCTIVE SINGULAR _Pres._ velim nlim mlim vels nls mls velit nlit mlit PLURAL velmus nlmus mlmus veltis nltis mltis velint nlint mlint _Impf._ vellem nllem mllem _Perf._ voluerim nluerim mluerim _Plup._ voluissem nluissem mluissem IMPERATIVE _Pres._ nl nlte _Fut._ nlt, etc. INFINITIVE _Pres._ velle nlle mlle _Perf._ voluisse nluisse mluisse PARTICIPLE _Pres._ volns, -entis nlns, -entis ----] 380. Observe the following sentences: 1. Magistr laudante omns puer dligenter labrant, _with the teacher praising_, or _since the teacher praises_, or _the teacher praising, all the boys labor diligently._ 2. Caesare dcente nm prgred timet, _with Csar leading_, or _when Csar leads_, or _if Csar leads_, or _Csar leading, no one fears to advance._ 3. His rbus cognits mlits fgrunt, _when this was known_, or _since this was known_, or _these things having been learned, the soldiers fled._ 4. Proeli commiss mult vulnert sunt, _after the battle had begun_, or _when the battle had begun_, or _the battle having been joined, many were wounded._ _a._ One of the fundamental ablative relations is expressed in English by the preposition _with_ (cf. 50). In each of the sentences above we have a noun and a participle in agreement in the ablative, and the translation shows that in each instance the ablative expresses _attendant circumstance_. For example, in the first sentence the circumstance attending or accompanying the diligent labor of the boys is the praise of the teacher. This is clearly a _with_ relation, and the ablative is the case to use. _b._ We observe, further, that the ablative and its participle are absolutely independent grammatically of the rest of the sentence. If we were to express the thought in English in a similar way, we should use the nominative independent or absolute. In Latin the construction is called the Ablative Absolute, or the Ablative with a Participle. This form of expression is exceedingly common in Latin, but rather rare in English, so we must not, as a rule, employ the English absolute construction to translate the ablative abolute. The attendant circumstance may be one of _time_ (when or after), or one of _cause_ (since), or one of _concession_ (though), or one of _condition_ (if). In each case try to discover the precise relation, and tranlate the ablative and its participle by a clause which will best express the thought. 381. RULE. Ablative Absolute. _The ablative of a noun or pronoun with a present or perfect participle in agreement is used to express attendant circumstance._ NOTE 1. The verb sum has no present participle. In consequence we often find two nouns or a noun and an adjective in the ablative absolute with no participle expressed; as, t duce, _you_ (being) _leader_, _with you as leader_; patre nfirm, _my father_ (being) _weak_. NOTE 2. Be very careful not to put in the ablative absolute a noun and participle that form the subject or object of a sentence. Compare _a._ _The Gauls, having been conquered by Csar, returned home_ _b._ _The Gauls having been conquered by Csar, the army returned home_ In _a_ the subject is _The Gauls having been conquered by Csar_, and we translate, Gall Caesare victi domum revertrunt In _b_ the subject is _the army_. _The Gauls having been conquered by Csar_ is nominative absolute in English, which requires the ablative absolute in Latin, and we translate, Galls Caesare victs exercitus domum revertit NOTE 3. The fact that only deponent verbs have a perfect active participle (cf. 375.a) often compels a change of voice when translating from one language to the other. For example, we can translate _Csar having encouraged the legions_ just as it stands, because hortor is a deponent verb. But if we wish to say _Csar having conquered the Gauls_, we have to change the voice of the participle to the passive because vinc is not deponent, and say, _the Gauls having been conquered by Csar_ (see translation above). 382. EXERCISES I. 1. Mvs, nn vs, vultis, nlumus. 2. Ut nlit, ut vellmus, ut mlit. 3. Nl, velle, nluisse, mlle. 4. Vult, mvultis, ut nllet, nlte. 5. Sle oriente, avs cantre incprunt. 6. Clmribus audts, barbar prgred recsbant. 7. Caesare legins hortt, mlits paul fortius pugnvrunt. 8. Hs rbus cognits, Helvti fnitims persusrunt ut scum iter facerent. 9. Labribus cnfects, mlits Caesare quaerbant ut sibi praemia daret. 10. Concili convoct, prncips ita respondrunt. 11. Dux plrs dis in Helvtirum fnibus morns mults vcs incendit. 12. Magnitdine Germnrum cognit, qudam ex Rmnis timbant. 13. Merctribus rogts, Caesar nihil pls reperre potuit. II. 1. He was unwilling, lest they prefer, they have wished. 2. You prefer, that they might be unwilling, they wish. 3. We wish, they had preferred, that he may prefer. 4. Csar, when he heard the rumor (_the rumor having been heard_), commanded (imperre) the legions to advance more quickly. 5. Since Csar was leader, the men were willing to make the journey. 6. A few, terrified[2] by the reports which they had heard, preferred to remain at home. 7. After these had been left behind, the rest hastened as quickly as possible. 8. After Csar had undertaken the business (_Csar, the business having been undertaken_), he was unwilling to delay longer.[3] [Footnote 2: Would the ablative absolute be correct here?] [Footnote 3: Not longius. Why?] LESSON LXVIII THE IRREGULAR VERB _F_ THE SUBJUNCTIVE OF RESULT 383. The verb f, _be made, happen_, serves as the passive of faci, _make_, in the present system. The rest of the verb is formed regularly from faci. Learn the principal parts and conjugation (500). Observe that the i is long except before -er and in fit. _a._ The compounds of facio with prepositions usually form the passive regularly, as, _Active_ cnfici, cnficere, cnfc, cnfectus _Passive_ cnficior, cnfic, cnfectus sum [ Conjugation given in 500: PRINCIPAL PARTS f, fier, factus sum INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE IMPERATIVE _Pres._ f ---- fam _2d Pers._ f fte fs ---- fit funt _Impf._ fbam fierem _Fut._ fam ---- INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE _Perf._ factus, -a, -um sum factus, -a, -um sim _Plup._ factus, -a, -um eram factus, -a, -um essem _F. P._ factus, -a, -um er INFINITIVE PARTICIPLES _Pres._ fier _Perf._ factus, -a, -um _Perf._ factus, -a, -um esse _Ger._ faciendus, -a, -um _Fut._ [[factum r]]] 384. Observe the following sentences: 1. Terror erat tantus ut omns fugerent, _the terror was so great that all fled._ 2. Terror erat tantus ut nn facile mlits ss reciperent, _the terror was so great that the soldiers did not easily recover themselves._ 3. Terror fcit ut omns fugerent, _terror caused all to flee_ (lit. _made that all fled_). _a._ Each of these sentences is complex, containing a principal clause and a subordinate clause. _b._ The principal clause names a cause and the subordinate clause states the _consequence_ or _result_ of this cause. _c._ The subordinate clause has its verb in the subjunctive, though it is translated like an indicative. The construction is called the _subjunctive of consequence or result_, and the clause is called a consecutive or result clause. _d._ In the last example the clause of result is the object of the verb fcit. _e._ The conjunction introducing the consecutive or result clause is ut = _so that_; negative, ut nn = _so that not_. 385. RULE. Subjunctive of Result. _Consecutive clauses of result are introduced by ut or ut nn and have the verb in the subjunctive._ 386. RULE. _Object clauses of result with ut or ut nn are found after verbs of effecting or bringing about._ 387. Purpose and Result Clauses Compared. There is great similarity in the expression of purpose and of result in Latin. If the sentence is affirmative, both purpose and result clauses may be introduced by ut; but if the sentence is negative, the purpose clause has n and the result clause ut nn. Result clauses are often preceded in the main clause by such words as tam, ita, sic (_so_), and these serve to point them out. Compare _a._ Tam graviter vulnertus est ut capertur _He was so severely wounded that he was captured_ _b._ Graviter vulnertus est ut capertur _He was severely wounded in order that he might be captured_ Which sentence contains a result clause, and how is it pointed out? 388. EXERCISES I. 1. Fit, fet, ut fat, fbmus. 2. F, fs, ut fierent, fier, funt. 3. Ftis, ut fmus, fs, femus. 4. Mlits erant tam tard ut ante noctem in castra nn pervenrent. 5. Sl facit ut omnia sint pulchra. 6. Eius mod percula erant ut nm proficsc vellet. 7. Equits hostium cum equitt nostr in itinere contendrunt, ita tamen[1] ut nostr omnibus in partibus superirs essent. 8. Virts mlitum nostrrum fcit ut hosts n num quidem[2] impetum sustinrent. 9. Homins erant tam audcs ut nll mod continr possent. 10. Spatium erat tam parvum ut mlits tla iacere nn facile possent. 11. Hc proeli fact barbar ita perterrit sunt ut ab ultims gentibus lgt ad Caesarem mitterentur. 12. Hoc proelium factum est n lgt ad Caesarem mitterentur. [Footnote 1: ita tamen, _with such a result however_.] [Footnote 2: n ... quidem, _not even_. The emphatic word is placed between.] II. 1. It will happen, they were being made, that it may happen. 2. It happens, he will be made, to happen. 3. They are made, we were being made, lest it happen. 4. The soldiers are so brave that they conquer. 5. The soldiers are brave in order that they may conquer. 6. The fortification was made so strong that it could not be taken. 7. The fortification was made strong in order that it might not be taken. 8. After the town was taken,[3] the townsmen feared that they would be made slaves. 9. What state is so weak that it is unwilling to defend itself? [Footnote 3: Ablative absolute.] LESSON LXIX THE SUBJUNCTIVE OF CHARACTERISTIC OR DESCRIPTION THE PREDICATE ACCUSATIVE 389. Akin to the subjunctive of consequence or result is the use of the subjunctive in clauses of characteristic or description. This construction is illustrated in the following sentences: 1. Quis est qu suam domum nn amet? _who is there who does not love his own home?_ 2. Erant qu hoc facere nllent, _there were (some) who were unwilling to do this._ 3. T nn is es qu amcs trds, _you are not such a one as to_, or _you are not the man to, betray your friends._ 4. Nihil vide quod timeam, _I see nothing to fear_ (nothing of such as character as to fear it). _a._ Each of these examples contains a descriptive relative clause which tells what kind of a person or thing the antecedent is. To express this thought the subjunctive is used. A relative clause that merely states a fact and does not describe the antecedent uses the indicative. Compare the sentences _Csar is the man who is leading us_, Caesar est is qu ns dcit (mere statement of fact, no description, with the indicative) _Csar is the man to lead us_, Caesar est is qu ns dcat (descriptive relative clause with the subjunctive) _b._ Observe that in this construction a demonstrative pronoun and a relative, as is qu, are translated _such a one as to, the man to_. _c._ In which of the following sentences would you use the indicative and in which the subjunctive? _These are not the men who did this_ _These are not the men to do this_ 390. RULE. Subjunctive of Characteristic. _A relative clause with the subjunctive is often used to describe an antecedent. This is called the subjunctive of characteristic or description._ 391. Observe the sentences 1. Rmn Caesarem cnsulem fcrunt, _the Romans made Csar consul_. 2. Caesar cnsul Rmns factus est, _Csar was made consul by the Romans_. _a._ Observe in 1 that the transitive verb fcrunt, _made_, has two objects: (1) the direct object, Caesarem; (2) a second object, cnsulem, referring to the same person as the direct object and completing the predicate. The second accusative is called a Predicate Accusative. _b._ Observe in 2 that when the verb is changed to the passive both of the accusatives become nominatives, the _direct object_ becoming the _subject_ and the _predicate accusative_ the _predicate nominative_. 392. RULE. Two Accusatives. _Verbs of making, choosing, calling, showing, and the like, may take a predicate accusative along with the direct object. With the passive voice the two accusatives become nominatives._ 393. The verbs commonly found with two accusatives are creo, crere, crev, cretus, _choose_ appell, appellre, appellv, appelltus } nmin, nminre, nminv, nmintus } _call_ voc, vocre, vocv, voctus } faci, facere, fc, factus, _make_ 394. EXERCISES I. 1. In Germniae silvis sunt[1] multa genera ferrum quae reliqus in locs nn vsa sint. 2. Erant[1] itinera duo quibus Helvti dom discdere possent. 3. Erat[1] manus nlla, nllum oppidum, nllum praesidium quod s arms dfenderet. 4. Tt frment rapt, dom nihil erat qu mortem prohibre possent. 5. Rmn Galbam ducem crevrunt et summ celeritte profect sunt. 6. Neque erat[1] tantae multitdinis quisquam qu morr vellet. 7. Germn nn i sunt qu adventum Caesaris vereantur. 8. Cnsulibus occss erant qu[2] vellent cum rgem crere. 9. Pce fact erat nm qu arma trdere nllet. 10. Inter Helvtis quis erat qu nbilior ill esset? II. 1. The Romans called the city Rome. 2. The city was called Rome by the Romans. 3. The better citizens wished to choose him king. 4. The brave soldier was not the man to run. 5. There was no one [3]to call me friend. 6. These are not the men to[4] betray their friends. 7. There were (some) who called him the bravest of all. [Footnote 1: Remember that when the verb sum precedes its subject it is translated _there is_, _there are_, _there were_, etc.] [Footnote 2: erant qu, _there were_ (some) _who_. A wholly indefinite antecedent of qu does not need to be expressed.] [Footnote 3: A relative clause of characteristic or description.] [Footnote 4: See 389.b.] * * * * * Eighth Review, Lessons LXI-LXIX, 527-528 * * * * * LESSON LXX THE CONSTRUCTIONS WITH THE CONJUNCTION _CUM_ THE ABLATIVE OF SPECIFICATION 395. The conjunction cum has the following meanings and constructions: cum TEMPORAL = _when_, followed by the indicative or the subjunctive cum CAUSAL = _since_, followed by the subjunctive cum CONCESSIVE = _although_, followed by the subjunctive As you observe, the mood after cum is sometimes indicative and sometimes subjunctive. The reason for this will be made clear by a study of the following sentences: 1. Caesarem vd tum cum in Galli eram, _I saw Csar at the time when I was in Gaul_. 2. Caesar in es impetum fcit cum pcem peterent, _Csar made an attack upon them when they were seeking peace_. 3. Hoc erat difficile cum pauc sine vulneribus essent, _this was difficult, since only a few were without wounds_. 4. Cum prm rdins fgissent, tamen reliqu fortiter cnsistbant, _though the front ranks had fled, yet the rest bravely stood their ground_. _a._ The underlying principle is one already familiar to you (cf. 389.a). When the cum clause states a fact and simply _fixes the time_ at which the main action took place, the indicative mood is used. So, in the first example, cum in Galli eram fixes the time when I saw Csar. _b._ On the other hand, when the cum clause _describes the circumstances_ under which the main act took place, the subjunctive mood is used. So, in the second example, the principal clause states that Csar made an attack, and the cum clause describes the circumstances under which this act occurred. The idea of _time_ is also present, but it is subordinate to the idea of _description_. Sometimes the descriptive clause is one of _cause_ and we translate cum by _since_; sometimes it denotes _concession_ and cum is translated _although_. 396. RULE. Constructions with _Cum_. _The conjunction cum means when, since, or although. It is followed by the subjunctive unless it means when and its clause fixes the time at which the main action took place._ NOTE. Cum in clauses of description with the subjunctive is much more common than its use with the indicative. 397. Note the following sentences: 1. Oppidum erat parvum magnitdine sed magnum multitdine hominum, _the town was small in size but great in population_. 2. Hom erat corpore nfrmus sed validus anim, _the man was weak in body but strong in courage_. _a._ Observe that magnitdine, multitdine, corpore, and anim tell _in what respect_ something is true. The relation is one covered by the ablative case, and the construction is called the _ablative of specification_. 398. RULE. Ablative of Specification. _The ablative is used to denote in what respect something is true._ 399. IDIOMS aliquem certirem facere, _to inform some one_ (lit. _to make some one more certain_) certior fier, _to be informed_ (lit. _to be made more certain_) iter dare, _to give a right of way, allow to pass_ obsids inter s dare, _to give hostages to each other_ 400. EXERCISES I. 1. Helvti cum patrum nostrrum tempore dom prefect essent, cnsulis exercitum in fugam dederant. 2. Cum Caesar in Galliam vnit, Helvti alis agrs petbant. 3. Caesar cum in citerire Gallia esset, tamen d Helvtirum cnsilis certior fbat. 4. Cum Helvti bell clrissim essent, Caesar iter per prvinciam dare recsvit. 5. Lgtus cum haec audvisset, Caesarem certirem fecit. 6. Cum princips inter s obsids darent, Rmn bellum parvrunt. 7. Caesar, cum id nntitum esset, mtrat ab urbe proficsc. 8. N virtte quidem Gall erant pars Germnis. 9. Caesar neque corpore neque anim nfrmus erat. 10. Illud bellum tum incpit cum Caesar fuit cnsul. Observe in each case what mood follows cum, and try to give the reasons for its use. In the third sentence the cum clause is concessive, in the fourth and sixth causal. II. 1. That battle was fought at the time when (tum cum) I was at Rome. 2. Though the horsemen were few in number, nevertheless they did not retreat. 3. When the camp had been sufficiently fortified, the enemy returned home. 4. Since the tribes are giving hostages to each other, we shall inform Csar. 5. The Gauls and the Germans are very unlike in language and laws. LESSON LXXI VOCABULARY REVIEW THE GERUND AND GERUNDIVE THE PREDICATE GENITIVE 401. Review the word lists in 510, 511. 402. The Gerund. Suppose we had to translate the sentence _By overcoming the Gauls Csar won great glory_ We can see that _overcoming_ here is a verbal noun corresponding to the English infinitive in _-ing_, and that the thought calls for the ablative of means. To translate this by the Latin infinitive would be impossible, because the infinitive is indeclinable and therefore has no ablative case form. Latin, however, has another verbal noun of corresponding meaning, called the gerund, declined as a neuter of the second declension in the _genitive_, _dative_, _accusative_, and _ablative singular_, and thus supplying the cases that the infinitive lacks.[1] Hence, to decline in Latin the verbal noun _overcoming_, we should use the infinitive for the nominative and the gerund for the other cases, as follows: _Nom._ superre, _overcoming, to overcome_ INFINITIVE _Gen._ superand, _of overcoming_ } _Dat._ superand, _for overcoming_ } _Acc._ superandum, _overcoming_ } GERUND _Abl._ superand, _by overcoming_ } Like the infinitive, the gerund governs the same case as the verb from which it is derived. So the sentence given above becomes in Latin Superand Galls Caesar magnam glriam reportvit [Footnote 1: Sometimes, however, the infinitive is used as an accusative.] 403. The gerund[2] is formed by adding -nd, -nd, -ndum, -nd, to the present stem, which is shortened or otherwise changed, as shown below: PARADIGM OF THE GERUND CONJ. I CONJ. II CONJ. III CONJ. IV _Gen._ amand monend regend capiend audiend _Dat._ amand monend regend capiend audiend _Acc._ amandum monendum regendum capiendum audiendum _Abl._ amand monend regend capiend audiend _a._ Give the gerund of cr, dle, sm, iaci, veni. _b._ Deponent verbs have the gerund of the active voice (see 493). Give the gerund of cnor, vereor, sequor, patior, partior. [Footnote 2: The gerund is the neuter singular of the future passive participle used as a noun, and has the same formation. (Cf. 374.d.)] 404. The Gerundive. The gerundive is the name given to the future passive participle (374.d) when the participle approaches the meaning of a verbal noun and is translated like a gerund. It is the adjective corresponding to the gerund. For example, to translate _the plan of waging war_, we may use the gerund with its direct object and say cnsilium gerend bellum; or we may use the gerundive and say cnsilium bell gerend, which means, literally, _the plan of the war to be waged_, but which came to have the same force as the gerund with its object, and was even preferred to it. 405. Compare the following parallel uses of the gerund and gerundive: GERUND GERUNDIVE _Gen._ Sps faciend pcem Sps faciendae pcis _Dat._ Locus idneus pugnand Locus idneus castrs pnends _A place suitable for_ _A place suitable for fighting_ pitching camp_ _Acc._ Msit equits ad nsequendum Msit equits ad nsequends hosts _He sent horsemen to pursue_ _He sent horsemen to pursue the enemy_ _Abl._ Nrrand fbuls magister Nrrands fbuls magister puers placuit puers placuit _The teacher pleased the _The teacher pleased the boys by telling stories_ boys by telling stories_ _a._ We observe (1) That the gerund is a noun and the gerundive an adjective. (2) That the gerund, being a noun, may stand alone or with an object. (3) That the gerundive, being an adjective, is used only in agreement with a noun. 406. RULE. Gerund and Gerundive. 1. _The Gerund is a verbal noun and is used only in the genitive, dative, accusative, and ablative singular. The constructions of these cases are in general the same as those of other nouns._ 2. _The Gerundive is a verbal adjective and must be used instead of gerund + object excepting in the genitive and in the ablative without a preposition. Even in these instances the gerundive construction is more usual._ 407. RULE. Gerund or Gerundive of Purpose. _The accusative of the gerund or gerundive with_ ad, _or the genitive with caus[3] (= for the sake of), is used to express purpose._ GERUND GERUNDIVE Ad audiendum vnrunt or Ad urbem videndam vnrunt or Audiend caus vnrunt Urbis videndae caus vnrunt _They came to hear_ _They came to see the city_ [Footnote 3: caus always _follows_ the genitive.] NOTE. These sentences might, of course, be written with the subjunctive of purpose,--vnrunt ut audrent; vnrunt ut urbem vidrent. In short expressions, however, the gerund and gerundive of purpose are rather more common. 408. We have learned that the word denoting the owner or possessor of something is in the genitive, as, equus Galbae, _Galbas horse._ If, now, we wish to express the idea _the horse is Galbas_, Galba remains the possessor, and hence in the genitive as before, but now stands in the predicate, as, equus est Galbae. Hence this is called the predicate genitive. 409. RULE. Predicate Genitive. _The possessive genitive often stands in the predicate, especially after the forms of sum, and is then called the predicate genitive._ 410. IDIOMS alcui negtium dare, _to employ someone_ (lit. _to give business to some one_) novs rbus studre, _to be eager for a revolution_ (lit. _to be eager for new things_) re mlitris pertissimus, _very skillful in the art of war_ s suaque omnia, _themselves and all their possessions_ 411. EXERCISES I. 1. Caesar cum in Galli bellum gereret, militibus decimae leginis maxim fvit quia re mlitris pertissim erant. 2. Socis negtium dedit re frumentriae crandae. 3. Lgti nn slum audiend caus sed etiam dicend caus vnrunt. 4. Impertor iussit explrtres locum idneum mnind reperre. 5. Nuper hae gents novs rbus studbant; mox is persudb ut Caesar s suaque omnia ddant. 6. Iubre est regnae[4] et prre est multitdinis.[4] 7. Hc proeli fact qudam ex hostibus ad pcem petendam venrunt. 8. Erant qu arma trdere nllent. 9. Hosts tam celeriter prgress sunt ut spatium pla in hosts iaciend non dartur. 10. Spatium neque arma capiend[5] neque auxil petend[5] datum est. II. 1. These ornaments [6]belong to Cornelia. 2. Men very skillful in the art of war were sent [7]to capture the town. 3. The scouts found a hill suitable for fortifying very near to the river. 4. Soon the cavalry will come [8]to seek supplies. 5. The mind of the Gauls is eager for revolution and for undertaking wars. 6. To lead the line of battle [9]belongs to the general. 7. [10]Whom shall we employ to look after the grain supply? [Footnote 4: Predicate genitive.] [Footnote 5: Which of these expressions is gerund and which gerundive?] [Footnote 6: _belong to_ = _are of_.] [Footnote 7: Use the gerundive with ad.] [Footnote 8: Use the genitive with caus. Where should caus stand?] [Footnote 9: Compare the first sentence.] [Footnote 10: Compare the second sentence in the Latin above.] LESSON LXXII THE IRREGULAR VERB _E_ INDIRECT STATEMENTS 412. Learn the principal parts and the conjugation of e, _go_ (499). _a._ Notice that ǔ-, the root of e, is changed to e- before a vowel, excepting in ins, the nominative of the present participle. In the perfect system -v- is regularly dropped. [ Conjugation given in 499: PRINCIPAL PARTS e, re, i (v), itum (n. perf. part.) PRES. STEM - PERF. STEM - or v- PART. STEM it- INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE IMPERATIVE SING. PLUR. _Pres._ e mus eam _2d Pers._ te s tis it eunt _Impf._ bam rem _Fut._ b ---- _2d Pers._ t tte _3d Pers._ t eunt _Perf._ i (v) ierim (verim) _Plup._ ieram (veram) ssem (vissem) _F. P._ ier (ver) INFINITIVE _Pres._ re _Perf._ sse (visse) _Fut._ itrus, -a, -um esse PARTICIPLES _Pres._ ins, _gen._ euntis (472) _Fut._ itrus, -a, -um _Ger._ eundum GERUND _Gen._ eund _Dat._ eund _Acc._ eundum _Abl._ eund SUPINE _Acc._ [[itum]] _Abl._ [[it]] ] 413. Learn the meaning and principal parts of the following compounds of e with prepositions: ade, adre, adi, aditus, _go to, visit_, with the accusative exe, exre, exi, exitus, _go forth_, with ex or d and the ablative of the place from which ine, inre, ini, initus, _begin, enter upon_, with the accusative rede, redre, redi, reditus, _return_, with ad or in and the accusative of the place to which trnse, trnsre, trnsi, trnsitus, _cross_, with the accusative 414. Indirect Statements in English. Direct statements are those which the speaker or writer makes himself or which are quoted in his exact language. Indirect statements are those reported in a different form of words from that used by the speaker or writer. Compare the following direct and indirect statements: { 1. The Gauls are brave Direct statements { 2. The Gauls were brave { 3. The Gauls will be brave Indirect statements { 1. _He says_ that the Gauls _are_ brave after a verb in { 2. _He says_ that the Gauls _were_ brave the present tense { 3. _He says_ that the Gauls _will be_ brave Indirect statements { 1. _He said_ that the Gauls _were_ brave after a verb in { 2. _He said_ that the Gauls _had been_ brave a past tense { 3. _He said_ that the Gauls _would be_ brave We see that in English _a._ The indirect statement forms a clause introduced by the conjunction _that_. _b._ The verb is finite (cf. 173) and its subject is in the nominative. _c._ The tenses of the verbs originally used are changed after the past tense, _He said._ 415. Indirect Statements in Latin. In Latin the direct and indirect statements above would be as follows: DIRECT { 1. Gall sunt forts STATEMENTS { 2. Gall erant forts { 3. Gall erunt forts { 1. Dcit or Dxit Galls esse forts { (_He says_ or _He said_ { _the Gauls to be brave_)[1] INDIRECT { 2. Dcit or Dxit Galls fuisse forts STATEMENTS { (_He says_ or _He said_ { _the Gauls to have been brave_)[1] { 3. Dcit or Dxit Galls futrs esse forts { (_He says_ or _He said_ { _the Gauls to be about to be brave_)[1] [Footnote 1: These parenthetical renderings are not inserted as translations, but merely to show the literal meaning of the Latin.] Comparing these Latin indirect statements with the English in the preceding section, we observe three marked differences: _a._ There is no conjunction corresponding to _that_. _b._ The verb is in the infinitive and its subject is in the accusative. _c._ The tenses of the infinitive are not changed after a past tense of the principal verb. 416. RULE. Indirect Statements. _When a direct statement becomes indirect, the principal verb is changed to the infinitive and its subject nominative becomes subject accusative of the infinitive._ 417. Tenses of the Infinitive. When the sentences in 415 were changed from the direct to the indirect form of statement, sunt became esse, erant became fuisse, and erunt became futrs esse. 418. RULE. Infinitive Tenses in Indirect Statements. _A present indicative of a direct statement becomes present infinitive of the indirect, a past indicative becomes perfect infinitive, and a future indicative becomes future infinitive._ NOTE. When translating into Latin an English indirect statement, first decide what tense of the indicative would have been used in the direct form. That will show you what tense of the infinitive to use in the indirect. 419. RULE. Verbs followed by Indirect Statements. _The accusative-with-infinitive construction in indirect statements is found after verbs of saying, telling, knowing, thinking, and perceiving._ 420. Verbs regularly followed by indirect statements are: _a_. Verbs of saying and telling: dc, dcere, dx, dictus, _say_ neg, negre, negv, negtus, _deny, say not_ nnti, nntire, nntiv, nntitus, _announce_ responde, respondre, respond, respnsus, _reply_ _b_. Verbs of knowing: cognsc, cognscere, cognv, cognitus, _learn_, (in the perf.) _know_ sci, scre, scv, sctus, _know_ _c_. Verbs of thinking: arbitror, arbitrr, arbitrtus sum, _think, consider_ exstim, exstimre, exstimv, exstimtus, _think, believe_ idic, idicre, idicvi, idictus, _judge, decide_ put, putre, putv, puttus, _reckon, think_ spr, sprre, sprvi, sprtus, _hope_ _d_. Verbs of perceiving: audi, audre, audv, audtus, _hear_ senti, sentre, sns, snsus, _feel, perceive_ vide, vidre, vd, vsus, _see_ intelleg, intellegere, intellx, intellctus, _understand, perceive_ Learn such of these verbs as are new to you. 421. IDIOMS postrdi eius di, _on the next day_ (lit. _on the next day of that day_) init aestte, _at the beginning of summer_ memori tenre, _to remember_ (lit. _to hold by memory_) per explrtrs cognscere, _to learn through scouts_ 422. EXERCISES I. 1. It, mus, te, re. 2. Eunt, iisse _or_ sse, bunt, eunt. 3. Eundi, ut eant, bitis, s. 4. N rent, , bant, ierat. 5. Caesar per explortores cognvit Galls flmen trnssse. 6. Rmn audvrunt Helvtis init aestte d fnibus sus exitrs esse. 7. Legt respondrunt nminem ante Caesarem illam nsulam adsse. 8. Prncips Gallrum dcunt s nllum cnsilium contr Caesaris imperium initrs esse. 9. Arbitrmur potentiam rgnae esse mairem quam cvium. 10. Rmn negant se lberttem Galls reptrs esse. 11. Hs rbus cognits snsimus lgts non vnisse ad pcem petendam. 12. Helvtii sciunt Rmns prirs victris memori tenre. 13. Soci cum intellegerent mults vulnerr, staturunt in sus fns redre. 14. Aliquis nntivit Mrcum cnsulem cretum esse. II. 1. The boy is slow. He says that the boy is, was, (and) will be slow. 2. The horse is, has been, (and) will be strong. He judged that the horse was, had been, (and) would be strong. 3. We think that the army will go forth from the camp at the beginning of summer. 4. The next day we learned through scouts that the enemys town was ten miles off.[2] 5. The king replied that the ornaments belonged to[3] the queen. [Footnote 2: _to be off, to be distant_, abesse.] [Footnote 3: Latin, _were of_ (409).] [Illustration: TUBA] LESSON LXXIII VOCABULARY REVIEW THE IRREGULAR VERB _FER_ THE DATIVE WITH COMPOUNDS 423. Review the word lists in 513, 514. 424. Learn the principal parts and conjugation of the verb fer, _bear_ (498). 1. Learn the principal parts and meanings of the following compounds of fer, _bear_: adfer, adferre, attul, adltus, _bring to; report_ cnfer, cnferre, contul, conltus, _bring together, collect_ dfer, dferre, dtul, dltus, _bring to; report; grant, confer_ ǔnfer, nferre, intul, inltus, _bring in, bring against_ refer, referre, rettul, reltus, _bear back, report_ [ Conjugation given in 498: PRINCIPAL PARTS fer, ferre, tul, ltus PRES. STEM fer- PERF. STEM tul- PART. STEM lt- INDICATIVE ACTIVE PASSIVE _Pres._ fer ferimus feror ferimur fers ferts ferris, -re ferimim fert ferunt fertur feruntur _Impf._ ferbam ferbar _Fut._ feram, fers, etc. ferar, ferris, etc. _Perf._ tul ltus, -a, -um sum _Plup._ tuleram ltus, -a, -um eram _F. P._ tuler ltus, -a, -um er SUBJUNCTIVE _Pres._ feram, fers, etc. ferar, ferris, etc. _Impf._ ferrem ferrer _Perf._ tulerim ltus, -a, -um sim _Plup._ tulissem ltus, -a, -um essem IMPERATIVE _Pres. 2d Pers._ fer ferte ferre ferimin _Fut. 2d Pers._ fert fertte fertor _3d Pers._ fert ferunto fertor feruntor INFINITIVE _Pres._ ferre ferr _Perf._ tulisse ltus, -a, -um esse _Fut._ ltrus, -a, -um esse ---- PARTICIPLES _Pres._ ferns, -entis _Pres._ ---- _Fut._ ltrus, -a, -um _Ger._ ferendus, -a, -um _Perf._ ---- _Perf._ ltus, -a, -um GERUND _Gen._ ferend _Dat._ ferend _Acc._ ferendum _Abl._ ferend SUPINE (Active Voice) _Acc._ [[ltum]] _Abl._ [[lt]] ] 425. The dative is the case of the indirect object. Many intransitive verbs take an indirect object and are therefore used with the dative (cf. 153). Transitive verbs take a direct object in the accusative; but sometimes they have an indirect object or dative as well. _The whole question, then, as to whether or not a verb takes the dative, defends upon its capacity for governing an indirect object._ A number of verbs, some transitive and some intransitive, which in their simple form would not take an indirect object, when compounded with certain prepositions, have a meaning which calls for an indirect object. Observe the following sentences: 1. Haec rs exercitu magnam calamittem attulit, _this circumstance brought great disaster to the army._ 2. Germn Galls bellum nferunt, _the Germans make war upon the Gauls._ 3. Hae cpiae proeli nn intererant, _these troops did not take part in the battle._ 4. Equits fugientibus hostibus occurrunt, _the horsemen meet the fleeing enemy._ 5. Galba cpis flium praefcit, _Galba put his son in command of the troops._ In each sentence there is a dative, and in each a verb combined with a preposition. In no case would the simple verb take the dative. 426. RULE. Dative with Compounds. _Some verbs compounded with ad, ante, con, d, in, inter, ob, post, prae, pr, sub, super, admit the dative of the indirect object. Transitive compounds may take both an accusative and a dative._ NOTE 1. Among such verbs are[1] adfer, adferre, attul, adltus, _bring to; report_ adsum, adesse, adfu, adfutrus, _assist; be present_ dfer, dferre, dtul, dltus, _report; grant, confer_ dsum, deesse, dfu,----, _be wanting, be lacking_ ǔnfer, nferre, intul, inltus, _bring against, bring upon_ intersum, interesse, interfu, interfutrus, _take part in_ occurr, occurrere, occurr, occursus, _run against, meet_ praefici, praeficere, praefc, praefectus, _appoint over, place in command of_ praesum, praeesse, praefu, ----, _be over, be in command_ [Footnote 1: But the accusative with ad or in is used with some of these, when the idea of _motion to_ or _against_ is strong.] 427. IDIOMS graviter or molest ferre, _to be annoyed at, to be indignant at_, followed by the accusative and infinitive s cnferre ad or in, with the accusative, _to betake ones self to_ alicui bellum nferre, _to make war upon some one_ pedem referre, _to retreat_ (lit. _to bear back the foot_) 428. EXERCISES I. 1. Fer, ferent, ut ferant, ferunt. 2. Ferte, ut ferrent, tulisse, tulerant. 3. Tulimus, ferns, ltus esse, ferre. 4. Cum nvigia insulae adpropinqurent, barbar terrre commt pedem referre cnt sunt. 5. Gall molest ferbant Rmns agrs vastre. 6. Caesar socis impervit n fnitimis sus bellum nferrent. 7. Explortrs, qui Caesar occurrrunt, dxrunt exercitum hostium vulneribus dfessum ss in alium locum contulisse. 8. Hostes scibant Rmns frment egre et hanc rem Caesar summum perculum adltram esse. 9. Impedments in num locum conltis, aliqu mlitum flmen quod nn long aberat trnsirunt. 10. Hs rx horttus est ut rculum adrent et rs audts ad s referrent. 11. Quem impertor ill legin praefcit? Pblius ill legin pracerat. 12. Cum esset Caesar in citerire Galli, crbr ad eum[2] rmrs adferbantur littersque quoque certior fbat Galls obsids inter s dare. II. 1. The Gauls will make war upon Csars allies. 2. We heard that the Gauls would make war upon Csars allies. 3. Publius did not take part in that battle. 4. We have been informed that Publius did not take part in that battle. 5. The man who was in command of the cavalry was wounded and began to retreat. 6. Csar did not place you in command of the cohort to bring[3] disaster upon the army. [Footnote 2: Observe that when adfer denotes _motion to_, it is not followed by the dative; cf. footnote, p. 182.] [Footnote 3: Not the infinitive. (Cf. 352.)] LESSON LXXIV VOCABULARY REVIEW THE SUBJUNCTIVE IN INDIRECT QUESTIONS 429. Review the word lists in 517, 518. 430. When we report a statement instead of giving it directly, we have an indirect statement. (Cf. 414.) So, if we report a question instead of asking it directly, we have an indirect question. DIRECT QUESTION INDIRECT QUESTION _Who conquered the Gauls? He asked who conquered the Gauls_ _a._ An indirect question depends, usually as object, upon a verb of asking (as pet, postul, quaer, rog) or upon some verb or expression of saying or mental action. (Cf. 420.) 431. Compare the following direct and indirect questions: DIRECT INDIRECT Quis Galls vincit? { _a._ Rogat quis Galls vincat _Who is conquering the_ { _He asks who is conquering the_ _Gauls?_ { _Gauls_ { _b._ Rogavit quis Galls vinceret { _He asked who was conquering_ { _the Gauls_ { _a._ Rogat ubi sit Rma Ub est Rma? { _He asks where Rome is_ _Where is Rome?_ { _b._ Rogvit ubi esset Rma { _He asked where Rome was_ { _a._ Rogat num Caesar Galls vcerit { _He asks whether Csar conquered_ Caesarne Galls vcit? { _the Gauls_ _Did Csar conquer the_ { _b._ Rogvit num Caesar Galls _Gauls?_ { vcisset { _He asked whether Csar had_ { _conquered the Gauls_ _a._ The verb in a direct question is in the indicative mood, but the mood is subjunctive in an indirect question. _b._ The tense of the subjunctive follows the rules for tense sequence. _c._ Indirect questions are introduced by the same interrogative words as introduce direct questions, excepting that_yes_-or-_no_ direct questions (cf. 210) on becoming indirect are usually introduced by num, _whether_. 432. RULE. Indirect Questions. _In an indirect question the verb is in the subjunctive and its tense is determined by the law for tense sequence._ 433. IDIOMS d terti vigili, _about the third watch_ iniris alicui nferre, _to inflict injuries upon some one_ facere verba pr, with the ablative, _to speak in behalf of_ in reliquum tempus, _for the future_ 434. EXERCISES I. 1. Rx rogvit quid lgt postulrent et cr ad s vnissent. 2. Quaesvit quoque num nec recents iniris nec dubiam Rmnrum amcitiam memori tenrent. 3. Vidtisne quae oppida hosts oppugnverint? 4. Nnne sctis cr Gall sub montem sse contulerint? 5. Audvimus qus inirias tibi Germn intulissent. 6. D terti vigili impertor msit homins qu cognscerent quae esset ntra montis. 7. Pr hs rtor verba fcit et rogvit cr cnsuls nvs ad plnem summ percul locum mittere vellent. 8. Lgts convocts dmnstrvit quid fier vellet. 9. Nntius referbat quid in Gallrum concili d arms trdends dictum esset. 10. Mone n in reliquum tempus pedits et equits trns flmen dcs. II. 1. What hill did they seize? I see what hill they seized. 2. Who has inflicted these injuries upon our dependents? 3. They asked who had inflicted those injuries upon their dependents. 4. Whither did you go about the third watch? You know whither I went. 5. At what time did the boys return home? I will ask at what time the boys returned home. LESSON LXXV VOCABULARY REVIEW THE DATIVE OF PURPOSE, OR END FOR WHICH 435. Review the word lists in 521, 522. 436. Observe the following sentences: 1. Explrtrs locum castrs dlgrunt, _the scouts chose a place for a camp._ 2. Hoc erat magn impedment Galls, _this was_ (for) _a great hindrance to the Gauls._ 3. Dus legins praesidi castrs relquit, _he left two legions as_ (lit. _for_) _a guard to the camp._ In each of these sentences we find a dative expressing the _purpose or end for which_ something is intended or for which it serves. These datives are castrs, impedment, and praesidi. In the second and third sentences we find a second dative expressing the _person or thing affected_ (Galls and castrs). As you notice, these are true datives, covering the relations of _for which_ and _to which_. (Cf. 43.) 437. RULE. Dative of Purpose or End. _The dative is used to denote the purpose or end for which, often with another dative denoting the person or thing affected._ 438. IDIOMS cnsilium omittere, _to give up a plan_ locum castrs dligere, _to choose a place for a camp_ alicui magn su esse, _to be of great advantage to some one_ (lit. _for great advantage to some one_) 439. EXERCISES I. 1. Rogvit cr illae cpiae relictae essent. Respondrunt ills cpis esse praesidi castrs. 2. Caesar msit explrtrs ad locum dligendum castrs. 3. Quisque exstimvit ipsum nmen Caesaris magn terrr barbars futrum esse. 4. Prm lce dem exercitus proelium cre commsit, sed gravia surum vulnera magnae crae impertr erant. 5. Rx respondit amcitiam popul Rmn sibi rnment et praesidi dbre esse. 6. Quis praeerat equittu quem auxili Caesar soci mserant? 7. Aliquibus rs secundae sunt summae calamitt et rs adversae sunt mr su. 8. Galls magn ad pugnam erat impedment quod equittus dextr corn prembat. 9. Memoria prstinae virttis nn minus quam metus hostium erat nostrs magn su. 10. Tam dnsa erat silva ut prgred nn possent. II. 1. I advise you [1]to give up the plan [2]of making war upon the brave Gauls. 2. Do you know [3]where the cavalry has chosen a place for a camp? 3. The fear of the enemy will be of great advantage to you. 4. Csar left three cohorts as (for) a guard to the baggage. 5. In winter the waves of the lake are so great [4]that they are (for) a great hindrance to ships. 6. Csar inflicted severe[5] punishment on those who burned the public buildings. [Footnote 1: Subjunctive of purpose. (Cf. 366.)] [Footnote 2: Express by the genitive of the gerundive.] [Footnote 3: Indirect question.] [Footnote 4: A clause of result.] [Footnote 5: gravis, -e.] LESSON LXXVI VOCABULARY REVIEW THE GENITIVE AND ABLATIVE OF QUALITY OR DESCRIPTION 440. Review the word lists in 524, 525. 441. Observe the English sentences (1) _A man of great courage_, or (2) _A man with great courage_ (3) _A forest of tall trees_, or (4) _A forest with tall trees_ Each of these sentences contains a phrase of quality or description. In the first two a man is described; in the last two a forest. The descriptive phrases are introduced by the prepositions _of_ and _with_. In Latin the expression of quality or description is very similar. The prepositions _of_ and _with_ suggest the genitive and the ablative respectively, and we translate the sentences above (1) Vir magnae virttis, or (2) Vir magn virtte (3) Silva altrum arborum, or (4) Silva alts arboribus There is, however, one important difference between the Latin and the English. In English we may say, for example, _a man of courage_, using the descriptive phrase without an adjective modifier. _In Latin, however, an adjective modifier must always be used_, as above. _a._ Latin makes a distinction between the use of the two cases in that _numerical descriptions of measure are in the genitive_ and _descriptions of physical characteristics are in the ablative._ Other descriptive phrases may be in either case. 442. EXAMPLES 1. Fossa duodecim pedum, _a ditch of twelve feet_. 2. Hom magns pedibus et parv capite, _a man with big feet and a small head_. 3. Rx erat vir summ audci or rx erat vir summae audciae, _the king was a man of the greatest boldness_. 443. RULE. Genitive of Description. _Numerical descriptions of measure are expressed by the genitive with a modifying adjective._ 444. RULE. Ablative of Description. _Descriptions of physical characteristics are expressed by the ablative with a modifying adjective._ 445. RULE. Genitive or Ablative of Description. _Descriptions involving neither numerical statements nor physical characteristics may be expressed by either the genitive or the ablative with a modifying adjective._ 446. IDIOMS Helvtis in anim est, _the Helvetii intend_, (lit. _it is in mind to the Helvetians_) in mtrimnium dare, _to give in marriage_ nihil posse, _to have no power_ fossam perdcere, _to construct a ditch_ (lit. _to lead a ditch through_) 447. EXERCISES I. 1. Mlits fossam decem pedum per erum fns perdxrunt. 2. Prnceps Helvtirum, vir summae audciae, prncipibus gentium fnitimrum sorrs in mtrimnium dedit. 3. Erum amcitiam cnfrmre voluit qu facilius Rmns bellum nferret. 4. German et Gall nn erant eiusdem gentis. 5. Omns fer Germn erant magns corporum vribus.[1] 6. Gall qui oppidum fortiter dfendbant saxa ingentis magnitdinis d mr iacibant. 7. Cum Caesar ab explrtribus quaereret qu illud oppidum incolerent, explrtrs respondrunt es esse homines summ virtte et magn cnsili. 8. Moenia vgint pedum sinistr parte, et dextr parte flmen magnae altitdinis oppidum dfendbant. 9. Cum Caesar in Galliam pervnisset, erat rmor Helvtis in anim esse iter per prvinciam Rmnam facere. 10. Caesar, ut es ab fnibus Rmnis prohibret, mntinem [2]multa mlia passuum longam fcit. II. 1. Csar was a general of much wisdom and great boldness, and very skillful in the art of war. 2. The Germans were of great size, and thought that the Romans had no power. 3. Men of the highest courage were left in the camp as (for) a guard to the baggage. 4. The kings daughter, who was given in marriage to the chief of a neighboring state, was a woman of very beautiful appearance. 5. The soldiers will construct a ditch of nine feet around the camp. 6. A river of great width was between us and the enemy. [Footnote 1: From vs. (Cf. 468.)] [Footnote 2: Genitives and ablatives of description are adjective phrases. When we use an _adverbial_ phrase to tell _how long_ or _how high_ or _how deep_ anything is, we must use the accusative of extent. (Cf. 336.) For example, in the sentence above multa mlia passuum is an adverbial phrase (accusative of extent) modifying longam. If we should omit longam and say _a fortification of many miles_, the genitive of description (an adjective phrase) modifying mntinem would be used, as mntinem multrum mlium passuum.] [Illustration: GLADII] LESSON LXXVII REVIEW OF AGREEMENT, AND OF THE GENITIVE, DATIVE, AND ACCUSATIVE 448. There are four agreements: 1. That of the predicate noun or of the appositive with the noun to which it belongs (76, 81). 2. That of the adjective, adjective pronoun, or participle with its noun (65). 3. That of a verb with its subject (28). 4. That of a relative pronoun with its antecedent (224). 449. The relation expressed by the genitive is, in general, denoted in English by the preposition _of_. It is used to express { _a._ As attributive (38). 1. Possession { { _b._ In the predicate (409). 2. The whole of which a part is taken (partitive genitive) (331). 3. Quality or description (443, 445). 450. The relation expressed by the dative is, in general, denoted in English by the prepositions _to_ or _for_ when they do not imply motion through space. It is used to express { _a._ With intransitive verbs and with { transitive verbs in connection with a { direct object in the accusative (45). 1. The indirect object { _b_. With special intransitive verbs (154). { _c_. With verbs compounded with ad, ante, { con, d, in, inter, ob, post, { prae, pr, sub, super (426). 2. The object to which the quality of an adjective is directed (143). 3. The purpose, or end for which, often with a second dative denoting the person or thing affected (437). 451. The accusative case corresponds, in general, to the English objective. It is used to express 1. The direct object of a transitive verb (37). 2. The predicate accusative together with the direct object after verbs of _making, choosing, falling, showing_, and the like (392). 3. The subject of the infinitive (214). 4. The object of prepositions that do not govern the ablative (340). 5. The duration of time and the extent of space (336). 6. The place to which (263, 266). 452. EXERCISES I. 1. Mlits qus vdimus dxrunt imperium bell esse Caesaris impertris. 2. Helvti staturunt quam[1] maximum numerum equrum et carrrum cgere. 3. Ttus Galliae Helvti plrimum valurunt. 4. Mults hrs criter pugntum est neque quisquam poterat vidre hostem fugientem. 5. Vir summae virttis hosts decem mlia passuum nsect sunt. 6. Caesar popul Rmn persusit ut s cnsulem creret. 7. Victria exercits erat semper impertr grtissima. 8. Trduum iter fcrunt et Genvam, in oppidum[2] hostium, pervnrunt. 9. Caesar audvit Germns bellum Galls intulisse. 10. Magn su mlitibus Caesaris erat quod priribus proelis ss exercuerant. II. 1. One[3] of the kings sons and many of his men were captured. 2. There was no one who wished[4] to appoint her queen. 3. The grain supply was always a care (for a care) to Csar, the general. 4. I think that the camp is ten miles distant. 5. We marched for three hours through a very dense forest. 6. The plan [5]of making war upon the allies was not pleasing to the king. 7. When he came to the hill he fortified it [6]by a twelve-foot wall. [Footnote 1: What is the force of quam with superlatives?] [Footnote 2: urbs or oppidum, appositive to a name of a town, takes a preposition.] [Footnote 3: What construction is used with numerals in preference to the partitive genitive?] [Footnote 4: What mood? (Cf. 390.)] [Footnote 5: Use the gerund or gerundive.] [Footnote 6: Latin, _by a wall of twelve feet._] LESSON LXXVIII REVIEW OF THE ABLATIVE 453. The relations of the ablative are, in general, expressed in English by the prepositions _with_ (or _by_), _from_ (or _by_), and _in_ (or _at_). The constructions growing out of these meanings are I. Ablative rendered _with_ (or _by_): 1. Cause (102) 2. Means (103) 3. Accompaniment (104) 4. Manner (105) 5. Measure of difference (317) 6. With a participle (ablative absolute) (381) 7. Description or quality (444, 445) 8. Specification (398) II. Ablative rendered _from_ (or _by_): 1. Place from which (179, 264) 2. Ablative of separation (180) 3. Personal agent with a passive verb (181) 4. Comparison without quam (309) III. Ablative rendered _in_ (or _at_): 1. Place at or in which (265, 266) 2. Time when or within which (275) 454. EXERCISES I. 1. Gall locs superiribus occupts itinere exercitum prohibre cnantur. 2. Omns oppidn ex oppid gress saltem fug petere incprunt. 3. Caesar docet s mlitum vtam su salte habre mult crirem. 4. Cum celerius omnium opnine pervnisset, hosts ad eum obsids msrunt 5. Vcus in valle positus montibus altissims undique contintur. 6. Plrimum inter Galls haec gns et virtte et hominum numer valbat. 7. Secund vigili nll cert rdine neque imperi castrs gress sunt. 8. Dubus leginibus Genvae relicts, proxim di cum reliqus domum profectus est. 9. Erant itinera duo quibus itineribus Helvti dom exre possent. 10. Rx erat summ audci et magn apud populum potenti. 11. Gall timre servittis commt bellum parbant. 12. Caesar monet lgts ut contineant milits, n studi pugnand aut sp praedae longius[1] prgrediantur. 13. Bellum cerrimum Caesare in Galls gestum est. II. 1. The lieutenant after having seized the mountain restrained his (men) from battle. 2. All the Gauls differ from each other in laws. 3. This tribe is much braver than the rest. 4. This road is [2]ten miles shorter than that. 5. In summer Csar carried on war in Gaul, in winter he returned to Italy. 6. At midnight the general set out from the camp with three legions. 7. I fear that you cannot protect[3] yourself from these enemies. 8. [4]After this battle was finished peace was made by all the Gauls. [Footnote 1: longius, _too far_. (Cf. 305.)] [Footnote 2: Latin, _by ten thousands of paces_.] [Footnote 3: dfendere.] [Footnote 4: Ablative absolute.] LESSON LXXIX REVIEW OF THE GERUND AND GERUNDIVE, THE INFINITIVE, AND THE SUBJUNCTIVE 455. The gerund is a verbal noun and is used only in the genitive, dative, accusative, and ablative singular. The constructions of these cases are in general the same as those of other nouns (402, 406.1). 456. The gerundive is a verbal adjective and must be used instead of gerund + object, excepting in the genitive and in the ablative without a preposition. Even in these instances the gerundive construction is more usual (406.2). 457. The infinitive is used: I. As in English. _a._ As subject or predicate nominative (216). _b._ To complete the predicate with verbs of incomplete predication (complementary infinitive) (215). _c._ As object with subject accusative after verbs of _wishing, commanding, forbidding_, and the like (213). II. In the principal sentence of an indirect statement after verbs of _saying _and _mental action_. The subject is in the accusative (416, 418, 419). 458. The subjunctive is used: 1. To denote purpose (349, 366, 372). 2. To denote consequence or result (385, 386). 3. In relative clauses of characteristic or description (390). 4. In cum clauses of time, cause, and concession (396). 5. In indirect questions (432). 459. EXERCISES I. 1. Caesar, cum pervnisset, milits hortbtur n cnsilium oppid capiendi omitterent. 2. Rx, castrs prope oppidum posits, msit explrtrs qu cognscerent ubi exercitus Rmanus esset. 3. Nmo relinqubtur qu arma ferre posset. 4. Nnti vdrunt ingentem armrum multitudinem d mr in fossani iactam esse. 5. Dux sus trnsre flmen iussit. Trnsre autem hoc flmen erat difficillimum. 6. Rmn cum hanc calamittem molest ferrant, tamen terga vertere recsvrunt. 7. Hc rmre audt, tantus terror omnium anims occupvit ut n fortissim quidem proelium committere vellent. 8. Erant qu putrent tempus ann idneum nn esse itiner faciend. 9. Tam criter ab utraque parte pugnbtur ut multa mlia hominum occderentur. 10. Quid tims? Time n Rmns in anim sit ttam Galliam superre et nbs iniris inferre. II. 1. Do you not see who is standing on the wall? 2. We hear that the plan of taking the town has been given up. 3. Since the Germans thought that the Romans could not cross the Rhine, Csar ordered a bridge to be made. 4. When the bridge was finished, the savages were so terrified that they hid themselves. 5. They feared that Csar would pursue them. 6. Csar [1]asked the traders what the size of the island was. 7. The traders advised him not [2]to cross the sea. 8. He sent scouts [3]to choose a place for a camp. [Footnote 1: quaerere ab.] [Footnote 2: Not infinitive.] [Footnote 3: Use the gerundive with ad.] READING MATTER INTRODUCTORY SUGGESTIONS How to Translate. You have already had considerable practice in translating simple Latin, and have learned that the guide to the meaning lies in the endings of the words. If these are neglected, no skill can make sense of the Latin. If they are carefully noted and accurately translated, not many difficulties remain. Observe the following suggestions: 1. Read the Latin sentence through to the end, noting endings of nouns, adjectives, verbs, etc. 2. Read it again and see if any of the words you know are nominatives or accusatives. This will often give you what may be called the backbone of the sentence; that is, subject, verb, and object. 3. Look up the words you do not know, and determine their use in the sentence from their endings. 4. If you cannot yet translate the sentence, put down the English meanings of all the words _in the same order as the Latin words_. You will then generally see through the meaning of the sentence. 5. Be careful to _a._ Translate adjectives with the nouns to which they belong. _b._ Translate together prepositions and the nouns which they govern. _c._ Translate adverbs with the words that they modify. _d._ _Make sense._ If you do not make sense, you have made a mistake. One mistake will spoil a whole sentence. 6. When the sentence is correctly translated, read the Latin over again, and try to understand it as Latin, without thinking of the English translation. The Parts of a Sentence. You will now meet somewhat longer sentences than you have had before. To assist in translating them, remember, first of all, that every sentence conveys a meaning and either tells us something, asks a question, or gives a command. Every sentence must have a subject and a verb, and the verb may always have an adverb, and, if transitive, will have a direct object. However long a sentence is, you will usually be able to recognize its subject, verb, and object or predicate complement without any difficulty. These will give you the leading thought, and they must never be lost sight of while making out the rest of the sentence. The chief difficulty in translating arises from the fact that instead of a single adjective, adverb, or noun, we often have a phrase or a clause taking the place of one of these; for Latin, like English, has adjective, adverbial, and substantive clauses and phrases. For example, in the sentence _The idle boy does not study_, the word _idle_ is an adjective. In _The boy wasting his time does not study_, the words _wasting his time_ form an adjective phrase modifying _boy_. In the sentence _The boy who wastes his time does not study_, the words _who wastes his time_ form an adjective clause modifying _boy_, and the sentence is complex. These sentences would show the same structure in Latin. In translating, it is important to keep the parts of a phrase and the parts of a clause together and not let them become confused with the principal sentence. To distinguish between the subordinate clauses and the principal sentence is of the first importance, and is not difficult if you remember that a clause regularly contains a word that marks it as a clause and that this word usually stands first. These words join clauses to the words they depend on, and are called _subordinate conjunctions_. They are not very numerous, and you will soon learn to recognize them. In Latin they are the equivalents for such words as _when, while, since, because, if, before, after, though, in order that, that_, etc. Form the habit of memorizing the Latin subordinate conjunctions as you meet them, and of noting carefully the mood of the verb in the clauses which they introduce. [Illustration: HERCULES] THE LABORS OF HERCULES Hercules, a Greek hero celebrated for his great strength, was pursued throughout his life by the hatred of Juno. While yet an infant he strangled some serpents sent by the goddess to destroy him. During his boyhood and youth he performed various marvelous feats of strength, and on reaching manhood he succeeded in delivering the Thebans from the oppression of the Miny. In a fit of madness, sent upon him by Juno, he slew his own children; and, on consulting the Delphic oracle as to how he should cleanse himself from this crime, he was ordered to submit himself for twelve years to Eurystheus, king of Tiryns, and to perform whatever tasks were appointed him. Hercules obeyed the oracle, and during the twelve years of his servitude accomplished twelve extraordinary feats known as the Labors of Hercules. His death was caused, unintentionally, by his wife Deianira. Hercules had shot with his poisoned arrows a centaur named Nessus, who had insulted Deianira. Nessus, before he died, gave some of his blood to Deianira, and told her it would act as a charm to secure her husbands love. Some time after, Deianira, wishing to try the charm, soaked one of her husbands garments in the blood, not knowing that it was poisoned. Hercules put on the robe, and, after suffering terrible torments, died, or was carried off by his father Jupiter. [Illustration: HERCULES ET SERPENTES] LIII.[1] THE INFANT HERCULES AND THE SERPENTS D[2] grave supplicium smmit de mals, sed i qu lgibus[3] derum prent, etiam post mortem crantur. Illa vta ds[2] erat grtissima quae hominibus misers tilissima fuerat. Omnium autem praemirum summum erat immortlits. Illud praemium Hercul datum est. Herculis pater fuit Iuppiter, mter Alcmna, et omnium hominum validissimus fuisse dcitur. Sed In, rgna derum, eum, adhc nfantem, interficere studbat; nam e[1] et[2] Herculs et Alcmna erant invs. Itaque msit dus serpents, utramque saevissimam, quae medi nocte domum[3] Alcmnae vnrunt. Ibi Herculs, cum frtre su, nn in lectul sed in sct ingent dormibat. Iam audcs serpents adpropinquverant, iam sctum movbant. Tum frter, terrre commtus, magn vce mtrem vocvit, sed Herculs ipse, fortior quam frter, statim ingents serpents manibus sus rapuit et interfcit. [Footnote 1: This number refers to the lesson after which the selection may be read.] [Footnote 2: D and ds are from deus. Cf. 468.] [Footnote 3: lgibus, 501.14.] [Footnote 1: e, _to her_, referring to Juno.] [Footnote 2: et ... et, _both ... and_.] [Footnote 3: domum, 501.20.] LIV. HERCULES CONQUERS THE MINY Herculs puer[1] corpus suum gravissims et difficillims labribus exercbat et hc mod vrs[2] sus cnfirmvit. Iam adulscns Thbs[3] habitbat. Ibi Cren qudam erat rx. Minyae, gns validissima, erant fnitim Thbns, et, quia lim Thbns vcerant, quotanns lgts mittbant et vectgal postulbant. Herculs autem cnstituit cvs sus hc vectgl lberre et dixit rg, D mihi exercitum tuum et ego hs superbs hosts superb. Hanc condicinem rx nn recsvit, et Herculs nntis in omns partis dmsit et cpis cogit.[4] Tum tempore opportnissim proelium cum Minys commsit. Di pugntum est, sed dnique ill impetum Thbnrum sustinre nn poturunt et terga vertrunt fugamque cprunt. [Footnote 1: lj puer, _from boyhood_.] [Footnote 2: virs, from vs. Cf. 468.] [Footnote 3: Thbs, 501.36.1.] [Footnote 4: cogit, from cg.] HE COMMITS A CRIME AND GOES TO THE DELPHIAN ORACLE TO SEEK EXPIATION Post hoc proelium Cren rx, tant victri laetus, fliam suam Hercul in mtrimnium dedit. Thbs Herculs cum uxre su di vvbat et ab omnibus magnopere ambtur; sed post mults anns subit [1]in furrem incidit et ipse su man lbers sus interfcit. Post breve tempus [2]ad snittem reductus tantum scelus expire cupibat et cnstituit ad rculum Delphicum iter facere. Hoc autem rculum erat omnium clrissimum. Ibi sedbat fmina quaedam quae Pythia appellbtur. Ea cnsilium dabat is qu ad rculum venibant. [Footnote 1: in furrem incidit, _went mad_.] [Footnote 2: ad snittem reductus, lit. _led back to sanity_. What in good English?] [Illustration: HERCULES LEONEM SUPERAT] LV. HERCULES BECOMES SUBJECT TO EURYSTHEUS[1] HE STRANGLES THE NEMEAN LION Itaque Herculs Pythiae ttam rem dmonstrvit nec scelus suum abdidit. Ubi iam Herculs fnem fcit, Pythia iussit eum ad urbem Tryntha[2] discdere et ibi rg Eurysthe ss committere. Quae[3] ubi audvit, Herculs ad illam urbem statim contendit et Eurysthe s in servittem trdidit et dxit, Quid prmum, rx, m facere iubs? Eurystheus, qu perterrbtur v et corpore ingent Herculis et eum occid[4] studbat, ita respondit: Aud, Herculs! Multa mira[5] nrrantur d lene saevissim qu hc tempore in valle Nemae omnia vstat. Iube t, virrum omnium fortissimum, ill mnstr homins lberre. Haec verba Hercul maxim placurunt. Properbo, inquit, et parb imperi[6] tu. Tum in silvs in quibus le habitbat statim iter fcit. Mox feram vdit et plrs impets fcit; frstr tamen, quod neque sagitts neque ll ali tl mnstrum vulnerre potuit. Dnique Herculs saevum lenem sus ingentibus bracchis rapuit et faucs eius omnibus vribus compressit. Hc mod brev tempore eum interfcit. Tum corpus lenis ad oppidum in umers reportvit et pellem poste pr[7] veste gerbat. Omns autem qu eam reginem incolbant, ubi fmam d morte lenis ingentis accprunt, erant laetissim et Herculem laudbant verbs amplissims. [Footnote 1: Eu-rystheus (pronounced _U-risths_) was king of _Tryns_, a Grecian city, whose foundation goes back to prehistoric times.] [Footnote 2: Tryntha, the acc. case of Tryns, a Greek noun.] [Footnote 3: Quae, obj. of audvit. It is placed first to make a close connection with the preceding sentence. This is called a connecting relative.] [Footnote 4: occd, pres. pass. infin.] [Footnote 5: mra, _marvelous things_, the adj. being used as a noun. Cf. omnia, in the next line.] [Footnote 6: imperi, 501.14.] [Footnote 7: pr, _for, instead of_.] LVI. SLAYING THE LERNEAN HYDRA Deinde Herculs ab Eurysthe iussus est Hydram occdere. Itaque cum amc Iol[1] contendit ad paldem Lernaeam ubi Hydra incolbat. Hoc autem mnstrum erat serpns ingns quae novem capita habbat. Mox is mnstrum repperit et summ[2] cum percul collum eius sinistr man rapuit et tenuit. Tum dextr man capita novem abscdere incpit, sed frstr labrbat, quod quotins hoc fcerat totins alia nova capita vidbat. Quod[3] ubi vdit, statuit capita ign cremre. Hc mod oct capita dlvit, sed extrmum caput vulnerr nn potuit, quod erat immortle. Itaque illud sub ingent sax Herculs posuit et ita victriam reportvit. [Footnote 1: Iol, abl. of _I-o-lus_, the heros best friend.] [Footnote 2: Note the emphatic position of this adjective.] [Footnote 3: Quod ubi, _when he saw this_, another instance of the connecting relative. Cf. p. 199, l. 3.] LVII. THE ARCADIAN STAG AND THE ERYMANTHIAN BOAR Postquam Eurysthe mors Hydrae nuntiata est, summus terror animum eius occupavit. Itaque iussit Herculem capere et ad s reportre cervum quendam; nam minim cupvit tantum virum in rgn su tenre. Hie autem cervus dcbtur aurea cornua et peds mult[1] celerirs vent[2] habre. Prmum Herculs vestgia animlis petvit, deinde, ubi cervum ipsum vdit, omnibus vribus currere incpit. Per plrims dis contendit nec noct cessvit. Dnique postquam per ttum annum cucurrerat--ita dcitur--cervum iam dfessum cpit et ad Eurystheum portvit. Tum vr iussus est Herculs aprum quendam capere qu ill tempore agrs Erymanthis vstbat et homins illus loc magnopere perterrbat. Herculs laet negtium suscpit et in Arcadiam celeriter s recpit. Ibi mox aprum repperit. Ille autem; simul atque Herculem vdit, statim quam[3] celerrim fgit et met perterritus in fossam altam ss abdidit. Herculs tamen summ cum difficultte eum extrxit, nec aper ll mod ss lberre potuit, et vvus ad Eurystheum porttus est. [Footnote 1: mult, 501.27.] [Footnote 2: vent, 501.34.] [Footnote 3: quam. What is the force of quam with a superlative?] LVIII. HERCULES CLEANS THE AUGEAN STABLES AND KILLS THE STYMPHALIAN BIRDS Deinde Eurystheus Hercul hunc labrem mult gravirem impervit. Augs[1] qudam, qu ill tempore rgnum lidis[2] obtinbat, tria mlia boum[3] habbat. H[4] ingent stabul continbantur. Hoc stabulum, quod per trgint anns nn prgtum erat, Herculs intr spatium nus di prgre iussus est. llle negtium alacriter suscpit, et prmum labre gravissim maximam fossam fdit per quam flminis aquam d montibus ad mrum stabul dxit. Tum partem parvam mr dlvit et aquam in stabulum immsit. Hc mod fnm operis fcit n di facillim. Post paucs dis Herculs ad oppidum Stymphlum iter fcit; nam Eurystheus iusserat eum avis Stymphlids occdere. Hae avs rstra ferrea habbant et homins misers dvorbant. Ille, postquam ad locum pervnit, lacum vdit in qu avs incolbant. Nll tamen mod Herculs avibus adpropinqure potuit; lacus enim nn ex aqu sed lm cnstitit.[5] Dnique autem avs [6]d aliqu caus perterritae in aurs volvrunt et magna pars erum sagitts Herculis occsa est. [Footnote 1: Augs, pronounced in English _Aw-jas_.] [Footnote 2: lidis, gen. case of lis, a district of Greece.] [Footnote 3: boum, gen. plur. of bs. For construction see 501.11.] [Footnote 4: ingent stabul, abl. of means, but in our idiom we should say _in a huge stable_.] [Footnote 5: cnstitit, from consto.] [Footnote 6: d aliqu caus perterritae, _frightened for some reason_.] [Illustration: HERCULES ET TAURUS] LIX. HERCULES CAPTURES THE CRETAN BULL AND CARRIES HIM LIVING TO EURYSTHEUS Tum Eurystheus iussit Herculem portre vvum ex nsul Crt taurum quendam saevissimum. Ille igitur nvem cnscendit--nam ventus erat idneus--atque statim solvit. Postquam trduum nvigavit, incolumis nsulae adpropinquvit. Deinde, postquam omnia parta sunt, contendit ad eam reginem quam taurus vexbat. Mox taurum vdit ac sine ll met cornua eius corripuit. Tum ingent labre mnstrum ad nvem trxit atque cum hc praed ex nsul discessit. THE FLESH-EATING HORSES OF DIOMEDES Postquam ex nsul Crt domum pervnit, Hercules ab Eurysthe in Thrciam missus est. Ibi Diomds qudam, vir saevissimus, rgnum obtinbat et omns fnibus sus prohibbat. Herculs iussus erat equs Diomedis rapere et ad Eurystheum dcere. H autem equ homins miserrims dvorbant d quibus rx supplicium smere cupibat. Herculs ubi pervnit, prmum equs rge postulvit, sed rx es ddere recsvit. Deinde ille r commtus rgem occdit et corpus eius equs trdidit. Itaque is qu ante mults necverat, ipse edem supplici nectus est. Et equ, nper saevissima animlia, postquam domin su corpus dvorvrunt, mnsut erant. LX. THE BELT OF HIPPOLYTE, QUEEN OF THE AMAZONS Gns Amzonum[1] dcitur[2] omnn ex mulieribus fuisse. Hae cum virs proelium committere nn verbantur. Hippolyt, Amzonum rgna, balteum habuit pulcherrimum. Hunc balteum possidre flia Eurysthe vehementer cupibat. Itaque Eurystheus iussit Herculem impetum in Amzons facere. Ille mults cum cpis nvem cnscendt et paucis dibus in Amzonum fns pervnit, ac balteum postulvit. Eum trdere ipsa Hipporyt quidem cupvit; reliqus tamen Amazonibus[3] persudre nn potuit. Postrdi Herculs proelium commsit. Mults hrs utrimque quam fortissim pugntum est Dnique tamen mulieres terga vertrunt et fug saltem petirunt. Multae autem captae sunt, in qu numer erat ipsa Hippolyt. Herculs postquam balteum accpit, omnibus captvs lberttem dedit. [Footnote 1: A fabled tribe of warlike women living in Asia Minor.] [Footnote 2: omnn, etc., _to have consisted entirely of women._] [Footnote 3: Amzonibus, 501.14.] [Illustration: HERCULES ET CERBERUS] THE DESCENT TO HADES AND THE DOG CERBERUS Iamque nus modo duodecim labribus relinqubtur sed inter omns hic erat difficillimus. Iussus est enim canem Cerberum[4] ex Orc in lcem trahere. Ex Orc autem nm ante reverterat. Praetere Cerberus erat mnstrum maxim horribile et tria capita habbat. Herculs postquam imperia Eurysthe accpit, statim profectus est et in Orcum dscendit. Ibi vr nn sine summ pericul Cerberum manibus rapuit et ingent cum labre ex Orc in lcem et adurbem Eurysthe trxit. Sic duodecim labors ill[5] intr duodecim anns cnfect sunt. Dmum post longam vtam Herculs des receptus est et Iuppiter fli su dedit immortlittem. [Footnote 4: The dog Cerberus guarded the gate of Orcus, the abode of the dead.] [Footnote 5: ill, _those famous._] [Illustration: PUERI ROMANI] P. CORNELIUS LENTULUS: THE STORY OF A ROMAN BOY[1] LXI. PUBLIUS IS BORN NEAR POMPEII P. Cornlius Lentulus,[2] adulscns Rmnus, amplissim famili[3] ntus est; nam pater eius, Mrcus, erat dux pertissimus, cuius virtte[4] et cnsili multae victriae reporttae erant; atque mater eius, llia, clrissims mairibus orta est. Nn vr in urbe sed rr[5] Pblius ntus est, et cum mtre habitbat in vll quae in maris ltore et sub radcibus magn montis sita erat. Mns autem erat Vesuvius et parva urbs Pompi oct mlia[6] passuum[7] aberat. In Itali antqu erant plrimae quidem villae et pulchrae, sed inter hs omns nlla erat pulchrior quam villa Mrc Iliaeque. Frns vllae mr a maris fluctibus mnibtur. Hinc mare et ltora et nsulae long ltque cnspic[8] ac saepe nvs longae et onerriae poterant. terg et ab utrque latere agr fercissim patbant. Undique erat magna varirum flrum cpia et multa ingentium arborum genera quae aestte[9] umbram dfesss agricols grtissimam adferbant. Praetere erant[10] in agrs stabulsque multa animlium genera, nn slum equ et bovs sed etiam rrae avs. Etiam erat[10] magna piscna plna piscium; nam Rmn piscs dligenter colbant. [Footnote 1: This story is fiction with certain historical facts in Csars career as a setting. However, the events chronicled might have happened, and no doubt did happen to many a Roman youth.] [Footnote 2: A Roman had three names, as, Pblius (given name), Cornlius (name of the _gns_ or clan), Lentulus (family name).] [Footnote 3: Abl. of source, which is akin to the abl. of separation (501.32).] [Footnote 4: virtte, 501.24.] [Footnote 5: rr, 501.36.1.] [Footnote 6: mlia, 501.21.] [Footnote 7: passuum, 501.11.] [Footnote 8: cnspic, infin. with poterant, 215. Consult the map of Italy for the approximate location of the villa.] [Footnote 9: aestte, 501.35.] [Footnote 10: How are the forms of sum translated when they precede the subject?] [Illustration: CASA ROMANA] LXII. HIS LIFE ON THE FARM Huius vllae Dvus, servus Mrc, est vlicus[1] et cum Lesbi uxre omnia crat. Vlicus et uxor in cas humil, medis in agrs sit, habitant. prm lce sque ad vesperum s[2] gravibus labribus exercent ut omn rs bene gerant.[3] Plrima enim sunt officia Dv et Lesbiae. Vlicus servs regit n tard sint[3]; mittit alis qu agrs arent,[3] alis qu horts inrigent,[3] et opera in[4] ttum diem impnit. Lesbia autem omnibus vestmenta parat, cibum coquit, pnem facit. Nn long ab hrum cas et in summ colle situm surgbat domicilium ipsus domin dominaeque amplissimum. Ibi plrs anns[5] Pblius cum mtre vtam flcem agbat; nam pater eius, Mrcus, in terrs longinqus gravia re pblicae bella gerbat nec domum[6] revert poterat. Neque puer quidem molestum est rr[7] vvere. Eum multae rs dlectant. Magnopere amat silvs, agrs, equs, bovs, gallns, avs, reliquaque animlia. Saepe plrs hrs[8] ad mare sedet qu[9] melius flucts et nvs spectet. Nec omnn sine comitibus erat, quod Lydia, Dv flia, quae erat eiusdem aettis, cum e adhc infante ldbat, inter qus cum anns amcitia crscbat. Lydia nllum alium ducem dligbat et Pblius ab puellae latere rr discdbat. Itaque sub clr Italiae sle Pblius et Lydia, amc fidlissim, per camps collsque cotdi vagbantur. Modo in silv fnitim ldebant ubi Pblius sagitts[10] celeribus avis dicibat et Lydia corns varirum flrum coms sus rnbat; modo aquam et cibum portbant ad Dvum servsque dfesss qu agrs colbant: modo in cas parv aut hrs lacts in ld cnsmbant aut auxilium dabant Lesbiae, quae cibum vir et servs parbat vel alis rs domestics agbat. [Footnote 1: The vlicus was a slave who acted as overseer of a farm. He directed the farming operations and the sale of the produce.] [Footnote 2: se, reflexive pron., object of exercent.] [Footnote 3: For the construction, see 501.40.] [Footnote 4: in, _for_.] [Footnote 5: anns, 501.21.] [Footnote 6: domum, 501.20.] [Footnote 7: rr, 501.36.1.] [Footnote 8: hrs, cf. anns, line 17.] [Footnote 9: qu ... spectet, 349, 350.] [Footnote 10: sagittis, 501.24.] LXIII. MARCUS LENTULUS, THE FATHER OF PUBLIUS, IS SHIPWRECKED JULIA RECEIVES A LETTER FROM HIM Iam Pblius[1] decem anns habbat cum M. Cornlius Lentulus, pater eius, qu qunque anns[2] grave bellum in Asi gerbat, non sine glri domum[3] revertbtur. Namque multa secunda proelia fcerat, maxims hostium cpis dlverat, mults urbs populo[4] Rmn inimcs cperat. Primum nntius pervnit qu Lentul[5] missus erat[6] ut profectinem suam nntiret. Deinde plrs dis[7] reditum vir optim mter fliusque exspectbant et anims[8] sollicitis des immortls frstr colbant. Tum dmum hs litters summo cum gaudi accprunt: [9]Mrcus Iliae suac saltem dcit. S vals, bene est; ego vale. Ex Graeci, qu[10] praeter spem et opninem hodi pervn, hs litters ad t scrib. Namque nvis nostra frcta est; ns autem--[11]ds est gratia--incolumes sumus. Ex Asiae[12] port nvem ln vent solvimus. Postquam[13] altum mare tenuimus [14]nec iam llae terrae apprurunt, caelum undique et undique flucts, subit magna tempests coorta est et nvem vehementissim adflxit. Vents fluctibusque adflctt[15] nec slem discernere nec cursum tenre potermus et omnia praesentem mortem intentbant. Trs dis[16] et trs nocts[16] sine rms vlsque agimur. Qurt di[17] prmum terra vsa est et violenter in saxa, quae nn long ltore aberant, diect sumus. Tum vr maira percula timbmus; sed nauta qudam, vir fortissimus, ex nve in flucts rts dsiluit [18]ut fnem ad ltus portret; quam rem summ labre vix effcit. Ita omns servt sumus. Grtis igitur et honrem Neptn dbmus, qu deus ns percul ripuit. Nunc Athns[19] sum, qu cnfg ut mihi paucs hrs ad quitem darem.[20] Quam prmum autem aliam nvem condcam ut iter ad Italiam reliquum cnficiam et domum[21] ad mes crs revertar. Salt nostrum Pblium amcissim et valtdinem tuam cr dligenter. [22]Kalends Mrtis. [Footnote 1: _was ten years old_.] [Footnote 2: anns, 501.21.] [Footnote 3: domum, 501.20.] [Footnote 4: popul, dat. with inimcs, cf. 501.16.] [Footnote 5: Lentul, 501.33.] [Footnote 6: ut ... nntiret, 501.40.] [Footnote 7: dis, cf. anns, 1. 9.] [Footnote 8: anims, abl. of manner. Do you see one in line 15?] [Footnote 9: This is the usual form for the beginning of a Latin letter. First we have the greeting, and then the expression S vals, etc. The date of the letter is usually given at the end, and also the place of writing, if not previously mentioned in the letter.] [Footnote 10: qu, _where_.] [Footnote 11: ds est grtia, _thank God_, in our idiom.] [Footnote 12: Asia refers to the Roman province of that name in Asia Minor.] [Footnote 13: altum mare tenuimus, _we were well out to sea._] [Footnote 14: nec iam, _and no longer_.] [Footnote 15: adflctt, perf. passive part. _tossed about_.] [Footnote 16: What construction?] [Footnote 17: di, 501.35.] [Footnote 18: ut ... portret, 501.40.] [Footnote 19: Athns, 501.36.1.] [Footnote 20: darem, cf. portret, l. 6.] [Footnote 21: Why not ad domum?] [Footnote 22: Kalends Mrtis, _the Calends_ or _first of March_; abl. of time, giving the date of the letter.] LXIV. LENTULUS REACHES HOME PUBLIUS VISITS POMPEII WITH HIS FATHER Post paucs dis nvis M. Cornl Lentul portum Msn[1] petiit, qu portus nn long Pompis situs est; qu in port classis Rmn pnbtur et ad pugns nvls rnbtur. Ibi nvs omnium generum cnspic poterant. Iamque incrdibil celeritte nvis longa qu Lentulus vehbtur ltor adpropinquvit; nam nn slum vent sed etiam rms impellbtur. In alt puppe stbat guberntor et nn procul aliqu mlits Rmn cum arms splendids, inter qus clrissimus erat Lentulus. Deinde serv rms contendere cessvrunt[2]; nautae vlum contrxrunt et ancors icrunt. Lentulus statim nv gressus est et[3] ad villam suam propervit. Eum Ilia, Pblius, ttaque familia excprunt. [4]Qu complexs, quanta gaudia furunt! Postrdi eius di Lentulus fli su dxit, Ven, m Pbl, mcum. Pompis iter hodi faciam. Mter tua sudet[5] ut frcts et cibria emam. Namque plrs amcs ad cnam vocvimus et mults rbus[6] egmus. Ea horttur ut quam prmum proficscmur. Libenter, m pater, inquit Pblius. Tcum esse mihi semper est grtum; nec Pompis umquam vd. Sine mor proficsc partus sum. Tum celeriter currum cnscendrunt et ad urbis mrs vect sunt. Stabin port[7] urbem ingress sunt. Pblius strts vis mrtur et saxa altira quae in medi disposita erant et alts orbits qus rotae inter haec saxa fcerant. Etiam strepitum mrtur, multitdinem, carrs, fonts, doms, taberns, forum[8] cum status, templs, reliqusque aedificis pblics. [Footnote 1: Misenum had an excellent harbor, and under the emperor Augustus became the chief naval station of the Roman fleet. See map of Italy.] [Footnote 2: Why is the infinitive used with cessvrunt?] [Footnote 3: See Plate I, Frontispiece.] [Footnote 4: Observe that these words are exclamatory.] [Footnote 5: What construction follows sude? 501.41.] [Footnote 6: rbus, 501.32.] [Footnote 7: This is the abl. of the _way by which_ motion takes place, sometimes called the abl. of route. The construction comes under the general head of the abl. of means. For the scene here described, see Plate II, p. 53, and notice especially the stepping-stones for crossing the street (saxa quae in medi disposita erant).] [Footnote 8: The forum of Pompeii was surrounded by temples, public halls, and markets of various sorts. Locate Pompeii on the map.] LXV. A DAY AT POMPEII Apud forum curr dscendrunt et Lentulus dxit, Hc sunt multa tabernrum genera, m Pbl. Ecce, trns viam est popna! [1]Hoc genus tabernrum cibria vndit. Frcts quoque ante inuam stant. Ibi cibria mea emam. Optim, respondit Pblius. At ubi, m pater, crstula emere possumus? Namque mter nbs impervit [2]ut haec quoque parrmus. Time ut[3] ista popna vndat crstula. Bene dcis, inquit Lentulus. At nnne vids illum fontem dextr ubi aqua per lenis caput fluit? In ill ips loc est taberna pstris qu sine dubi vndit crstula. Brev tempore[4] omnia erant parta, iamque [5]qunta hra erat. Deinde Lentulus et flius ad caupnam propervrunt, quod fam[6] et sit[7] urgbantur. Ibi sub arboris umbr sdrunt et puer impervrunt ut sibi[8] cibum et vnum daret. Huic imperi[9] puer celeriter pruit. Tum laet s[10] ex labre refcrunt. Post prandium prefect sunt ut alia urbis spectcula vidrent. Ill tempore furunt Pompis[11] multa templa, duo thetra, thermae magnumque amphithetrum, quae omnia post paucs anns flamms atque incendis Vesuv et terrae mt dlta sunt. Ante hanc calamittem autem homins [12]nihil d monte verit sunt. In amphithetr quidem Pblius morr cupvit ut spectcula gladitria vidret, quae in[13] illum ipsum diem prscrpta erant et iam [14]r vr incperant. Sed Lentulus dxit, Morr, Pbl, [15]vereor ut possmus. Iam decima hra est et via est longa. Tempus sudet ut quam prmum domum revertmur. Itaque serv impervit ut equs iungeret, et slis occs[16] ad vllam pervnrunt. [Footnote 1: We say, _this kind of shop_; Latin, _this kind of shops_.] [Footnote 2: ut ... parrmus, 501.41.] [Footnote 3: How is ut translated after a verb of fearing? How n? Cf. 501.42.] [Footnote 4: tempore, 501.35.] [Footnote 5: qunta hra. The Romans numbered the hours of the day consecutively from sunrise to sunset, dividing the day, whether long or short, into twelve equal parts.] [Footnote 6: fam shows a slight irregularity in that the abl. ending -e is long.] [Footnote 7: sitis, _thirst_, has -im in the acc. sing., - in the abl. sing., and no plural.] [Footnote 8: Observe that the reflexive pronoun sibi does not here refer to the subject of the subordinate clause in which it stands, but to the subject of the main clause. This so-called _indirect_ use of the reflexive is often found in object clauses of purpose.] [Footnote 9: What case? Cf. 501.14.] [Footnote 10: s, cf. p. 205, l. 7, and note.] [Footnote 11: Pompis, 501.36.1.] [Footnote 12: nihil ... verit sunt, _had no fears of the mountain_.] [Footnote 13: in, _for_.] [Footnote 14: r vr, _in fact_.] [Footnote 15: vereor ut, 501.42.] [Footnote 16: occs, 501.35.] LXVI. LENTULUS ENGAGES A TUTOR FOR HIS SON prms anns quidem Ilia ipsa flium suum docuerat, et Pblius nn slum [1]pr et Latn loqu poterat sed etiam commod legbat et scrbbat. Iam Ennium[2] alisque pots lgerat. Nunc vr Pblius [3]duodecim anns habbat; itaque e pater bonum magistrum, [4]virum omn doctrn et virtte rntissimum, parvit, [5]qu Graeca, msicam, alisque arts docret. [6]Namque ills temporibus omns fer gents Graec loqubantur. Cum Pbli ali puer, Lentul amcrum fli,[7] discbant. Nam saepe apud Rmns ms erat [8]nn in ldum flis mittere sed dom per magistrum docre. Cotdi discipul cum magistr in peristyl[9] Mrc doms sedbant. Omns puer bullam auream, orginis honestae signum, in coll gerbant, et omns tog praetext amict erant, [10]quod nndum sdecim anns[11] nt sunt. [Footnote 1: pr ... poterat, freely, _could speak Latin well_. What is the literal translation?] [Footnote 2: Ennium, the father of Latin poetry.] [Footnote 3: duodecim ... habbat, cf. p. 206, l. 8, and note.] [Footnote 4: virum, etc., _a very well-educated and worthy man_. Observe the Latin equivalent.] [Footnote 5: qu ... docret, a relative clause of purpose. Cf. 349, 350.] [Footnote 6: In Csars time Greek was spoken more widely in the Roman world than any other language.] [Footnote 7: fli, in apposition with puer.] [Footnote 8: nn ... mittere. This infinitive clause is the subject of erat. Cf. 216. The same construction is repeated in the next clause, dom ... docre. The object of docre is flis understood.] [Footnote 9: The peristyle was an open court surrounded by a colonnade.] [Footnote 10: At the age of sixteen a boy laid aside the _bulla_ and the _toga praetexta_ and assumed _toga virlis_ or manly gown.] [Footnote 11: anns, 501.21. The expression nndum sdecim anns nt sunt means literally, _they were born not yet sixteen years_. This is the usual expression for age. What is the English equivalent?] [Illustration: TABULA ET STILUS] SCENE IN SCHOOL AN EXERCISE IN COMPOSITION DISCIPUL. Salv, magister. MAGISTER. Vs quoque omns, salvte. [1]Tabulsne portvistis et stils? D. Portvimus. M. Iam fbulam Aesp[2] discmus. Ego legam, vs in tabuls scrbite. Et t, Pbl, d mihi caps[3] Aesp volmen.[4] Iam audte omns: _Vulps et va_. Vulps lim fam cocta vam dpendentem vdit. Ad vam salibat, smere cnns. Frstr di cnta, tandem rta erat et salre cessns dxit: Illa va est acerba; acerbam vam [5]nihil moror. Omniane scrpsistis, puer? D. Omnia, magister. [Footnote 1: Tablets were thin boards of wood smeared with wax. The writing was done with a stylus, a pointed instrument like a pencil, made of bone or metal, with a knob at the other end. The knob was used to smooth over the wax in making erasures and corrections.] [Footnote 2: Aesp, the famous Greek to whom are ascribed most of the fables current in the ancient world.] [Footnote 3: A cylindrical box for holding books and papers, shaped like a hatbox.] [Footnote 4: Ancient books were written on rolls made of papyrus.] [Footnote 5: nihil moror, _I care nothing for_.] LXVII. PUBLIUS GOES TO ROME TO FINISH HIS EDUCATION Iamque Pblius, [1]qundecim anns ntus, [2]prms litterrum elements cnfects, Rmam petere voluit ut schols grammaticrum et philosophrum frequentret. Et facillim patr[3] su, qui ipse philosophiae studi tenbtur, persusit. Itaque [4]omnibus rbus ad profectinem comparts, pater fliusque equs animss vect[5] ad magnam urbem profect sunt. Es proficscents Ilia ttaque familia vts precibusque prsectae sunt. Tum per loca[6] plna et collis silvs vestts viam ingress sunt ad Nlam, quod oppidum es hospiti modic excpit. Nlae[7] dus hrs mort sunt, quod sl merdinus rdbat. Tum rct vi[8] circiter vgint mlia[9] passuum[9] Capuam,[9] ad nsignem Campniae urbem, contendrunt. E[10] mult nocte dfess pervnrunt. [11]Postrdi eius di, somn et cib recret, Capu discessrunt et [13]viam Appiam ingress, quae Capuam tangit et sque ad urbem Rmam dcit, ante merdiem Sinuessam pervnrunt, quod oppidum tangit mare. Inde prm lce proficscents Formis[13] propervrunt, ubi Cicer, rtor clarissimus, qu forte apud vllam suam erat, es benign excpit. Hinc [14]itinere vgint qunque mlium passuum fact, Tarracnam, oppidum in saxs altissims situm, vdrunt. Iamque nn long aberant palds magnae, quae multa mlia passuum undique patent. Per es pedestris via est gravis et in nve vitrs vehuntur. Itaque [15]equs relicts Lentulus et Pblius nvem cnscendrunt, et, n nocte in trnsit cnsmpt, Forum App vnrunt. Tum brev tempore Arcia es excpit. Hoc oppidum, in colle situm, ab urbe Rom sdecim mlia passuum abest. Inde dclivis via sque ad latum campum dcit ubi Rma stat. Quem ad locum ubi Pblius vnit et Rmam adhc remtam, maximam ttus orbis terrrum urbem, cnspxit, summ admrtine et gaudi adfectus est. Sine mor dscendrunt, et, medi intervll quam celerrim supert, urbem port Capn ingress sunt. [Footnote 1: qundecim, etc., cf. p. 210, l. 5, and note.] [Footnote 2: prms ... cnfects, abl. abs. Cf. 501.28.] [Footnote 3: patr, dat. with persusit.] [Footnote 4: omnibus ... comparts, cf. note 2.] [Footnote 5: vect, perf. pass. part. of veh.] [Footnote 6: What is there peculiar about the gender of this word?] [Footnote 7: Nlae, locative case, 501.36.2.] [Footnote 8: vi, cf. port, p. 208, l. 7, and note.] [Footnote 9: What construction?] [Footnote 10: E, adv. _there_.] [Footnote 11: Postrdi eius di, _on the next day_.] [Footnote 12: viam Appiam, the most famous of all Roman roads, the great highway from Rome to Tarentum and Brundisium, with numerous branches. Locate on the map the various towns that are mentioned in the lines that follow.] [Footnote 13: Formis, _Formi_, one of the most beautiful spots on this coast, and a favorite site for the villas of rich Romans.] [Footnote 14: itinere ... fact, abl. abs. The gen. mlium modifies itinere.] [Footnote 15: equs relicts. What construction? Point out a similar one in the next line.] [Illustration: BULLA] LXVIII. PUBLIUS PUTS ON THE TOGA VIRILIS Pblius iam ttum annum Rmae morbtur[1] multaque urbis spectcula vderat et mults sibi[2] amcs parverat. E[3] omns favbant; [4]d e omns bene sprre poterant. Cotdi Pblius scholas philosophrum et grammaticrum tant studi frequentbat [5]ut alis clrum exemplum praebret. Saepe erat cum patre in cri[6]; quae rs effcit [7]ut summs re pblicae virs et audret et vidret. Ubi [8]sdecim anns natus est, bullam[9] auream et togam praetextam mre Rmn dposuit atque virlem togam smpsit. Virlis autem toga erat omnn alba, sed praetexta clvum purpureum in margine habbat. [10]Dpnere togam praetextam et smere togam virlem erat rs grtissima puer Rmn, quod poste vir et cvis Rmnus habbtur. [11]Hs rbus gests Lentulus ad uxrem suam hs litters scrpsit: [12]Mrcus Iliae suae saltem dcit. S vals, bene est; ego vale. Accp tus litters. Hs nunc Rm per servum fidlissimum mitt ut d Pbli nostr quam celerrim scis. Nam hodi e togam virlem ded. Ante lucem surrx[13] et prmum bullam auream d coll eius remv. Hc Laribus[14] cnsecrt et sacrs facts, eum tog virl vestv. Interim plrs amc cum multitdine optimrum cvium et honestrum clientium pervnerant [15]qu Pblium dom in forum ddcerent. Ibi in cvittem receptus est et nmen, Pblius Cornlius Lentulus, apud cvs Rmns ascrptum est. Omns e amcissim furunt et magna[16] de e praedcunt. Sapientior enim aequlibus[17] est et magnum ingenium habet. [18]Cr ut vales. [Footnote 1: morbtur, translate as if pluperfect.] [Footnote 2: sibi, _for himself_.] [Footnote 3: E, why dat.?] [Footnote 4: d ... poterant, in English, _all regarded him as a very promising youth;_ but what does the Latin say?] [Footnote 5: ut ... praebret, 501.43.] [Footnote 6: cri, a famous building near the Roman Forum.] [Footnote 7: ut ... audret et vidret, 501.44.] [Footnote 8: sdecim, etc., cf. p. 210, l. 5, and note.] [Footnote 9: bullam, cf. p. 210, l. 3, and note 4.] [Footnote 10: These infinitive clauses are the subject of erat. Cf. 216.] [Footnote 11: Hs rbus gests, i.e. the assumption of the _toga virilis_ and attendant ceremonies.] [Footnote 12: Compare the beginning of this letter with the one on page 206.] [Footnote 13: surrx, from surg.] [Footnote 14: The Lares were the spirits of the ancestors, and were worshiped as household gods. All that the house contained was confided to their care, and sacrifices were made to them daily.] [Footnote 15: qu ... ddcerent, 350.] [Footnote 16: magna, _great things_, a neuter adj. used as a noun.] [Footnote 17: aequlibus, 501.34.] [Footnote 18: Cr ut vales, _take good care of your health_. How does the Latin express this idea?] LXIX. PUBLIUS JOINS CSARS ARMY IN GAUL Pblius iam adulscns postquam togam virlem smpsit, alis rbus studre incpit et praesertim s[1] armrum s[2] dligenter exercuit. Magis magisque amvit ills arts quae mlitrem animum dlectant. Iamque erant [3]qu e cursum mlitrem praedcerent. Nec sine caus, quod cert patris signe exemplum [4]ita multum trahbat. [5]Paucs ante anns C. Ilius Caesar, ducum Rmnrum maximus, cnsul cretus erat et hc tempore in Galli bellum grave gerbat. Atque in exercit eius plrs adulscents mlitbant, apud qus erat amcus qudam Pbl. Ille Pblium crbrs litters vehementer hortbtur [6]ut iter in Galliam faceret. Neque Pblius recsvit, et, mults amcs ad portam urbis prsequentibus, ad Caesaris castra profectus est. Qurt di postquam iter ingressus est, ad Alps, monts altissims, pervnit. Hs summ difficultte superts, tandem Gallrum in fnibus erat. Prm autem veritus est ut[7] castrs Rmns adpropinqure posset, quod Gall, maxims cpis cocts, Rmns obsidbant et vis omns iam clauserant. Hs rbus commtus Pblius vestem Gallicam induit n Galls capertur, et ita per hostium cpis incolumis ad castra pervenre potuit. Intr mntines acceptus, Caesare benign exceptus est. Impertor fortem adulscentem amplissims verbs laudvit et eum [8]tribnum mltum crevit. [Footnote 1: Abl. of means.] [Footnote 2: s, reflexive object of exercuit.] [Footnote 3: qu ... praedcerent, 501.45.] [Footnote 4: ita multum trahbat, _had a great influence in that direction_.] [Footnote 5: Paucs ante anns, _a few years before_; in Latin, _before by a few years_, ante being an adverb and anns abl. of degree of difference.] [Footnote 6: ut ... faceret, 501.41.] [Footnote 7: ut, how translated here? See 501.42.] [Footnote 8: The _military tribune_ was a commissioned officer nearly corresponding to our rank of colonel. The tribunes were often inexperienced men, so Csar did not allow them much responsibility.] [Illustration: IMPEDIMENTA] HOW THE ROMANS MARCHED AND CAMPED Exercitus qu in hostium fnibus bellum genit mults percus circumdatus est. [1]Quae percula ut vtret, Rmni summam cram adhbre solbant. Adpropinquantes cpis hostium agmen ita dispnbant [2]ut impertor ipse cum plribus leginibus expedts[3] prmum agmen dceret. Post es cpis impedmenta[4] ttus exercits conlocbant. [5]Tum legins quae proxim cnscrptae erant ttum agmen claudbant. Equits quoque in omns parts dmittbantur qu loca explrrent; et centurins praemittbantur ut locum castrs idneum dligerent. Locus habbatur idneus castrs [6]qu facile dfend posset et prope aquam esset. Qu d caus castra[7] in colle ab utrque parte ardu, fronte lniter dclv saepe pnbantur; vel locus paldibus cnctus vel in flminis rps situs dligbtur. Ad locum postquam exercitus pervnit, ali mlitum [8]in arms erant, ali castra mnre incipibant. Nam [9]qu ttirs ab hostibus mlits essent, nve incaut et impart opprimerentur, castra foss lt et vll alt mnibant. In castrs portae quattuor erant ut rupti mlitum omns in parts fier posset. In anguls castrrum erant turrs d quibus tla in hosts conicibantur. [10]Tlibus in castrs qulia dscrpsimus Pblius Caesare exceptus est. [Footnote 1: Quae percula, object of vtrent. It is placed first to make a proper connection with the preceding sentence.] [Footnote 2: ut ... dceret, 501.43.] [Footnote 3: expedts, i.e. without baggage and ready for action.] [Footnote 4: impedmenta. Much of the baggage was carried in carts and on beasts of burden, as is shown above; but, besides this, each soldier (unless expedtus) carried a heavy pack. See also picture, p. 159.] [Footnote 5: The newest legions were placed in the rear, because they were the least reliable.] [Footnote 6: qu ... posset ... esset, 501.45.] [Footnote 7: castra, subject of pnbantur.] [Footnote 8: in arms erant, _stood under arms_.] [Footnote 9: qu ... essent. When is qu used to introduce a purpose clause? See 350.I.] [Footnote 10: Tlibus in castrs qulia, _in such a camp as_. It is important to remember the correlatives tlis ... qulis, _such ... as_.] [Illustration: CENTURIO] LXX. THE RIVAL CENTURIONS Ills in castrs erant duo centurins,[1] fortissim vir, T. Pull et L. Vornus, qurum neuter alter virtte[2] cdere volbat. Inter es iam mults anns nfnsum certmen gerbtur. Tum dmum fnis contrversiae hc mod[3] factus est. Di terti postquam Pblius pervnit, hosts, mairibus cpis cocts, cerrimum impetum in castra fcrunt. Tum Pull, [4]cum Rmn tardirs[5] vidrentur, Cr dubits, inquit, Vorne? Quam commodirem occsinem exspects? Hic dis d virtte nostr idicbit. Haec[6] cum dxisset, extr mntins prcessit et in eam hostium partem quae cfertissima [7]vidbtur inrpit. Neque Vornus quidem tum vll[8] ss continet, sed Pullnem subsequitur. Tum Pull plum in hosts immittit atque num ex multitdine prcurrentem tricit. Hunc percussum et exanimtum hosts scts prtegunt et in Pullnem omns tla coniciunt. Eius sctum trnsfgitur et tlum in balte dfgitur. Hic csus vgnam vertit et dextram manum eius gladium dcere cnantis[9] mortur. Eum ita impedtum hosts circumsistunt. Tum vro [10]e labrant Vornus, cum sit inimcus, tamen auxilium dat. Ad hunc cnfestim [11] Pullne omnis multitd s convertit. Gladi comminus pugnat Vornus, atque, n interfect, reliqus paulum prpellit. Sed nstns cupidius[12] nflx, [13]pede s fallente, concidit. Huic rrsus circumvent auxilium dat Pull, atque amb incolums, plribus interfects, summ cum laude intr mntins s recipiunt. Sic inimcrum alter alter auxilium dedit nec de erum virtte quisquam idicre potuit. [Footnote 1: A centurion commanded a company of about sixty men. He was a common soldier who had been promoted from the ranks for his courage and fighting qualities. The centurions were the real leaders of the men in battle. There were sixty of them in a legion. The centurion in the picture (p. 216) has in his hand a staff with a crook at one end, the symbol of his authority.] [Footnote 2: virtte, 501.30.] [Footnote 3: Abl. of manner.] [Footnote 4: cum ... vidrentur, 501.46.] [Footnote 5: tardirs, _too slow_, a not infrequent translation of the comparative degree.] [Footnote 6: Haec, obj. of dxisset. It is placed before cum to make a close connection with the preceding sentence. What is the construction of dxisset?] [Footnote 7: vidbatur, inrpit. Why is the imperfect used in one case and the perfect in the other? Cf. 190.] [Footnote 8: vll, abl. of means, but in English we should say _within the rampart_. Cf. ingent stabul, p. 201, l. 13, and note.] [Footnote 9: cnantis, pres. part. agreeing with eius.] [Footnote 10: e labrant, indir. obj. of dat.] [Footnote 11: lj Pullne, _from Pullo_, abl. of separation.] [Footnote 12: cupidius, _too eagerly_.] [Footnote 13: pede s fallente, lit. _the foot deceiving itself_; in our idiom, _his foot slipping_.] LXXI. THE ENEMY BESIEGING THE CAMP ARE REPULSED Cum iam sex hrs pugnatum esset[1] ac nn slum vrs sed etiam tla Rmns dficerent[1], atque hosts crius instrent,[1] et vllum scindere fossamque complre incpissent,[1] Caesar, vir re mlitris pertissimus, sus impervit ut proelium paulisper intermitterent,[2] et, sign dat, ex castrs rumperent.[2] [3]Quod iuss sunt faciunt, et subit ex omnibus ports rumpunt. Atque tam celeriter mlits concurrrunt et tam propinqu erant hosts[4] ut spatium pla coniciend[5] nn dartur. Itaque reiects pls [6]comminus gladis pugntum est. Di et audcter hosts restitrunt et in extrm sp saltis tantam virttem praestitrunt ut dextr corn vehementer [7]multitdine surum aciem Rmanam premerent. [8]Id impertor cum animadvertisset, Pblium adulscentem cum equitt msit qu labrantibus[9] auxilium daret. Eius impetum sustinre nn poturunt hosts[10] et omns terga vertrunt. Es in fugam dats Pblius subsectus est sque ad flmen Rhnum, quod ab e loc qunque mlia passuum aberat. Ibi pauc saltem sibi repperrunt. Omnibus reliqus interfects, Pblius et equits in castra ss recprunt. D hc calamitte fnitimae gents cum certirs factae essent, ad Caesarem lgts msrunt et s suaque omnia ddidrunt. [Footnote 1: pugntum esset, dficerent, nstrent, incpissent. These are all subjunctives with cum. Cf. 501.46.] [Footnote 2: intermitterent, rumperent. What use of the subjunctive?] [Footnote 3: Quod, etc., _they do as ordered_. The antecedent of quod is id understood, which would be the object of faciunt.] [Footnote 4: ut ... dartur. Is this a clause of purpose or of result?] [Footnote 5: coniciend, 402.] [Footnote 6: comminus gladis pugntum est, _a hand-to-hand conflict was waged with swords_.] [Footnote 7: multitdine surum, _by their numbers_. surum is used as a noun. What is the literal translation of this expression?] [Footnote 8: Id impertor. Id is the obj. and impertor the subj. of animadvertisset.] [Footnote 9: labrantibus. This participle agrees with is understood, the indir. obj. of daret; qui ... daret is a purpose clause, 501.40.] [Footnote 10: hosts, subj. of poturunt.] LXXII. PUBLIUS GOES TO GERMANY ITS GREAT FORESTS AND STRANGE ANIMALS Init aestte Caesar litters certior fbat et per explrtrs cognscbat plrs cvitts Galliae novs rbus studre,[1] et contr populum Rmnum conirre[1] obsidsque [2]inter s dare,[1] atque cum hs Germns qusdam quoque ss coninctrs esse.[1] Hs litters nntisque commtus Caesar cnstituit quam celerrim in Galls proficsc,[3] ut es inopnants opprimeret, et Labinum lgtum cum dubus leginibus peditum et dubus mlibus equitum in Germns mittere.[3] [4]Itaque r frmentri compart castra mvit. Ab utrque[5] rs bene gesta est; nam Caesar tam celeriter in hostium fns pervnit ut spatium [6]cpis cgend nn dartur[4]; et Labinus d Germns tam grave supplicium smpsit ut nm ex e gente in reliquum tempus Galls auxilium dare audret.[7] Hoc iter in Germniam Pblius quoque fcit et, [8]cum ibi morrtur, multa mrbilia vdit. Praesertim vr ingentem silvam mrbtur, quae tantae magnitdinis esse dcbtur [9]ut nm eam trnsre posset, nec quisquam scret aut initium aut fnem. Qu d r plra cognverat mlite qudam qu lim captus Germns mults anns ibi incoluit. Ille[10] d silv dcns, nfntae magnitdinis est haec silva, inquit; nee quisquam est [11]huius Germniae [12]qu initium eius sciat aut ad fnem adierit. Nscuntur illc multa tlia animlium genera qulia reliqus in locs nn inveniuntur. Sunt bovs qu num[13] corn habent; sunt etiam animlia quae appellantur alcs. Hae nlls crrum[14] articuls habent. Itaque, s forte concidrunt, ss rigere nll mod possunt. Arbors habent pr[15] cublibus; ad es s applicant atque ita reclntae quitem capiunt. Tertium est genus erum qu r appellantur. H sunt paul minrs elephants.[16] Magna vis erum est et magna vlcits. Neque homin neque ferae parcunt.[17] [Footnote 1: Observe that all these infinitives are in indirect statements after certior fbat, _he was informed_, and cognscbat, _he learned_. Cf. 501.48, 49.] [Footnote 2: inter s, _to each other_.] [Footnote 3: proficsc, mittere. These infinitives depend upon cnstituit.] [Footnote 4: Before beginning a campaign, food had to be provided. Every fifteen days grain was distributed. Each soldier received about two pecks. This he carried in his pack, and this constituted his food, varied occasionally by what he could find by foraging.] [Footnote 5: Abl. of personal agent, 501.33.] [Footnote 6: cpis cgend, 501.37.1.] [Footnote 7: dartur, audret, 501.43. audret is not from audi.] [Footnote 8: cum ... morrtur, 501.46.] [Footnote 9: ut ... posset, ... scret, 501.43.] [Footnote 10: Ille, subj. of inquit.] [Footnote 11: huius Germniae, _of this part of Germany_.] [Footnote 12: qu ... scat ... adierit, 501.45.] [Footnote 13: Ǟnum, _only one_.] [Footnote 14: crrum, from crs.] [Footnote 15: pr, _for, in place of_.] [Footnote 16: elephants, 501.34.] [Footnote 17: parcunt. What case is used with this verb?] [Illustration: VINEA] LXXIII. THE STORMING OF A CITY Pblius plrs dis in Germni mortus[1] in Galliam rediit, et ad Caesaris castra s contulit. Ille quia molest ferbat Galls[2] eius reginis obsids dare recsvisse et exercitu frmentum praebre nluisse, cnstituit es[3] bellum nferre. Agrs vstts, vcs incnss, pervnit ad oppidum validissimum quod et ntr et arte mntum erat. Cingbtur mr vgint qunque peds[4] alt. lateribus dusitum, praerupt fastgi ad plnitiem verggat; qurt tantum[5] latere aditus erat facilis. Hoc oppidum oppugnre, [6]cum opus esset difficillimum, tamen cnstituit Caesar. Et castrs mnts Pbli negtium dedit ut rs [7]ad oppugnandum necessris parret. Rmnrum autem oppugnti est haec.[8] Prmum turrs aedificantur quibus mlits in summum mrum vdere possint[9]; vneae[10] funt quibus tct mlits ad mrum succdant; plute[11] parantur post qus mlits tormenta[12] administrent; sunt quoque ariets qu mrum et ports discutiant. Hs omnibus rbus comparts, deinde [13]agger ab e parte ubi aditus est facillimus exstruitur et cum vnes ad ipsum oppidum agitur. Tum turris in aggere prmovtur; arietibus qu sub vnes conloct erant mrus et portae discutiuntur; ballists, catapults, reliqusque torments lapids et tla in oppidum coniciuntur. Postrm cum iam turris et agger altitdinem mr adaequant et ariets moenia perfrgrunt,[14] sign dat mlits inruunt et oppidum expugnant. [Footnote 1: mortus. Is this part. active or passive in meaning?] [Footnote 2: Galls, subj. acc. of the infins. recsvisse and nluisse. The indirect statement depends upon molest ferbat.] [Footnote 3: es, 501.15.] [Footnote 4: peds, 501.21.] [Footnote 5: tantum, adv. _only_.] [Footnote 6: cum ... esset, a clause of concession, 501.46.] [Footnote 7: ad oppugnandum, a gerund expressing purpose.] [Footnote 8: haec, _as follows_.] [Footnote 9: possint, subjv. of purpose. Three similar constructions follow.] [Footnote 10: vneae. These vneae were wooden sheds, open in front and rear, used to protect men who were working to take a fortification. They were about eight feet high, of like width, and double that length, covered with raw hides to protect them from being set on fire, and moved on wheels or rollers.] [Footnote 11: plute, large screens or shields with small wheels attached to them. These were used to protect besiegers while moving up to a city or while serving the engines of war.] [Footnote 12: tormenta. The engines of war were chiefly the catapult for shooting great arrows, and the ballista, for hurling large stones. They had a range of about two thousand feet and were very effective.] [Footnote 13: The agger, or mound, was of chief importance in a siege. It was begun just out of reach of the missiles of the enemy, and then gradually extended towards the point to be attacked. At the same time its height gradually increased until on a level with the top of the wall, or even higher. It was made of earth and timber, and had covered galleries running through it for the use of the besiegers. Over or beside the _agger_ a tower was moved up to the wall, often with a battering-ram (_aries_) in the lowest story. (See picture, p. 221.)] [Footnote 14: perfrgrunt, from perfring.] [Illustration: BALLISTA] [Illustration: TURRES, ARIETES, VINEA] LXXIV. THE CITY IS TAKEN THE CAPTIVES ARE QUESTIONED Omnibus rbus necessris ad oppugnandum Pbli comparts, dlbertur in concili quod cnsilium [1]oppid expugnand ineant.[2] Tum nus[3] ex centurinibus, vir re mlitris pertissimus, Ego sude, inquit, ut ab e parte, ubi aditus sit[5] facillimus, aggerem exstrumus[4] et turrim prmovemus[6] atque ariete admt simul mrum discutere cnmur.[5] [6]Hoc cnsilium cum omnibus placret, Caesar concilium dmsit. Deinde mlits horttus ut prirs victris memori[7] tenrent, iussit aggerem exstru, turrim et arietem admovr. Neque oppidns[8] cnsilium dfuit. Ali ignem et omne genus tlrum d mr in turrim conicrunt, ali ingentia saxa in vnes et arietem dvolvrunt. Di utrimque cerrim pugntum est. N vulnert quidem pedem rettulrunt. Tandem, [9]d terti vigili, Pblius, quem Caesar ill oper[10] praefcerat, nntivit partem[11] mr ictibus arietis labefactam concidisse. Qu r audt Caesar signum dat; mlits inruunt et magn cum caede hostium oppidum capiunt. Postrdi eius di, hc oppid expugnt, [12]captvrum qu nbilissim sunt ad impertrem ante praetrium[13] addcuntur. Ipse, lrc aurt et paludment purpure nsignis, captvs per interpretem in hunc modum interrogat:[14] Vs qu estis[15]? INTERPRES. Rogat impertor qu stis. CAPTV. Fli rgis sumus. INTERPRES. Dcunt s flis esse rgis. IMPERTOR. Cr mihi tants iniris intulistis? INTERPRES. Rogat cr sibi tants iniris intuleritis. CAPTV. Iniris e nn intulimus sed pr patri bellum gessimus. Semper voluimus Rmns esse amc, sed Rmn sine caus ns dom patrique expellere cnt sunt. INTERPRES. [16]Negant s iniris tibi intulisse, sed pr patri bellum gessisse. [17]Semper s voluisse amcs Rmns esse, sed Rmns sine caus s dom patrique expellere cnts esse. IMPERTOR. [18]Manbitisne in reliquum tempus in fid, hc rebelline condnt? Tum vr captv mults cum lacrims irvrunt s in fid mnsrs esse, et Caesar es incolums domum dmsit. [Footnote 1: oppid expugnand. Is this a gerund or a gerundive construction? Cf. 501.37.] [Footnote 2: ineant. 501.50.] [Footnote 3: Ǟnus. subj. of inquit.] [Footnote 4: sit. This is a so-called subjunctive by attraction, which means that the clause beginning with ubi stands in such close connection with the subjv. clause beginning with ut, that its verb is attracted into the same mood.] [Footnote 5: All these verbs are in the same construction.] [Footnote 6: Hoc cnsilium, subj. of placret. For the order cf. Haec cum, etc., p. 215, l. 22, and note; Id impertor cum, p. 217, l. 8.] [Footnote 7: memori, abl. of means.] [Footnote 8: oppidns, 501.15.] [Footnote 9: Between twelve and three oclock in the morning. The night was divided into four watches.] [Footnote 10: oper, 501.15.] [Footnote 11: partem, subj. acc. of concidisse.] [Footnote 12: captvrum ... sunt, _the noblest of the captives_.] [Footnote 13: The generals headquarters.] [Footnote 14: Study carefully these direct questions, indirect questions, and indirect statements.] [Footnote 15: See Plate III, p. 148.] [Footnote 16: Negant, etc., _they say that they have not_, etc. Negant is equivalent to dcunt nn, and the negative modifies intulisse, but not the remainder of the indirect statement.] [Footnote 17: Semper, etc., _that they have always_, etc.] [Footnote 18: Manbitisne in fid, _will you remain loyal?_] LXXV. CIVIL WAR BREAKS OUT BETWEEN CSAR AND POMPEY THE BATTLE OF PHARSALIA N cnfect[1] quidem bell Gallic, [2]bellum cvle inter Caesarem et Pompium exortum est. Nam Pompius, qu summum imperium petbat, sentu persuserat ut Caesarem re pblicae hostem[3] idicret et exercitum eius dmitt iubret. Quibus cognits rbus Caesar exercitum suum dmittere recsvit, atque, horttus mlits ut ducem totins victrem ab inimcrum iniris dfenderent, impervit ut s Rmam sequerentur. Summ cum alacritte mlits prurunt, et trnsit Rubicne[4] initium bell cvlis factum est. Italiae urbs quidem omns fer [5]rbus Caesaris favbant et eum benign excprunt. Qu r commtus Pompius ante Caesaris adventum Rm excessit et Brundisium[6] pervnit, inde [7]paucs post dibus cum omnibus cpis ad prum mare trnsiit. Eum Caesar cum septem leginibus et qungents equitibus sectus est, et nsignis inter Caesaris comittum erat Pblius. Plribus leviribus proelis facts, tandem cpiae adversae ad Pharslum[8] in Thessali sitam castra posurunt. Cum Pompe exercitus esset bis tantus quantus Caesaris, tamen erant mult qu veterns legins quae Galls et Germns superverant vehementer timbant. Qus[9] [10]ante proelium commissum Labinus[11] lgtus, qu ab Caesare nper dfcerat, ita adloctus est: [12]Nlte exstimre hunc esse exercitum veternrum mlitum. Omnibus interfu proelis[13] neque temer incognitam rem prnnti. Perexigua pars illus exercits qu Galls supervit adhc superest. Magna pars occsa est, mult domum discessrunt, mult sunt relict in Itali. Hae cpiae qus vidtis in [14]citerire Galli nper cnscrptae sunt. Haec[15] cum dxisset, irvit s nisi victrem in castra nn reversrum esse. [16]Hoc idem Pompius et omns reliqu irvrunt, et magn sp et laetiti, scut certam ad victriam, cpiae castrs exirunt. Item Caesar, anim[17] ad dmicandum partus, exercitum suum dxit et septem cohortibus [18]praesidi castrs relicts cpis triplic aci nstrxit. Tum, mlitibus studi pugnae rdentibus, tub signum dedit. Mlits prcurrrunt et pls misss gladis strnxrunt. Neque vr virts hostibus dfuit. Nam et tla missa sustinurunt et impetum gladirum excprunt et rdins cnservvrunt. Utrimque di et criter pugntum est nec quisquam pedem rettulit. Tum equits Pomp aciem Caesaris circumre cnt sunt. Quod[19] ubi Caesar animadvertit, tertiam aciem,[20] quae ad id tempus quita fuerat, prcurrere iussit. Tum vr integrrum impetum[21] dfess hosts sustinre nn poturunt et omns terga vertrunt. Sed Pompius d fortns sus dsprns s in castra equ contulit, inde mox cum paucs equitibus effgit. [Footnote 1: With n ... quidem the emphatic word stands between the two.] [Footnote 2: The Civil War was caused by the jealousy and rivalry between Csar and Pompey. It resulted in the defeat and subsequent death of Pompey and the elevation of Csar to the lordship of the Roman world.] [Footnote 3: hostem, predicate accusative, 501.22.] [Footnote 4: The Rubicon was a small stream in northern Italy that marked the boundary of Csars province. By crossing it with an armed force Csar declared war upon Pompey and the existing government. Csar crossed the Rubicon early in the year 49 B.C.] [Footnote 5: rbus Caesaris favbant, _favored Csars side_. In what case is rbus?] [Footnote 6: Brundisium, a famous port in southern Italy whence ships sailed for Greece and the East. See map.] [Footnote 7: paucs post dibus, _a few days later_; literally, _afterguards by a few days_. Cf. paucs ante anns, p. 213, l. 12, and note.] [Footnote 8: The battle of Pharsalia was fought on August 9, 48 B.C. In importance it ranks as one of the great battles of the world.] [Footnote 9: Qus, obj. of adloctus est.] [Footnote 10: ante proelium commissum, _before the beginning of the battle_.] [Footnote 11: Labinus, Csars most faithful and skillful lieutenant in the Gallic War. On the outbreak of the Civil War, in 49 B.C., he deserted Csar and joined Pompey. His defection caused the greatest joy among the Pompeian party; but he disappointed the expectations of his new friends, and never accomplished anything of importance. He fought against his old commander in several battles and was slain at the battle of Munda in Spain, 45 B.C.] [Footnote 12: Nlte exstimre, _dont think_.] [Footnote 13: proelis, 501.15.] [Footnote 14: citerire Galli. This name is applied to Cisalpine Gaul, or Gaul south of the Alps.] [Footnote 15: Haec, obj. of dxisset.] [Footnote 16: Hoc idem, obj. of irvrunt.] [Footnote 17: anim, 501.30.] [Footnote 18: praesidi castrs, 501.17.] [Footnote 19: Quod, obj. of animadvertit.] [Footnote 20: aciem, subj. of prcurrere.] [Footnote 21: impetum, obj. of sustinre.] [Illustration: SIGNIFER] LXXVI. THE TRIUMPH OF CAESAR Pompi amcsque eius superts atque omnibus hostibus ubque victs, Caesar impertor Rmam rediit et [1]extr moenia urbis in camp Mrti castra posuit. Tum vr amplissims honribus adfectus est. Dicttor cretus est, et e triumphus sent est dcrtus. [2]Qu di de Galls triumphum git, tanta multitd hominum in urbem undique cnflxit [3]ut omnia loca essent cnferta. Templa patbant, rae fmbant, columnae serts rntae erant. [4]Cum vr pompa urbem intrret, quantus hominum fremitus ortus est! Prmum per portam ingress sunt sentus et magistrts. Sect sunt tbcins, signifer, pedits laure cornt canents: Ecce Caesar nunc triumphat, qu subgit Galliam, et Mlle, mlle, mlle, mlle Galls trucdvimus. Mult praedam captrum urbium portbant, arma, omnia bell nstrmenta. Sect sunt equits, animss atque splendidissim rnts equs vect, inter qus Pblius adulscns fortissimus habbtur. Addcbantur taur, ariets, [5]qu ds immortlibus immolrentur. Ita long agmine prgredins exercitus [6]sacr vi per forum in Capitlium perrxit. Impertor ipse cum urbem intrret, undique laet clmre multitdinis salttus est. Stbat in curr aure quem quattuor alb equ vehbant. Indtus [7]tog pict, alter man habns et lauream tenbat, alter eburneum scptrum. Post eum servus in curr stns auream cornam super caput eius tenbat. Ante currum miserrim captv, rgs prncipsque supertrum gentium, catns vnct, prgredibantur; et vgint quattuor lctrs[8] laureats fascs ferents et signifer currum Caesaris comitbantur. Concldit agmen multitd captvrum, qu, in servittem redct,[9] dmiss vult, vncts[10] bracchis, sequuntur; quibuscum veniunt longissim rdine mlits, etiam h praedam vel insignia mlitria ferents. [Illustration: LICTORES CUM FASCIBUS] Caesar cum Capitlium ascendisset, in templ Iov Capitln sacra fcit. Simul[11] captivrum qu nbilissim erant, abduct in carcerem,[12] interfect sunt. Sacrs facts Caesar d Capitli dscendit et in for mitibus sus honrs mlitrs dedit esque pecniam ex bell praed distribuit. Hs omnibus rbus cnfects, Pblius Caesarem valre[13] iussit et quam celerrim ad vllam contendit ut patrem mtremque saltret. [14]D rbus gests P. Cornl Lentul hctenus. [Footnote 1: A victorious general with his army was not allowed to enter the city until the day of his triumph. A triumph was the greatest of all military honors.] [Footnote 2: Qu di, _on the day that_, abl. of time.] [Footnote 3: ut ... essent, 501.43.] [Footnote 4: Cum ... intrret, 501.46.] [Footnote 5: qu ... immolrentur, 501.40.] [Footnote 6: The Sacred Way was a noted street running along one side of the Forum to the base of the Capitoline Hill, on whose summit stood the magnificent temple of Jupiter Capitolinus. This route was always followed by triumphal processions.] [Footnote 7: The toga picta worn by a general in his triumph was a splendid robe of Tyrian purple covered with golden stars. See Plate IV, p. 213.] [Footnote 8: The lictors were a guard of honor that attended the higher magistrates and made a way for them through the streets. On their shoulders they carried the _fasces_, a bundle of rods with an ax in the middle, symbolizing the power of the law.] [Footnote 9: dmiss vult, _with downcast countenance_.] [Footnote 10: vncts, from vinci.] [Footnote 11: Simul, etc., _At the same time those of the captives who were the noblest._] [Footnote 12: The prison was a gloomy dungeon on the lower slopes of the Capitoline Hill.] [Footnote 13: valre iussit, _bade farewell to_.] [Footnote 14: This sentence marks the end of the story.] APPENDIX I DECLENSIONS, CONJUGATIONS, NUMERALS, ETC. NOUNS 460. Nouns are inflected in five declensions, distinguished by the final letter of the stem and by the termination of the genitive singular. FIRST DECLENSION---stems, Gen. Sing. -ae SECOND DECLENSION--O-stems, Gen. Sing. - THIRD DECLENSION--Consonant stems and I-stems, Gen. Sing. -is FOURTH DECLENSION--U-stems, Gen. Sing. -s FIFTH DECLENSION---stems, Gen. Sing. - or -e 461. FIRST DECLENSION. __-STEMS domina, _lady_ STEM domin- BASE domin- SINGULAR PLURAL TERMINATIONS TERMINATIONS _Nom._ domina -a dominae -ae _Gen._ dominae -ae dominrum -rum _Dat._ dominae -ae domins -s _Acc._ dominam -am domins -s _Abl._ domin - domins -s _a._ Dea and flia have the termination -bus in the dative and ablative plural. 462. SECOND DECLENSION. _O_-STEMS _a._ MASCULINES IN -us dominus, _master_ STEM domino- BASE domin- SINGULAR PLURAL TERMINATIONS TERMINATIONS _Nom._ dominus -us domin - _Gen._ domin - dominrum -rum _Dat._ domin - domins -s _Acc._ dominum -um domins -s _Abl._ domin - domins -s 1. Nouns in -us of the second declension have the termination -e in the vocative singular, as domine. 2. Proper names in -ius, and filius, end in - in the vocative singular, and the accent rests on the penult, as Vergil, fl. _b._ NEUTERS IN -um plum, _spear_ STEM plo- BASE pl- SINGULAR PLURAL TERMINATIONS TERMINATIONS _Nom._ plum -um pla -a _Gen._ pl - plrum -rum _Dat._ pl - pls -s _Acc._ plum -um pla -a _Abl._ pl - pls -s 1. Masculines in -ius and neuters in -ium end in - in the genitive singular, _not_ in -i, and the accent rests on the penult. _c._ MASCULINES IN -er AND -ir puer, _boy_ ager, _field_ vir, _man_ STEMS puero- agro- viro- BASES puer- agr- vir- SINGULAR TERMINATIONS _Nom._ puer ager vir -- _Gen._ puer agr vir - _Dat._ puer agr vir - _Acc._ puerum agrum virum -um _Abl._ puer agr vir - PLURAL _Nom._ puer agr vir - _Gen._ puerrum agrrum virrum -rum _Dat._ puers agrs virs -s _Acc._ puers agrs virs -s _Abl._ puers agrs virs -s 463. THIRD DECLENSION. CLASSIFICATION I. Consonant Stems 1. Stems that add -s to the base to form the nominative singular: masculines and feminines only. 2. Stems that add no termination in the nominitive singular: _a._ masculines and feminines; _b._ neuters. II. _I_-Stems. Masculines, feminines, and neuters. 464. I. CONSONANT STEMS 1. _Nouns that add -s to the base to form the nominative singular: masculines and feminines only_ prnceps, mles, m., lapis, m., m., _chief_ _soldier_ _stone_ BASES | OR | prncip- mlit- lapid- STEMS | SINGULAR TERMINATIONS _Nom._ prnceps mles lapis -s _Gen._ prncipis mlitis lapidis -is _Dat._ prncip mlit lapid - _Acc._ prncipem mlitem lapidem -em _Abl._ prncipe mlite lapide -e PLURAL _Nom._ prncips mlits lapids -s _Gen._ prncipum mlitum lapidum -um _Dat._ prncipibus mlitibus lapidibus -ibus _Acc._ prncips mlits lapids -s _Abl._ prncipibus mlitibus lapidibus -ibus rx, m., idex, m., virts, f., _king_ _judge_ _virtue_ BASES | OR | rg- idic- virtt- STEMS | SINGULAR TERMINATIONS _Nom._ rx idex virts -s _Gen._ rgis idicis virttis -is _Dat._ rg idic virtt - _Acc._ rgem idicem virttem -em _Abl._ rge idice virtte -e PLURAL _Nom._ rgs idics virtts -s _Gen._ rgum idicum virttum -um _Dat._ rgibus idicibus virttibus -ibus _Acc._ rgs idics virtts -es _Abl._ rgibus idicibus virttibus -ibus NOTE. For consonant changes in the nominative singular, cf. 233.3. 2. _Nouns that have no termination in the nominative singular_ _a._ MASCULINES AND FEMININES cnsul, m., legi, f., Ǚrd, pater, m., _consul_ _legion_ m., _row_ _father_ BASES | OR | consul- legin- Ǚrdin- patr- STEMS | SINGULAR TERMINATIONS _Nom._ cnsul legi rd pater -- _Gen._ cnsulis leginis rdinis patris -is _Dat._ cnsul legin rdin patr - _Acc._ cnsulem leginem rdinem patrem -em _Abl._ cnsule legine rdine patre -e PLURAL _Nom._ cnsuls legins rdins patrs -s _Gen._ cnsulum leginum rdinum patrum -um _Dat._ cnsulibus leginibus rdinibus patribus -ibus _Acc._ cnsuls legins rdins patrs -s _Abl._ cnsulibus leginibus rdinibus patribus -ibus NOTE. For vowel and consonant changes in the nominative singular, cf. 236.1-3. _b._ NEUTERS flmen, tempus, opus, caput, n., _river_ n., _time_ n., _work_ n., _head_ BASES | OR | flmin- tempor- oper- capit- STEMS | SINGULAR TERMINATIONS _Nom._ flmen tempus opus caput -- _Gen._ flminis temporis operis capitis -is _Dat._ flmin tempor oper capit - _Acc._ flmen tempus opus caput -- _Abl._ flmine tempore opere capite -e PLURAL _Nom._ flmina tempora opera capita -a _Gen._ flminum temporum operum capitum -um _Dat._ flminibus temporibus operibus capitibus -ibus _Acc._ flmina tempora opera capita -a _Abl._ flminibus temporibus operibus capitibus -ibus NOTE. For vowel and consonant changes in the nominative singular, cf. 238.2, 3. 465. II. _I_-STEMS _a._ MASCULINES AND FEMININES caeds, f., hostis, urbs, f., clins, m., _slaughter_ m., _enemy_ _city_ _retainer_ STEMS caedi- hosti- urbi- clienti- BASES caed- host- urb- client- SINGULAR TERMINATIONS _Nom._ caeds hostis urbs clins -s, -is, _or_ -s _Gen._ caedis hostis urbis clientis -is _Dat._ caed host urb client - _Acc._ caedem hostem urbem clientem -em (-im) _Abl._ caede hoste urbe cliente -e (-) PLURAL _Nom._ caeds hosts urbs clients -s _Gen._ caedium hostium urbium clientium -ium _Dat._ caedibus hostibus urbibus clientibus -ibus _Acc._ caeds, -s hosts, -s urbs, -s clients, -s -s, -s _Abl._ caedibus hostibus urbibus clientibus -ibus 1. Avis, cvis, fnis, ignis, nvis, have the abl. sing. in - or -e. 2. Turris has accusative turrim and ablative turr or turre. _b._ NEUTERS ǔnsigne, n., animal, n., calcar, _decoration_ _animal_ n., _spur_ STEMS ǔnsigni- animli- calcri- BASES ǔnsign- animl- calcr- SINGULAR TERMINATIONS _Nom._ nsigne animal calcar -e _or_ -- _Gen._ nsignis animlis calcris -is _Dat._ nsign animl calcr - _Acc._ nsigne animal calcar -e _or_ -- _Abl._ nsign animl calcr - PLURAL _Nom._ nsignia animlia calcria -ia _Gen._ nsignium animlium calcrium -ium _Dat._ nsignibus animlibus calcribus -ibus _Acc._ nsignia animlia calcria -ia _Abl._ nsignibus animlibus calcribus -ibus 466. THE FOURTH DECLENSION. _U_-STEMS adventus, m., corn, n., _horn_ _arrival_ STEMS adventu- cornu- BASES advent- corn- TERMINATIONS SINGULAR MASC. NEUT. _Nom._ adventus corn -us - _Gen._ advents corns -s -s _Dat._ adventu () corn -u () - _Acc._ adventum corn -um - _Abl._ advent corn - - PLURAL _Nom._ advents cornua -s -ua _Gen._ adventuum cornuum -uum -uum _Dat._ adventibus cornibus -ibus -ibus _Acc._ advents cornua -s -ua _Abl._ adventibus cornibus -ibus -ibus 467. THE FIFTH DECLENSION. __-STEMS dis, m., _day_ rs, f., _thing_ STEMS di- r- BASES di- r- SINGULAR TERMINATIONS _Nom._ dis rs -s _Gen._ di re - _or_ -e _Dat._ di re - _or_ -e _Acc._ diem rem -em _Abl._ di r - PLURAL _Nom._ dis rs -s _Gen._ dirum rrum -rum _Dat._ dibus rbus -bus _Acc._ dis rs -s _Abl._ dibus rbus -bus 468. SPECIAL PARADIGMS deus, domus, f., vs, f., iter, m., _god_ _house_ _strength_ n., _way_ STEMS deo- domu- v- and iter- and vri- itiner- BASES de- dom- v- and iter- and vr- itiner- SINGULAR _Nom._ deus domus vs iter _Gen._ de doms vs (rare) itineris _Dat._ de domu, - v (rare) itiner _Acc._ deum domum vim iter _Abl._ de dom, - v itinere PLURAL _Nom._ de, d doms vrs itinera _Gen._ derum, deum domuum, -rum vrium itinerum _Dat._ des, ds domibus vribus itineribus _Acc._ des doms, -s vrs, -s itinera _Abl._ des, ds domibus vribus itineribus _a._ The vocative singular of deus is like the nominative. _b._ The locative of domus is dom. ADJECTIVES 469. FIRST AND SECOND DECLENSIONS. _O_- AND __-STEMS _a._ ADJECTIVES IN -us bonus, _good_ STEMS bono- m. and n., bona- f. BASE bon- SINGULAR MASC. FEM. NEUT. _Nom._ bonus bona bonum _Gen._ bon bonae bon _Dat._ bon bonae bon _Acc._ bonum bonam bonum _Abl._ bon bon bon PLURAL _Nom._ bon bonae bona _Gen._ bonrum bonrum bonrum _Dat._ bons bons bons _Acc._ bons bons bona _Abl._ bons bons bons _b._ ADJECTIVES IN -er lber, _free_ STEMS lbero- m. and n., lber- f. BASE lber- SINGULAR MASC. FEM. NEUT. _Nom._ lber lbera lberum _Gen._ lber lberae lber _Dat._ lber lberae lber _Acc._ lberum lberam lberum _Abl._ lber lber lber PLURAL _Nom._ lber lberae lbera _Gen._ lberrum lberrum lberrum _Dat._ lbers lbers lbers _Acc._ lbers lbers lbera _Abl._ lbers lbers lbers pulcher, _pretty_ STEMS pulchro- m. and n., pulchr- f. BASE pulchr- SINGULAR MASC. FEM. NEUT. _Nom._ pulcher pulchra pulchrum _Gen._ pulchr pulchrae pulchr _Dat._ pulchr pulchrae pulchr _Acc._ pulchrum pulchram pulchrum _Abl._ pulchr pulchr pulchr PLURAL _Nom._ pulchr pulchrae pulchra _Gen._ pulchrrum pulchrrum pulchrrum _Dat._ pulchrs pulchrs pulchrs _Acc._ pulchrs pulchrs pulchra _Abl._ pulchrs pulchrs pulchrs 470. THE NINE IRREGULAR ADJECTIVES alius, _another_ STEMS alio- m. and n., ali- f. BASE ali- SINGULAR PLURAL MASC. FEM. NEUT. MASC. FEM. NEUT. _Nom._ alius alia aliud ali aliae alia _Gen._ alus alus alus alirum alirum alirum _Dat._ ali ali ali alis alis alis _Acc._ alium aliam aliud alis alis alia _Abl._ ali ali ali alis alis alis Ǟnus, _one, only_ STEMS Ǟno- m. and n., Ǟn- f. BASE Ǟn- MASC. FEM. NEUT. MASC. FEM. NEUT. _Nom._ nus na num n nae na _Gen._ nus nus nus nrum nrum nrum _Dat._ n n n ns ns ns _Acc._ num nam num ns ns na _Abl._ n n n ns ns ns _a._ For the complete list see 108. 471. ADJECTIVES OF THE THIRD DECLENSION. _I_-STEMS I. THREE ENDINGS ljcer, cris, cre, _keen, eager_ STEM ljcri- BASE ljcr- SINGULAR PLURAL MASC. FEM. NEUT. MASC. FEM. NEUT. _Nom._ cer cris cre crs crs cria _Gen._ cris cris cris crium crium crium _Dat._ cr cr cr cribus cribus cribus _Acc._ crem crem cre crs, -s crs, -s cria _Abl._ cr cr cr cribus cribus cribus II. TWO ENDINGS omnis, omne, _every, all_ STEM omni- BASE omn- SINGULAR PLURAL MASC. AND FEM. NEUT. MASC. AND FEM. NEUT. _Nom._ omnis omne omns omnia _Gen._ omnis omnis omnium omnium _Dat._ omn omn omnibus omnibus _Acc._ omnem omne omns, -s omnia _Abl._ omn omn omnibus omnibus III. ONE ENDING pr, _equal_ STEM pari- BASE par- SINGULAR PLURAL MASC. AND FEM. NEUT. MASC. AND FEM. NEUT. _Nom._ pr pr pars paria _Gen._ paris paris parium parium _Dat._ par par paribus paribus _Acc._ parem pr pars, -s paria _Abl._ par par paribus paribus 1. Observe that all i-stem adjectives have - in the ablative singular. [Transcribers Note: This sentence appears to be a footnote, but there is no footnote tag on the page.] 472. PRESENT ACTIVE PARTICIPLES amns, _loving_ STEM amanti- BASE amant- SINGULAR PLURAL MASC. AND FEM. NEUT. MASC. AND FEM. NEUT. _Nom._ amns amns amants amantia _Gen._ amantis amantis amantium amantium _Dat._ amant amant amantibus amantibus _Acc._ amantem amns amants, -s amantia _Abl._ amante, - amante, - amantibus amantibus ins, _going_ STEM ienti-, eunti- BASE ient-, eunt- _Nom._ ins ins eunts euntia _Gen._ euntis euntis euntium euntium _Dat._ eunt eunt euntibus euntibus _Acc._ euntem ins eunts, -s euntia _Abl._ eunte, - eunte, - euntibus euntibus 473. REGULAR COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE MASC. MASC. AND FEM. NEUT. MASC. FEM. NEUT. altus (alto-) altior altius altissimus -a -um lber (lbero-) lberior lberius lberrimus -a -um pulcher (pulchro-) pulchrior pulchrius pulcherrimus -a -um audx (audci-) audcior audcius audcissimus -a -um brevis (brevi-) brevior brevius brevissimus -a -um cer (cri-) crior crius cerrimus -a -um 474. DECLENSION OF COMPARATIVES altior, _higher_ SINGULAR PLURAL MASC. AND FEM. NEUT. MASC. AND FEM. NEUT. _Nom._ altior altius altirs altira _Gen._ altiris altiris altirum altirum _Dat._ altir altir altiribus altiribus _Acc._ altirem altius altirs altira _Abl._ altire altire altiribus altiribus pls, _more_ _Nom._ ---- pls plrs plra _Gen._ ---- plris plrium plrium _Dat._ ---- ---- plribus plribus _Acc._ ---- pls plrs (-s) plra _Abl._ ---- plre plribus plribus 475. IRREGULAR COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE bonus, -a, -um, melior, melius, optimus, -a, -um, _good_ _better_ _best_ malus, -a, -um, peior, peius, pessimus, -a, -um, _bad_ _worse_ _worst_ magnus, -a, -um, maior, maius, maximus, -a, -um, _great_ _greater_ _greatest_ multus, -a, -um, ----, pls, _more_ plrimus, -a, -um, _much_ _most_ parvus, -a, -um, minor, minus, minimus, -a, -um,_ _small_ _smaller_ _smallest senex, senis, senior maximus nt _old_ iuvenis, -e, inior minimus nt _young_ vetus, veteris, vetustior, -ius veterrimus, -a, -um _old_ facilis, -e, facilior, -ius facillimus, -a, -um _easy_ difficilis, -e, difficilior, -ius difficillimus, -a, -um _difficult_ similis, -e, similior, -ius simillimus, -a, -um _similar_ dissimilis, -e, dissimilior, -ius dissimillimus, -a, -um _dissimilar_ humilis, -e, _low_ humilior, -ius humillimus, -a, -um gracilis, -e, gracilior, -ius gracillimus, -a, -um _slender_ exterus, _outward_ exterior, extrmus, extimus, _outer, exterior_ _outermost, last_ nferus, _below_ nferior, _lower_ nfimus, mus, _lowest_ posterus, posterior, _later_ postrmus, postumus, _following_ _last_ superus, _above_ superior, suprmus, summus, _higher_ _highest_ [[cis, citr,]] citerior, _hither_ citimus, _hithermost_ [[_on this side_]] [[in, intr,]] interior, _inner_ intimus, _inmost_ [[_in, within_]] [[prae, pr,]] prior, _former_ prmus, _first_ [[_before_]] [[prope, _near_]] propior, _nearer_ proximus, _next_ [[ultr, _beyond_]] ulterior, _further_ ultimus, _furthest_ 476. REGULAR COMPARISON OF ADVERBS POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE cr (crus), _dearly_ crius crissim miser (miser), _wretchedly_ miserius miserrim criter (cer), _sharply_ crius cerrim facile (facilis), _easily_ facilius facillim 477. IRREGULAR COMPARISON OF ADVERBS POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE di, _long, a long time_ ditius ditissim bene (bonus), _well_ melius, _better_ optim, _best_ male (malus), _ill_ peius, _worse_ pessim, _worst_ magnopere, _greatly_ magis, _more_ maxim, _most_ multum (multus), _much_ pls, _more_ plrimum, _most_ parum, _little_ minus, _less_ minim, _least_ saepe, _often_ saepus saepissim 478. NUMERALS The cardinal numerals are indeclinable excepting Ǟnus, duo, trs, the hundreds above one hundred, and mlle used as a noun. The ordinals are declined like bonus, -a, -um. CARDINALS ORDINALS (_How many_) (_In what order_) 1, nus, -a, -um, _one_ prmus, -a, -um _first_ 2, duo, duae, duo _two_ secundus (_or_ alter) _second_ 3, trs, tria _three_, tertius _third_, 4, quattuor etc. qurtus etc. 5, qunque quntus 6, sex sextus 7, septem septimus 8, oct octvus 9, novem nnus 10, decem decimus 11, ndecim ndecimus 12, duodecim duodecimus 13, tredecim (decem (et) trs) tertius decimus 14, quattuordecim qurtus decimus 15, qundecim quntus decimus 16, sdecim sextus decimus 17, septendecim septimus decimus 18, duodvgint (octdecim) duodvcnsimus 19, ndvgint (novendecim) ndvcnsimus 20, vgint vcnsimus 21, {vgint nus _or_ {vcnsimus prmus _or_ {nus et vgint, etc. {nus et vcnsimus, etc. 30, trgint trcnsimus 40, quadrgint quadrgnsimus 50, qunqugint qunqugnsimus 60, sexgint sexgnsimus 70, septugint septugnsimus 80, octgint octgnsimus 90, nngint nngnsimus 100, centum centnsimus 101, centum (et) nus, etc. centnsimus (et) prmus, etc. 120, centum (et) vgint centnsimus vcnsimus 121, centum (et) vgint nus, centnsimus (et) vcnsimus prmus, etc. etc. 200, ducent, -ae, -a ducentnsimus 300, trecent trecentnsimus 400, quadringent quadringentnsimus 500, qungent qungentnsimus 600, sescent sescentnsimus 700, septingent septingentnsimus 800, octingent octingentnsimus 900, nngent nngentnsimus 1000, mlle mllnsimus 479. Declension of duo, _two_, trs, _three_, and mlle, _a thousand_. MASC. FEM. NEUT. M. AND F. NEUT. SING. PLUR. _N._ duo duae duo trs tra mlle mlia _G._ durum durum durum trium trium mlle mlium _D._ dubus dubus dubus tribus tribus mlle mlibus _A._ dus dus duo trs tria mlle mlia _or_ duo dus duo _or_ trs tria _A._ dubus dubus dubus tribus tribus mlle mlibus NOTE. Mlle is used in the plural as a noun with a modifying genitive, and is occasionally so used in the nominative and accusative singular. For the declension of Ǟnus cf. 470. PRONOUNS 480. PERSONAL ego, _I_ t, _you_ su, _of himself,_ _etc._ SING. PLUR. SING. PLUR. SING. PLUR. _Nom._ ego ns t vs ---- ---- _Gen._ me nostrum, -tr tu vestrum, -tr su su _Dat._ mihi nbs tibi vbs sibi sibi _Acc._ m ns t vs s, ss s, ss _Abl._ m nbs t vbs s, ss s, ss Note that su is always reflexive. 481. DEMONSTRATIVE Demonstratives belong to the first and second declensions, but have the pronominal endings -us or -ius and - in the gen. and dat. sing. ipse, _self_ SINGULAR PLURAL MASC. FEM. NEUT. MASC. FEM. NEUT. _Nom._ ipse ipsa ipsum ips ipsae ipsa _Gen._ ipsus ipsus ipsus ipsrum ipsrum ipsrum _Dat._ ips ips ips ipss ipss ipss _Acc._ ipsum ipsam ipsum ipss ipss ipsa _Abl._ ips ips ips ipss ipss ipss hic, _this_ (here), _he_ _Nom._ hic haec hoc h hae haec _Gen._ huius huius huius hrum hrum hrum _Dat._ huic huic huic hs hs hs _Acc._ hunc hanc hoc hs hs haec _Abl._ hc hc hc hs hs hs iste, _this, that_ (of yours), _he_ _Nom._ iste ista istud ist istae ista _Gen._ istus istus istus istrum istrum istrum _Dat._ ist ist ist ists ists ists _Acc._ istum istam istud ists ists ista _Abl._ ist ist ist ists ists ists ille, _that_ (yonder), _he_ _Nom._ ille illa illud ill illae illa _Gen._ illus illus illus illrum illrum illrum _Dat._ ill ill ill ills ills ills _Acc._ illum illam illud ills ills illa _Abl._ ill ill ill ills ills ills is, _this, that, he_ _Nom._ is ea id i, e eae ea _Gen._ eius eius eius erum erum erum _Dat._ e e e is, es is, es is, es _Acc._ eum eam id es es ea _Abl._ e e e is, es is, es is, es ǔdem, _the same_ _Nom._ dem eadem idem idem eaedem eadem edem _Gen._ eiusdem eiusdem eiusdem erundem erundem erundem _Dat._ edem edem edem isdem isdem isdem esdem esdem esdem _Acc._ eundem eandem idem esdem esdem eadem _Abl._ edem edem edem isdem isdem isdem esdem esdem esdem NOTE. In the plural of is and ǔdem the forms with two is are preferred, the two is being pronounced as one. 482. RELATIVE qu, _who, which, that_ SINGULAR PLURAL MASC. FEM. NEUT. MASC. FEM. NEUT. _Nom._ qu quae quod qu quae quae _Gen._ cuius cuius cuius qurum qurum qurum _Dat._ cui cui cui quibus quibus quibus _Acc._ quem quam quod qus qus quae _Abl._ qu qu qu quibus quibus quibus 483. INTERROGATIVE quis, substantive, _who, what_ SINGULAR PLURAL MASC. & FEM. NEUT. MASC. FEM. NEUT. _Nom._ quis quid qui quae quae _Gen._ cuius cuius qurum qurum qurum _Dat._ cui cui quibus quibus quibus _Acc._ quem quid qus qus quae _Abl._ qu qu quibus quibus quibus The interrogative adjective qu, quae, quod, is declined like the relative. 484. INDEFINITES quis and qu, as declined above,[1] are used also as indefinites (_some, any_). The other indefinites are compounds of quis and qu. quisque, _each_ SUBSTANTIVE ADJECTIVE MASC. & FEM. NEUT. MASC. FEM. NEUT. _Nom._ quisque quidque quisque quaeque quodque _Gen._ cuiusque cuiusque cuiusque cuiusque cuiusque _Dat._ cuique cuique cuique cuique cuique _Acc._ quemque quidque quemque quamque quodque _Abl._ quque quque quque quque quque [Footnote 1: qua is generally used instead of quae in the feminine nominative singular and in the neuter nominative and accusative plural.] 485. qudam, _a certain one, a certain_ Observe that in the neuter singular the adjective has quoddam and the substantive quiddam. SINGULAR MASC. FEM. NEUT. _Nom._ qudam quaedam quoddam, quiddam (_subst._) _Gen._ cuiusdam cuiusdam cuiusdam _Dat._ cuidam cuidam cuidam _Acc._ quendam quandam quoddam, quiddam (_subst._) _Abl._ qudam qudam qudam PLURAL _Nom._ qudam quaedam quaedam _Gen._ qurundam qurundam qurundam _Dat._ quibusdam quibusdam quibusdam _Acc._ qusdam qusdam quaedam _Abl._ quibusdam quibusdam quibusdam 486. quisquam, substantive, _any one_ (at all) MASC. AND FEM. NEUT. _Nom._ quisquam quicquam (quidquam) _Gen._ cuiusquam cuiusquam _Dat._ cuiquam cuiquam _Acc._ quemquam quicquam (quidquam) _Abl._ ququam ququam 487. aliquis, substantive, _some one_. aliqu, adjective, _some_ SINGULAR SUBSTANTIVE ADJECTIVE MASC. AND FEM. NEUT. MASC. FEM. NEUT. _Nom._ aliquis aliquid aliqu aliqua aliquod _Gen._ alicuius alicuius alicuius alicuius alicuius _Dat._ alicui alicui alicui alicui alicui _Acc._ aliquem aliquid aliquem aliquam aliquod _Abl._ aliqu aliqu aliqu aliqu aliqu PLURAL FOR BOTH SUBSTANTIVE AND ADJECTIVE MASC. FEM. NEUT. _Nom._ aliqu aliquae aliqua _Gen._ aliqurum aliqurum aliqurum _Dat._ aliquibus aliquibus aliquibus _Acc._ aliqus aliqus aliqua _Abl._ aliquibus aliquibus aliquibus _a._ quis (qu), _any one, any_, is the least definite (297.b). aliquis (aliqu), _some one, some_, is more definite than quis. quisquam, _any one_ (at all), and its adjective Ǟllus, _any_, occur mostly with a negative, expressed or implied, and in clauses of comparison. REGULAR VERBS 488. FIRST CONJUGATION. __-VERBS. _AM_ PRINCIPAL PARTS am, amre, amv, amtus PRES. STEM am- PERF. STEM amv- PART. STEM amt- ACTIVE PASSIVE INDICATIVE PRESENT _I love, am loving,_ _I am loved_, etc. _do love_, etc. am ammus amor ammur ams amtis amris, -re ammin amat amant amtur amantur IMPERFECT _I loved, was loving_, _I was loved_, etc. _did love_, etc. ambam ambmus ambar ambmur ambs ambtis ambris, -re ambmin ambat ambant ambtur ambantur FUTURE _I shall love_, etc. _I shall be loved_, etc. amb ambimus ambor ambimur ambis ambitis amberis, -re ambimin ambit ambunt ambitur ambuntur PERFECT _I have loved, loved,_ _I have been (was) loved_, etc. _did love_, etc. amvi amvimus amtus, {sum amt, {sumus amvist amvistis -a, -um {es -ae, -a {estis amvit amvrunt, -re {est {sunt PLUPERFECT _I had loved_, etc. _I had been loved_, etc. amveram amvermus amtus, {eram amt, {ermus amvers amvertis -a, -um {ers -ae, -a {ertis amverat amverant {erat {erant FUTURE PERFECT _I shall have loved_, etc. _I shall have been loved_, etc. amver amverimus amtus, {er amt, {erimus amveris amveritis -a, -um {eris -ae, -a {eritis amverit amverint {erit {erunt SUBJUNCTIVE PRESENT amem ammus amer ammur ams amtis amris, -re ammin amet ament amtur amentur IMPERFECT amrem amremus amrer amrmur amrs amrtis amrris, -re amrmin amret amrent amrtur amrentur PERFECT amverim amverimus amtus, {sim amt, {smus amveris amveritis -a, -um {ss -ae, -a {stis amverit amverint {sit {sint PLUPERFECT amvissem amvissmus amtus, {essem amt, {essmus amvisss amvisstis -a, -um {esss -ae, -a {esstis amvisset amvissent {esset {essent IMPERATIVE PRESENT am, _love thou_ amre, _be thou loved_ amte, _love ye_ ammin, _be ye loved_ FUTURE amt, _thou shalt love_ amtor, _thou shalt be loved_ amt, _he shall love_ amtor, _he shall be loved_ amtte, _you shall love_ ---- amant, _they shall love_ amantor, _they shall be loved_ INFINITIVE _Pres._ amre, _to love_ amr, _to be loved_ _Perf._ amvisse, amtus, -a, -um esse, _to have loved_ _to have been loved_ _Fut._ amtrus, -a, -um [[amtum r]], _to be about to be loved_ esse, _to be_ _about to love_ PARTICIPLES _Pres._ amns, -antis, _Pres._ ---- _loving_ _Fut._ amtrus, -a, -um, _Gerundive[1]_ amandus, -a, -um, _to be _about to love_ loved_ _Perf._ ---- _Perf._ amtus, -a, -um, _having been loved, loved_ GERUND _Nom._ ---- _Gen._ amand, _of loving_ _Dat._ amand, _for loving_ _Acc._ amandum, _loving_ _Abl._ amand, _by loving_ SUPINE (Active Voice) _Acc._ [[amtum]], _to love_ _Abl._ [[amt]], _to love, in the loving_ [Footnote 1: Sometimes called the future passive participle.] 489. SECOND CONJUGATION. __-VERBS. _MONE_ PRINCIPAL PARTS mone, monre, monu, monitus PRES. STEM mon- PERF. STEM monu- PART. STEM monit- ACTIVE PASSIVE INDICATIVE PRESENT _I advise_, etc., _I am advised,_ etc. mone monmus moneor monmur mons montis monris, -re monmin monet monent montur monentur IMPERFECT _I was advising_, etc., _I was advised_, etc. monbam monbmus monbar monbmur monbs monbtis monbris, -re monbmin monbat monbant monbtur monbntur FUTURE _I shall advise_, etc., _I shall be advised_, etc. monb monbimus monbor monbimur monbis monbitis monberis, -re monbimin monbit monbunt monbitur monbuntur PERFECT _I have advised,_ _I have been (was) advised_, etc. _I advised_, etc. monu monuimus {sum {sumus monuist monuistis monitus, {es monit, {estis monuit monurunt, -re -a, -um {est -ae, -a {sunt PLUPERFECT _I had advised_, etc., _I had been advised_, etc. monueram monuermus {eram {ermus monuers monuertis monitus, {eras monit, {eratis monuerat monuerant -a, -um {erat -ae, -a {erant FUTURE PERFECT _I shall have advised_, _I shall have been advised_, etc. etc. monuer monuerimus {er {erimus monueris monuertis monitus, {eris monit, {eritis monuerit monuernt -a, -um {erit -ae, -a {erunt SUBJUNCTIVE PRESENT moneam monemus monear monemur mones monetis moneris, -re monemin moneat moneant monetur moneantur IMPERFECT monrem monrmus monrer monrmur monrs monrtis monrris, -re monrmin monret monrent monrtur monrentur PERFECT monuerim monuerimus {sim {smus monueris monueritis monitus, {ss monit, {stis monuerit monuerint -a, -um {sit -ae, -a {sint PLUPERFECT monuissem monuissmus {essem {essmus monuisss monuisstis monitus, {esss monit, {esstis monuisset monuissent -a, -um {esset -ae, -a {essent IMPERATIVE PRESENT mon, _advise thou_ monre, _be thou advised_ monte, _advise ye_ monmin, _be ye advised_ FUTURE mont, _thou shall_ montor, _thou shalt be advised_ _advise_ mont, _he shall advise_ montor, _he shall be advised_ montte, _you shall advise_ ---- monent, _they shall_ monentor, _they shall be advised_ _advise_ INFINITIVE _Pres._ monre, _to advise_ monr, _to be advised_ _Perf._ monuisse, _to have_ monitus, -a, -um esse, _advised_ _to have been advised_ _Fut._ monitrus, -a, -um [[monitum r]], esse, _to be_ _to be about to be advised_ _about to advise_ PARTICIPLES _Pres._ monns, -entis, _Pres._ ---- _advising_ _Fut._ monitrus, -a, -um, _Ger._ monendus, -a, -um, _about to advise_ _to be advised_ _Perf._ ---- _Perf._ monitus, -a, -um, _having been advised, advised_ GERUND _Nom._ ---- _Gen._ monend, _of advising_ _Dat._ monend, _for advising_ _Acc._ monendum, _advising_ _Abl._ monend, _by advising_ SUPINE (Active Voice) _Acc._ [[monitum]], _to advise_ _Abl._ [[monit]], _to advise, in the advising_ 490. THIRD CONJUGATION. _E_-VERBS. _REG_ PRINCIPAL PARTS reg, regere, rex, rctus PRES. STEM rege- PERF. STEM rx- PART. STEM rct- ACTIVE PASSIVE INDICATIVE PRESENT _I rule_, etc. _I am ruled_, etc. reg regimus regor regimur regis regitis regeris, -re regimin regit regunt regitur reguntur IMPERFECT _I was ruling_, etc. _I was ruled_, etc. regbam regbmus regbar regbmur regbs regbtis regbris, -re regbmin regbat regbant regbtur regbantur FUTURE _I shall rule_, etc. _I shall be ruled_, etc. regam regmus regar regmur regs regtis regris, -re regmin reget regent regtur regentur PERFECT _I have ruled_, etc. _I have been ruled_, etc. rx rximus {sum {sumus rxist rxistis rctus, {es rct, {estis rxit rxrunt, -re -a, -um {est -ae, -a {sunt PLUPERFECT _I had ruled_, etc. _I had been ruled_, etc. rxeram rxermus {eram {ermus rxers rxertis rctus, {eras rct, {ertis rxerat rxerant -a, -um {erat -ae, -a {erant FUTURE PERFECT _I shall have ruled_, etc. _I shall have been ruled_, etc. rxer rxerimus {er {erimus rxeris rxeritis rctus, {eris rct, {eritis rxerit rxerint -a, -um {erit -ae, -a {erunt SUBJUNCTIVE PRESENT regam regmus regar regmur regs regtis regris, -re regmin regat regant regtur regantur IMPERFECT regerem regermus regerer regermur regers regertis regerris, -re regermin regeret regerent regertur regerentur PERFECT rxerim rxerimus {sim {smus rxeris rxeritis rctus, {ss rcti, {stis rxerit rxerint -a, -um {sit -ae, -a {sint PLUPERFECT rxissem rxissmus {essem {essmus rxisss rxisstis rctus, {esss rcti, {esstis rxisset rxissent -a, -um {esset -ae, -a {essent IMPERATIVE PRESENT rege, _rule thou_ regere, _be thou ruled_ regite, _rule ye_ regimin, _be ye ruled_ FUTURE regit, _thou shalt rule_ regitor, _thou shalt be ruled_ regit _he shall rule_ regitor, _he shall be ruled_ regitte, _ye shall rule_ ---- regunt, _they shall rule_ reguntor, _they shall be ruled_ INFINITIVE _Pres._ regere, _to rule_ reg, _to be ruled_ _Perf._ rxisse, _to have_ rctus, -a, -um esse, _ruled_ _to have been ruled_ _Fut._ rctrus, -a, -um [[rctum r]], esse, _to be_ _to be about to be ruled_ _about to rule_ PARTICIPLES _Pres._ regns, -entis, _Pres._ ---- _ruling_ _Fut._ rctrus, -a, -um, _Ger._ regendus, -a, -um, _to be ruled_ _about to rule_ _Perf._ ---- _Perf._ rctus, -a, -um, _having been ruled, ruled_ GERUND _Nom._ ---- _Gen._ regend, _of ruling_ _Dat._ regend, _for ruling_ _Acc._ regendum, _ruling_ _Abl._ regend, _by ruling_ SUPINE (Active Voice) _Acc._ [[rctum]], _to rule_ _Abl._ [[rct]], _to rule, in the ruling_ 491. FOURTH CONJUGATION. __-VERBS. _AUDI_ PRINCIPAL PARTS audi, audre, audv, audtus PRES. STEM aud- PERF. STEM audv- PART. STEM audt- ACTIVE PASSIVE INDICATIVE PRESENT _I hear_, etc. _I am heard_, etc. audi audmus audior audmur auds audtis audris, -re audmin audit audiunt audtur audiuntur IMPERFECT _I was hearing_, etc. _I was heard_, etc. audibam audibmus audibar audibmur audibs audibtis audibris, -re audibmin audibat audibant audibtur audibantur FUTURE _I shall hear_, etc. _I shall be heard_, etc. audiam audimus audiar audimur audis auditis audiris, -re audimin audiet audient auditur audientur PERFECT _I have heard_, etc. _I have been heard_, etc. audv audvimus {sum {sumus audvist audvistis audtus, {es audt, {estis audvit audvrunt, -re -a, -um {est -ae, -a {sunt PLUPERFECT _I had heard_, etc. _I had been heard_, etc. audveram audvermus {eram {ermus audvers audvertis audtus, {eras audt, {ertis audverat audverant -a, -um {erat -ae, -a {erant FUTURE PERFECT _I shall have heard_, etc. _I shall have been heard_, etc. audver audverimus {er {erimus audveris audveritis audtus, {eris audt, {eritis audverit audverint -a, -um {erit -ae, -a {erunt SUBJUNCTIVE PRESENT audiam audimus audiar audimur audis auditis audiris, -re audimin audiat audiant auditur audiantur IMPERFECT audrem audrmus audrer audrmur audrs audrtis audrris, -re audrmin audret audrent audrtur audrentur PERFECT audverim audverimus {sim {smus audveris audveritis audtus, {ss audti, {stis audverit audverint -a, -um {sit -ae, -a {sint PLUPERFECT audvissem audvissmus {essem {essmus audvisss audvisstis audtus, {esss audti, {esstis audvisset audvissent -a, -um {esset -ae, -a {essent IMPERATIVE PRESENT PRESENT aud, _hear thou_ audre, _be thou heard_ audte, _hear ye_ audmin, _be ye heard_ FUTURE audt, _thou shalt hear_ audtor, _thou shalt be heard_ audt _he shall hear_ audtor, _he shall be heard_ audtte, _ye shall hear_ ---- audunt, _they shall hear_ audiuntor, _they shall be heard_ INFINITIVE _Pres._ audre, _to hear_ audr, _to be heard_ _Perf._ audvisse, audtus, -a, -um esse, _to have heard_ _to have been heard_ _Fut._ audtrus, -a, -um [[audtum r]], esse, _to be_ _to be about to be heard_ _about to hear_ PARTICIPLES _Pres._ audins, -entis, _Pres._ ---- _hearing_ _Fut._ audtrus, -a, -um, _Ger._ audiendus, -a, -um, _to be heard_ _about to hear_ _Perf._ ---- _Perf._ audtus, -a, -um, _having been heard, heard_ GERUND _Nom._ ---- _Gen._ audiend, _of hearing_ _Dat._ audiend, _for hearing_ _Acc._ audiendum, _hearing_ _Abl._ audiend, _by hearing_ SUPINE (Active Voice) _Acc._ [[audtum]], _to hear_ _Abl._ [[audtu]], _to hear, in the hearing_ 492. THIRD CONJUGATION. VERBS IN _-I_. _CAPI_ PRINCIPAL PARTS capi, capere, cp, captus PRES. STEM cape- PERF. STEM cp- PART. STEM capt- ACTIVE PASSIVE INDICATIVE PRESENT capi capimus capior capimur capis capitis caperis, -re capimin capit capiunt capitur capiuntur IMPERFECT capibam capiebamus capibar capibmur capibas capibtis capibaris, -re capibmin capibat capibant capibtur capiebantur FUTURE capiam capimus capiar capimur capis capitis capiris, -re capimin capiet capient capitur capientur PERFECT cp, cpist, cpit, etc. captus, -a, -um sum, es, est, etc. PLUPERFECT cperam, cpers, cperat, captus, -a, -um eram, ers, erat, etc. etc. FUTURE PERFECT cper, cperis, cperit, captus, -a, -um er, eris, erit, etc. etc. SUBJUNCTIVE PRESENT capiam, capis, capiat, capiar, -iris, -re, -itur, etc. etc. IMPERFECT caperem, capers, caperet, caperer, -erris, -re, -ertur, etc. etc. PERFECT cperim, cperis, cperit, captus, -a, -um sim, ss, sit, etc. etc. PLUPERFECT cpissem, cpisss, captus, -a, -um essem, esss, esset, cpisset, etc. etc. IMPERATIVE PRESENT _2d Pers._ cape capite capere capimin FUTURE _2d Pers._ capit capitte capitor ---- _3rd Pers._ capit capiunt capitor capiuntor INFINITIVE _Pres._ capere cap _Perf._ cpisse captus, -a, -um esse _Fut._ captrus, -a, -um [[captum r]] esse PARTICIPLES _Pres._ capins, -ientis _Pres._ ---- _Fut._ captrus, -a, -um _Ger._ capiendus, -a, -um _Perf._ ---- _Perf._ captus, -a, -um GERUND _Gen._ capiend etc. SUPINE (Active Voice) _Acc._ [[captum]] _Abl._ [[capt]] 493. DEPONENT VERBS [Transcribers Note: Asterisks in this section are from the original text (marked with a star).] PRINCIPAL PARTS I. hortor, hortr, horttus sum, _urge_ II. vereor, verr, veritus sum, _fear_ III. sequor, sequ, sectus sum, _follow_ IV. partior, partr, parttus sum, _share, divide_ NOTE. In addition to the passive conjugation, deponent verbs use certain forms from the active. These are marked with a star. Deponent -i verbs of the third conjugation are inflected like the passive of capi. INDICATIVE _Pres._ hortor vereor sequor partior hortris, -re verris, -re sequeris, -re partris, -re horttur vertur sequitur parttur hortmur vermur sequimur partmur hortmin vermin sequimin partmin hortantur verentur sequuntur partiuntur _Impf._ hortbar verbar sequbar partibar _Fut._ hortbor verbor sequar partiar _Perf._ horttus sum veritus sum sectus sum parttus sum _Plup._ horttus eram veritus eram sectus eram parttus eram _F. P._ horttus er veritus er sectus er parttus er SUBJUNCTIVE _Pres._ horter verear sequar partiar _Impf._ hortrer verrer sequerer partrer _Perf._ horttus sim veritus sim sectus sim parttus sim _Plup._ horttus essem veritus essem sectus essem parttus essem IMPERATIVE _Pres._ hortre verre sequere partre _Fut._ horttor vertor sequitor parttor INFINITIVE _Pres._ hortr verr sequ partr _Perf._ horttus esse veritus esse sectus esse parttus esse _Fut._ *horttrus *veritrus *sectrus *parttrus esse esse esse esse PARTICIPLES _Pres._ *hortns *verns *sequns *partins _Fut._ *hortturus *veritrus *sectrus *parttrus _Perf._ horttus veritus sectus parttus _Ger._ hortandus verendus sequendus partiendus GERUND *hortand, etc. *verend, etc. *sequend, etc. *partiend, etc. SUPINE *[[horttus, -t]] *[[veritum, -t]] *[[sectum, -t]] *[[parttum, -t]] IRREGULAR VERBS 494. sum, _am, be_ PRINCIPAL PARTS sum, esse, fu, futrus PRES. STEM es- PERF. STEM fu- PART. STEM fut- INDICATIVE PRESENT SINGULAR PLURAL sum, _I am_ sumus, _we are_ es, _thou art_ estis, _you are_ est, _he (she, it) is_ sunt, _they are_ IMPERFECT eram, _I was_ ermus, _we were_ ers, _thou wast_ ertis, _you were_ erat, _he was_ erant, _they were_ FUTURE er, _I shall be_ erimus, _we shall be_ eris, _thou wilt be_ eritis, _you will be_ erit, _he will be_ erunt, _they will be_ PERFECT fu, _I have been, was_ fuimus, _we have been, were_ fuist, _thou hast been, wast_ fuistis, _you have been, were_ fuit, _he has been, was_ furunt, fure, _they have been, were_ PLUPERFECT fueram, _I had been_ fuermus, _we had been_ fuers, _thou hadst been_ fuertis, _you had been_ fuerat, _he had been_ fuerant, _they had been_ FUTURE PERFECT fuer, _I shall have been_ fuerimus, _we shall have been_ fueris, _thou wilt have been_ fueritis, _you will have been_ fuerit, _he will have been_ fuerint, _they will have been_ SUBJUNCTIVE PRESENT IMPERFECT SINGULAR PLURAL SINGULAR PLURAL sim smus essem essmus ss stis esss esstis sit sint esset essent PERFECT PLUPERFECT fuerim fuerimus fuissem fuissmus fueris fueritis fuisss fuisstis fuerit fuerint fuisset fuissent IMPERATIVE PRESENT _2d Pers. Sing._ es, _be thou_ _2d Pers. Plur._ este, _be ye_ FUTURE _2d Pers. Sing._ est, _thou shalt be_ _3d Pers. Sing._ est, _he shall be_ _2d Pers. Plur._ estte, _ye shall be_ _3d Pers. Plur._ sunt, _they shall be_ INFINITIVE _Pres._ esse, _to be_ _Perf._ fuisse, _to have been_ _Fut._ futrus, -a, -um esse or fore, _to be about to be_ PARTICIPLE futrus, -a, -um, _about to be_ 495. possum, _be able, can_ PRINCIPAL PARTS possum, posse, potu, ---- INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE SINGULAR PLURAL SINGULAR PLURAL _Pres._ possum possumus possim possmus potes potestis posss posstis potest possunt possit possint _Impf._ poteram potermus possem possmus _Fut._ poter poterimus ---- ---- _Perf._ potu potuimus potuerim potuerimus _Plup._ potueram potuermus potuissem potuissmus _F. P._ potuer potuerimus ---- ---- INFINITIVE _Pres._ posse _Perf._ potuisse PARTICIPLE _Pres._ potens, _gen._ -entis, (adjective) _powerful_ 496. prsum, _benefit_ PRINCIPAL PARTS prsum, prdesse, prfu, prfutrus PRES. STEM prdes- PERF. STEM prfu- PART. STEM prfut- INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE SINGULAR PLURAL SINGULAR PLURAL _Pres._ prsum prsumus prsim prsmus prdes prdestis prss prstis prdest prsunt prsit prsint _Impf._ prderam prdermus prdessem prodessmus _Fut._ prder prderimus ---- ---- _Perf._ prfu prfuimus prfuerim prfuerimus _Plup._ prfueram prfuermus prfuissem prfuissmus _F. P._ prfuer prfuerimus ---- ---- IMPERATIVE _Pres. 2d Pers._ prdes, prdeste _Fut. 2d Pers._ prdest, prdestte INFINITIVE _Pres._ prdesse _Perf._ prfuisse _Fut._ prfutrus, -a, -um esse FUTURE PARTICIPLE prfutrus, -a, -um 497. [ vol, nl, ml] PRINCIPAL PARTS: vol, velle, volu, ----, _be willing, will, wish_ nl, nlle, nlu, ----, _be unwilling, will not_ ml, mlle, mlu, ----, _be more willing, prefer_ Nl and ml are compounds of vol. Nl is for ne (_not_) + vol, and ml for m (from magis, _more_) + vol. The second person vs is from a different root. INDICATIVE SINGULAR _Pres._ vol nl ml vs nn vis mvs vult nn vult mvult PLURAL volumus nlumus mlumus vultis nn vultis mvultis volunt nlunt mlunt _Impf._ volbam nlbam mlbam _Fut._ volam, vols, etc. nlam, nls, etc. mlam, mls, etc. _Perf._ volu nlu mlu _Plup._ volueram nlueram mlueram _F. P._ voluer nluer mluer SUBJUNCTIVE SINGULAR _Pres._ velim nlim mlim vels nls mls velit nlit mlit PLURAL velmus nlmus mlmus veltis nltis mltis velint nlint mlint _Impf._ vellem nllem mllem _Perf._ voluerim nluerim mluerim _Plup._ voluissem nluissem mluissem IMPERATIVE _Pres._ nl nlte _Fut._ nlt, etc. INFINITIVE _Pres._ velle nlle mlle _Perf._ voluisse nluisse mluisse PARTICIPLE _Pres._ volns, -entis nlns, -entis ---- 498. fer, _bear, carry, endure_ PRINCIPAL PARTS fer, ferre, tul, ltus PRES. STEM fer- PERF. STEM tul- PART. STEM lt- INDICATIVE ACTIVE PASSIVE _Pres._ fer ferimus feror ferimur fers ferts ferris, -re ferimim fert ferunt fertur feruntur _Impf._ ferbam ferbar _Fut._ feram, fers, etc. ferar, ferris, etc. _Perf._ tul ltus, -a, -um sum _Plup._ tuleram ltus, -a, -um eram _F. P._ tuler ltus, -a, -um er SUBJUNCTIVE _Pres._ feram, fers, etc. ferar, ferris, etc. _Impf._ ferrem ferrer _Perf._ tulerim ltus, -a, -um sim _Plup._ tulissem ltus, -a, -um essem IMPERATIVE _Pres. 2d Pers._ fer ferte ferre ferimin _Fut. 2d Pers._ fert fertte fertor _3d Pers._ fert ferunto fertor feruntor INFINITIVE _Pres._ ferre ferr _Perf._ tulisse ltus, -a, -um esse _Fut._ ltrus, -a, -um esse ---- PARTICIPLES _Pres._ ferns, -entis _Pres._ ---- _Fut._ ltrus, -a, -um _Ger._ ferendus, -a, -um _Perf._ ---- _Perf._ ltus, -a, -um GERUND _Gen._ ferend _Dat._ ferend _Acc._ ferendum _Abl._ ferend SUPINE (Active Voice) _Acc._ [[ltum]] _Abl._ [[lt]] 499. e, _go_ PRINCIPAL PARTS e, re, i (v), itum (n. perf. part.) PRES. STEM - PERF. STEM - or v- PART. STEM it- INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE IMPERATIVE SING. PLUR. _Pres._ e mus eam _2d Pers._ te s tis it eunt _Impf._ bam rem _Fut._ b ---- _2d Pers._ t tte _3d Pers._ t eunt _Perf._ i (v) ierim (verim) _Plup._ ieram (veram) ssem (vissem) _F. P._ ier (ver) INFINITIVE _Pres._ re _Perf._ sse (visse) _Fut._ itrus, -a, -um esse PARTICIPLES _Pres._ ins, _gen._ euntis (472) _Fut._ itrus, -a, -um _Ger._ eundum GERUND _Gen._ eund _Dat._ eund _Acc._ eundum _Abl._ eund SUPINE _Acc._ [[itum]] _Abl._ [[it]] _a._ The verb e is used impersonally in the third person singular of the passive, as ǔtur, itum est, _etc._ _b._ In the perfect system the forms with v are very rare. 500. f, passive of faci; _be made, become, happen_ PRINCIPAL PARTS f, fier, factus sum INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE IMPERATIVE _Pres._ f ---- fam _2d Pers._ f fte fs ---- fit funt _Impf._ fbam fierem _Fut._ fam ---- INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE _Perf._ factus, -a, -um sum factus, -a, -um sim _Plup._ factus, -a, -um eram factus, -a, -um essem _F. P._ factus, -a, -um er INFINITIVE PARTICIPLES _Pres._ fier _Perf._ factus, -a, -um _Perf._ factus, -a, -um esse _Ger._ faciendus, -a, -um _Fut._ [[factum r]] [Illustration: CASTRA MURO FOSSAQUE MUNIUNTUR] APPENDIX II 501. RULES OF SYNTAX NOTE. The rules of syntax are here classified and numbered consecutively. The number of the text section in which the rule appears is given at the end of each. _Nominative Case_ 1. The subject of a finite verb is in the nominative and answers the question Who? or What? 36. _Agreement_ 2. A finite verb must always be in the same person and number as its subject. 28. 3. A predicate noun agrees in case with the subject of the verb. 76. 4. An appositive agrees in case with the noun which it explains. 81. 5. Adjectives agree with their nouns in gender, number, and case. 65. 6. A predicate adjective completing a complementary infinitive agrees in gender, number, and case with the subject of the main verb. 215.a. 7. A relative pronoun must agree with its antecedent in gender and number; but its case is determined by the way it is used in its own clause. 224. _Prepositions_ 8. A noun governed by a preposition must be in the accusative or ablative case. 52. _Genitive Case_ 9. The word denoting the owner or possessor of something is in the genitive and answers the question Whose? 38. 10. The possessive genitive often stands in the predicate, especially after the forms of sum, and is then called the _predicate genitive_. 409. 11. Words denoting a part are often used with the genitive of the whole, known as _the partitive genitive_. 331. 12. Numerical descriptions of measure are expressed by the genitive with a modifying adjective. 443. _Dative Case_ 13. The indirect object of a verb is in the dative. 45. 14. The dative of the indirect object is used with the intransitive verbs crd, fave, noce, pre, persude, resist, stude, and others of like meaning. 154. 15. Some verbs compounded with ad, ante, con, d, in, inter, ob, post, prae, pr, sub, super, admit the dative of the indirect object. Transitive compounds may take both an accusative and a dative. 426. 16. The dative is used with adjectives to denote the object toward which the given quality is directed. Such are, especially, those meaning _near_, also _fit, friendly, pleasing, like_, and their opposites. 143. 17. The dative is used to denote the _purpose_ or _end for which_; often with another dative denoting _the person or thing affected_. 437. _Accusative Case_ 18. The direct object of a transitive verb is in the accusative and answers the question Whom? or What? 37. 19. The subject of the infinitive is in the accusative. 214. 20. The _place to which_ is expressed by ad or in with the accusative. Before names of towns, small islands, domus, and rs the preposition is omitted. 263, 266. 21. _Duration of time_ and _extent of space_ are expressed by the accusative. 336. 22. Verbs of _making, choosing, calling, showing_, and the like, may take a _predicate accusative_ along with the direct object. With the passive voice the two accusatives become nominatives. 392. _Ablative Case_ 23. _Cause_ is denoted by the ablative without a preposition. This answers the question Because of what? 102. 24. _Means_ is denoted by the ablative without a preposition. This answers the question By means of what? or With what? 103. 25. _Accompaniment_ is denoted by the ablative with cum. This answers the question With whom? 104. 26. The ablative with cum is used to denote the manner of an action. Cum may be omitted, if an adjective is used with the ablative. This answers the question How? or In what manner? 105. 27. With comparatives and words implying comparison the ablative is used to denote the _measure of difference_. 317. 28. The ablative of a noun or pronoun with a present or perfect participle in agreement is used to express attendant circumstance. This is called the _ablative absolute_. 381. 29. 1. Descriptions of physical characteristics are expressed by the ablative with a modifying adjective. 444. 2. Descriptions involving neither numerical statements nor physical characteristics may be expressed by either the genitive or the ablative with a modifying adjective. 445. 30. The ablative is used to denote _in what respect_ something is true. 398. 31. The _place from which_ is expressed by lj or ab, d, ǐ or ex with the separative ablative. This answers the question Whence? Before names of towns, small islands, domus, and rs the preposition is omitted. 264, 266. 32. Words expressing separation or deprivation require an ablative to complete their meaning. This is called the _ablative of separation_. 180. 33. The word expressing the person from whom an action starts, when not the subject, is put in the ablative with the preposition lj or ab. This is called the _ablative of the personal agent_. 181. 34. The comparative degree, if quam is omitted, is followed by the separative ablative. 309. 35. The _time when or within which_ anything happens is expressed by the ablative without a preposition. 275. 36. 1. The _place at or in which_ is expressed by the ablative with in. This answers the question Where? Before names of towns, small islands, and rs the preposition is omitted. 265, 266. 2. Names of towns and small islands, if singular and of the first or second declension, and the word domus express the _place in which_ by the locative. 268. _Gerund and Gerundive_ 37. 1. The gerund is a verbal noun and is used only in the genitive, dative, accusative, and ablative singular. The constructions of these cases are in general the same as those of other nouns. 406.1. 2. The gerundive is a verbal adjective and must be used instead of gerund + object, excepting in the genitive and in the ablative without a preposition. Even in these instances the gerundive construction is more usual. 406.2. 38. The accusative of the gerund or gerundive with ad, or the genitive with caus, is used to express purpose. 407. _Moods and Tenses of Verbs_ 39. Primary tenses are followed by primary tenses, and secondary by secondary. 358. 40. The subjunctive is used in a dependent clause to express the _purpose_ of the action in the principal clause. 349. 41. _A substantive clause of purpose_ with the subjunctive is used as object with verbs of _commanding, urging, asking, persuading_, or _advising_, where in English we should usually have the infinitive. 366. 42. Verbs of _fearing_ are followed by a substantive clause of purpose introduced by ut (_that not_) or n (_that_ or _lest_). 372. 43. _Consecutive clauses of result_ are introduced by ut or ut nn, and have the verb in the subjunctive. 385. 44. _Object clauses of result_ with ut or ut nn are found after verbs of effecting or bringing about. 386. 45. A relative clause with the subjunctive is often used to describe an antecedent. This is called the _subjunctive of characteristic or description_. 390. 46. The conjunction cum means _when, since_, or _although_. It is followed by the subjunctive unless it means _when_ and its clause fixes the time at which the main action took place. 396. 47. When a direct statement becomes indirect, the principal verb is changed to the infinitive, and its subject nominative becomes subject accusative of the infinitive. 416. 48. The accusative-with-infinitive construction in indirect statements is found after verbs of _saying, telling, knowing, thinking_, and _perceiving_. 419. 49. A present indicative of a direct statement becomes present infinitive of the indirect, a past indicative becomes perfect infinitive, and a future indicative becomes future infinitive. 418. 50. In an _indirect question_ the verb is in the subjunctive and its tense is determined by the law for tense sequence. 432. [Illustration: DOMINA] APPENDIX III REVIEWS[1] [Footnote 1: It is suggested that each of these reviews be assigned for a written test.] [Transcribers Note: In this Review section, the lists of English words for translation may not be in the same order as in the original.] I. REVIEW OF VOCABULARY AND GRAMMAR THROUGH LESSON VIII 502. Give the English of the following words:[1] NOUNS agricola gallna ancilla iniria aqua ǔnsula casa lna causa nauta cna pecnia corna puella dea pugna domina sagitta fbula silva fera terra flia tuba fortna via fuga victria ADJECTIVES alta magna bona mala clra nova grta parva lta pulchra longa sla VERBS amat necat dat nntiat est parat habitat portat labrat pugnat laudat sunt nrrat vocat PREPOSITIONS lj or ab ad cum d ǐ or ex in PRONOUNS mea tua quis cuius cui quem quid ADVERBS cr deinde nn ubi CONJUNCTIONS et quia quod INTERROGATIVE PARTICLE -ne [Footnote 1: Proper nouns and proper adjectives are not repeated in the reviews. Words used in Cassars Gallic War are in heavy type.] 503. Give the Latin of the following words:[1] Underline the words you do not remember. Do not look up a single word till you have gone through the entire list. Then drill on the words you have underlined. _flight_ _wide_ story tells _new_ _money_ lives (verb) _calls_ _away from_ _with_ _who_ _your_ _why_ _then, in the next place_ _forest_ _daughter_ _wreath_ _to whom_ _deep, high_ _fortune_ dinner _famous_ _out from_ _labors_ (verb) _my_ _kills_ _where_ _not_ _trumpet_ _in_ lady, mistress _and_ _whom_ _sailor_ _island_ farmer _goddess_ _what_ _wild beast_ _way_ _praises_ (verb) _bad_ _alone_ loves _pleasing_ _pretty_ _prepares_ _water_ _are_ _great_ _to_ _is_ _because_ _announces_ _arrow_ _injury, wrong_ _cottage_ _battle_ (noun) _gives_ _small_ girl _fights_ (verb) _good_ maid _carries_ _down from_ _chicken_ _long_ _victory_ _cause_ _land_ _whose_ [Footnote 1: The translations of words used in Csar are in italics.] 504. Review Questions. How many syllables has a Latin word? How are words divided into syllables? What is the ultima? the penult? the antepenult? When is a syllable short? When is a syllable long? What is the law of Latin accent? Define the subject of a sentence; the predicate; the object; the copula. What is inflection? declension? conjugation? What is the ending of the verb in the third person singular, and what in the plural? What does the form of a noun show? Name the Latin cases. What case is used for the subject? the direct object? the possessor? What relation is expressed by the dative case? Give the rule for the indirect object. How are questions answered in Latin? What is a predicate adjective? an attributive adjective? What is meant by agreement? Give the rule for the agreement of the adjective. What are the three relations expressed by the ablative? What can you say of the position of the possessive pronoun? the modifying genitive? the adjective? What is the base? What is grammatical gender? What is the rule for gender in the first declension? What are the general principles of Latin word order? 505. Fill out the following summary of the first declension: THE FIRST OR -DECLENSION 1. Ending in the nominative singular 2. Rule for gender 3. Case terminations a. Singular b. Plural 4. Irregular nouns II. REVIEW OF LESSONS IX-XVII 506. Give the English of the following words: NOUNS OF THE FIRST DECLENSION agr cultra galea cnstantia inopia cpia lacrima dligentia lrca fma patria fmina praeda NOUNS OF THE SECOND DECLENSION ager lber amcus magister arma (plural) mrus auxilium numerus bellum oppidnus carrus oppidum castrum plum cibus populus cnsilium praemium domicilium proelium dominus puer equus sctum flius servus fluvius studium frmentum tlum gladius vcus lgtus vir ADJECTIVES OF THE FIRST AND SECOND DECLENSIONS aeger, aegra, aegrum alius, alia, aliud alter, altera, alterum armtus, -a, -um crber, crbra, crbrum drus, -a, -um fnitimus, -a, -um ǔnfrmus, -a, -um leginrius, -a, -um lber, lbera, lberum mtrus, -a, -um meus, -a, -um miser, misera, miserum multus, -a, -um neuter, neutra, neutrum noster, nostra, nostrum nllus, -a, -um pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum slus, -a, -um suus, -a, -um ttus, -a, -um tuus, -a, -um Ǟllus, -a, -um Ǟnus, -a, -um uter, utra, utrum validus, -a, -um vester, vestra, vestrum VERBS arat crat dsderat mtrat properat DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUN is, ea, id CONJUNCTIONS an -que sed ADVERBS iam qu saepe PREPOSITION apud 507. Give the Latin of the following words: _sword_ _shield_ (noun) _corselet_ _whole_ _man_ _it_ _your_ (plural) _aid_ (noun) _hasten_ _legionary_ _but_ _weak_ _among_ _arms_ _tear_ (noun) master (of school) _village_ _friend_ strong _neighboring_ _long for_ _sick_ _and_ (enclitic) _lieutenant_ _often_ _field_ _want_ (noun) _report, rumor_ _which_ (of two) _abode_ _care for_ _boy_ _or_ (in a question) _his own_ whither _alone_ _wagon_ _prize_ (noun) _townsman_ master (owner) _wretched_ _carefulness_ _ripe_ _plenty_ _war_ _troops_ _number_ _plan_ (noun) _my_ _people_ _free_ (adj.) _beautiful_ _children_ _no_ (adj.) _wall_ _our_ _grain_ _battle_ _weapon_ _spear_ _one_ _food_ plow (verb) _steadiness_ _this_ or _that_ _fatherland_ _already_ _town_ _helmet_ _fort_ river _camp_ _zeal_ _neither_ (of two) _any_ _much_ _he_ _agriculture_ _son_ _other_ _slave_ _the other_ (of two) _your_ (singular) _hard_ _she_ _booty_ _woman_ _frequent_ _horse_ _armed_ 508. Review Questions. How many declensions are there? What three things must be known about a noun before it can be declined? What three cases of neuter nouns are always alike, and in what do they end in the plural? What two plural cases are always alike? When is the vocative singular not like the nominative? What is a predicate noun? With what does it agree? What is an appositive? Give the rule for the agreement of an appositive. How can we tell whether a noun in -er is declined like puer or like ager? Decline bonus, lber, pulcher. How can we tell whether an adjective in -er is declined like lber or like pulcher? Why must we say nauta bonus and not nauta bona? Name the Latin possessive pronouns. How are they declined? With what does the possessive pronoun agree? When do we use tuus and when vester? Why is suus called a _reflexive_ possessive? What is the non-reflexive possessive of the third person? When are possessives omitted? What four uses of the ablative case are covered by the relations expressed in English by _with_? Give an illustration in Latin of the _ablative of manner_; of the _ablative of cause_; of the _ablative of means_; of the _ablative of accompaniment_. What ablative regularly has cum? What ablative sometimes has cum? What uses of the ablative never have cum? Name the nine pronominal adjectives, with their meanings. Decline alius, nllus. Decline is. What does is mean as a demonstrative adjective or pronoun? What other important use has it? 509. Fill out the following summary of the second declension: THE SECOND OR O-DECLENSION 1. Endings in the nominative 2. Rule for gender 3. Case terminations of nouns in -us a. Singular b. Plural a. The vocative singular of nouns in -us 4. Case terminations of nouns in -um a. Singular b. Plural 5. Peculiarities of nouns in -er and -ir 6. Peculiarities of nouns in -ius and -ium III. REVIEW OF LESSONS XVIII-XXVI 510. Give the English of the following words: NOUNS OF THE FIRST DECLENSION disciplna rgna frma superbia poena trstitia potentia NOUNS OF THE SECOND DECLENSION ldus Ǚrnmentum sacrum socius verbum ADJECTIVES OF THE FIRST AND SECOND DECLENSIONS amcus rtus antquus laetus fnitimus molestus grtus perpetuus idneus proximus inimcus septem interfectus superbus ADVERBS hodi ibi maxim mox nunc nper CONJUNCTIONS etiam nn slum ... sed etiam PERSONAL PRONOUN ego VERBS CONJ. I vol, -re CONJ. II dle, -re noce, -re doce, -re pre, -re fave, -re persude, -re habe, -re sede, -re iube, -re stude, -re mone, -re vide, -re move, -re CONJ. III ag, -ere fugi, -ere capi, -ere iaci, -ere crd, -ere mitt, -ere dc, -ere rapi, -ere dc, -ere reg, -ere faci, -ere resist, -ere CONJ. IV audi, -re mni, -re reperi, -re veni, -re IRREGULAR VERB sum, esse 511. Give the Latin of the following words. In the case of verbs always give the first form and the present infinitive. _ancient_ _power_ _come_ _make, do_ _resist_ _injure_ _see_ _now_ _be_ _annoying_ fly _lead_ _I_ _move_ _proud_ soon _word_ _glad_ _sadness_ _punishment_ _find_ _believe_ _rule_ (verb) _advise_ _be eager for_ _especially, most of all_ _not only ... but also_ angry _seven_ _beauty_ _ally, companion_ _say_ pride _command_ (verb) _fortify_ _there_ _send_ _slain_ sit _training_ _also_ _take_ school _have_ _hear_ to-day _hurl_ _unfriendly_ _persuade_ _drive_ _only_ _favor_ (verb) _nearest_ _suitable_ sacred rite _pleasing_ queen _teach_ _flee_ _neighboring_ _obey_ _destroy_ _lately_ _friendly_ _constant_ seize _ornament_ 512. Review Questions. What is conjugation? Name two important differences between conjugation in Latin and in English. What is tense? What is mood? What are the Latin moods? When do we use the indicative mood? Name the six tenses of the indicative. What are personal endings? Name those you have had. Inflect sum in the three tenses you have learned. How many regular conjugations are there? How are they distinguished? How is the present stem found? What tenses are formed from the present stem? What is the tense sign of the imperfect? What is the meaning of the imperfect? What is the tense sign of the future in the first two conjugations? in the last two? Before what letters is a final long vowel of the stem shortened? What are the three possible translations of a present, as of pugn? Inflect ar, sede, mitt, faci, and veni, in the present, imperfect, and future active. What forms of -i verbs of the third conjugation are like audi? what like reg? Give the rule for the dative with adjectives. Name the special intransitive verbs that govern the dative. What does the imperative mood express? How is the present active imperative formed in the singular? in the plural? What three verbs have a shortened present active imperative? Give the present active imperative of port, dle, ag, faci, mni. IV. REVIEW OF LESSONS XXVII-XXXVI 513. Give the English of the following words: NOUNS OF THE FIRST DECLENSION ljla cra mora porta prvincia vta NOUNS OF THE SECOND DECLENSION animus nvigium aurum rculum bracchium perculum deus ventus locus vnum mnstrum ADJECTIVES OF THE FIRST AND SECOND DECLENSIONS adversus dubius attentus maximus crus perfidus commtus plnus dfessus saevus dexter sinister ADVERBS ante ita celeriter long dnique semper di subit frstr tamen graviter tum CONJUNCTIONS autem s ubi PREPOSITIONS d per pr sine VERBS CONJ. I adpropinqu serv nvig st occup super postul tempt recs vst report vulner CONJ. II contine ege prohibe responde tene CONJ. III discd ger interfici IRREGULAR VERB absum 514. Translate the following words. Give the genitive and the gender of the nouns and the principal parts of the verbs. _be away_ _heavily_ _wind_ monster _through_ _approach_ _if_ _nevertheless_ savage _place_ _wound_ (verb) _be without, lack_ _wine_ _moved_ _delay_ gold faithless _restrain, keep from_ _right_ _without_ _seize_ _hold_ _quickly_ _suddenly_ _before, in behalf of_ _dear_ _battle_ _always_ _down from_ or _concerning_ _god_ _moreover_ _hold in, keep_ _greatest_ _afar_ oracle _thus, so, as follows_ _danger_ _arm_ (noun) _lay waste_ _when_ _gate_ _in vain_ _doubtful_ _stand_ _opposite, adverse_ _bring back, win_ _demand_ _before, previously_ _finally_ _depart, go away_ attentive _province_ _then, at that time_ _care, trouble_ _weary_ _kill_ _overcome, conquer_ _reply_ (verb) _conquer_ _wing_ _boat, ship_ _mind, heart_ _sail_ (verb) _left_ (adj.) _life_ _bear, carry on_ _save_ _try_ _full_ _for a long time_ _refuse_ 515. Give the principal parts and meaning of the following verbs: sum fave d noce tene dc iube pre ag dc mitt faci mni persude move sede crd stude rapi fugi reperi veni dle iaci resist vide audi absum mone ege capi ger doce st reg 516. Review Questions. What are the personal endings in the passive voice? What is the letter -r sometimes called? What are the distinguishing vowels of the four conjugations? What forms constitute the principal parts? What are the three different conjugation stems? How may they be found? What are the tenses of the indicative? of the infinitive? What tense of the imperative have you learned? What forms are built on the present stem? on the perfect stem? on the participial stem? What are the endings of the perfect active indicative? What is the tense sign of the pluperfect active? of the future perfect active? How is the present active infinitive formed? the present passive infinitive? How is the present active imperative formed? the present passive imperative? How is the perfect active infinitive formed? the perfect passive infinitive? How is the future active infinitive formed? What is a participle? How are participles in -us declined? Give the rule for the agreement of the participle. How are the perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect passive indicative formed? Conjugate the verb sum in all moods and tenses as far as you have learned it (494). What is meant by the separative ablative? How is the place _from which_ expressed in Latin? Give the rule for the ablative of separation; for the ablative of the personal agent. How can we distinguish between the ablative of means and the ablative of the personal agent? What is the perfect definite? the perfect indefinite? What is the difference in meaning between the perfect indefinite and the imperfect? What two cases in Latin may be governed by a preposition? Name the prepositions that govern the ablative. What does the preposition in mean when it governs the ablative? the accusative? What are the three interrogatives used to introduce _yes_-and-_no_ questions? Explain the force of each. What words are sometimes used for _yes_ and _no?_ What are the different meanings and uses of ubi? V. REVIEW OF LESSONS XXXVII-XLIV 517. Give the English of the following words: NOUNS FIRST DECLENSION SECOND DECLENSION rpa barbar captvus castellum impedmentum THIRD DECLENSION animal hom Ǚrd arbor hosts pater avis ignis pedes caeds impertor ps calamits ǔnsigne pns calcar iter prnceps caput idex rx cvis labor sals clins lapis sanguis collis legi soror cnsul mare tempus dns mter terror dux mnsis turris eques mles urbs fnis mns victor flmen nvis virts fns opus vs frter Ǚrtor ADJECTIVES OF THE FIRST AND SECOND DECLENSIONS barbarus dexter sinister summus PREPOSITIONS in with the abl. in with the acc. trns ADVERBS cotdi numquam CONJUNCTIONS nec, neque nec ... nec, or neque ... neque VERBS CONJ. I CONJ. III cess accipi oppugn pet confirm vinc vet incipi pon viv 518. Translate the following words. Give the genitive and the gender of the nouns and the principal parts of the verbs: _forbid_ _in_ _rank, row_ _judge_ _brother_ _defeat, disaster_ _force_ _fire_ _across_ _tree_ _savages_ _foot soldier_ _horseman_ _receive_ _never_ _general_ _mountain_ _highest_ _manliness, courage_ _fountain_ _leader_ _orator_ _put, place_ _neither ... nor_ _time_ _and not_ _savage, barbarous_ _left_ _sister_ _tooth_ _seek_ _soldier_ _captive_ _month_ _hindrance, baggage_ _city_ _captive_ _victor_ _hindrance, baggage_ _daily_ _man-of-war_ _live_ (verb) _conquer_ _redoubt, fort_ _consul_ _sea_ _mother_ _tower_ _retainer_ _drill_ (verb) _citizen_ _legion_ _head_ _terror_ _safety_ _into, to_ _assail, storm_ _right_ (adj.) _begin_ _stone_ _march_ _blood_ _decoration_ _labor_ (noun) _bridge_ _king_ _bird_ _spur_ _cease_ _chief_ _man_ _slaughter_ _river_ _strengthen_ _work_ (noun) _foot_ _and_ _enemy_ _ship_ _animal_ _bank_ _father_ 519. Review Questions. Give the conjugation of possum. What is an infinitive? What three uses has the Latin infinitive that are like the English? What is the case of the subject of the infinitive? What is meant by a complementary infinitive? In the sentence _The bad boy cannot be happy_, what is the case of _happy_? Give the rule. Decline qu. Give the rule for the agreement of the relative. What are the two uses of the interrogative? Decline quis. What is the base of a noun? How is the stem formed from the base? Are the stem and the base ever the same? How many declensions of nouns are there? Name them. What are the two chief divisions of the third declension? How are the consonant stems classified? Explain the formation of lapis from the stem lapid-, mles from mlit-, rx from rg-. What nouns have i-stems? What peculiarities of form do i-stems have,--masc., fem., and neut.? Name the five nouns that have - and -e in the abl. Decline turris. Give the rules for gender in the third declension. Decline mles, lapis, rx, virts, cnsul, legi, hom, pater, flmen, opus, tempus, caput, caeds, urbs, hostis, mare, animal, vs, iter. 520. Fill out the following scheme: { { Masculine { GENDER { Feminine { ENDINGS { Neuter { THE THIRD { { I. CONSONANT { _a_. Masc. and fem. DECLENSION { { STEMS { _b_. Neuters { CASE { { TERMINATIONS { { { { { II. _I_-STEMS { _a_. Masc. and fem. { { { _b_. Neuters { { IRREGULAR NOUNS VI. REVIEW OF LESSONS XLV-LII 521. Give the English of the following words: NOUNS FIRST DECLENSION amcitia hra littera SECOND DECLENSION annus supplicium, modus supplicium dare nntius supplicium smere d oculus tergum, rgnum tergum vertere signum vestgium THIRD DECLENSION aests nox corpus pars hiems px lberts rs lx, sl prma lx vx nmen vulnus FOURTH DECLENSION adventus impetus corn lacus domus manus equittus metus exercitus portus fluctus FIFTH DECLENSION acis rs, dis rs gestae fids, rs adversae in fidem venre rs secundae rs pblica sps INDECLINABLE NOUN nihil ADJECTIVES FIRST AND SECOND DECLENSIONS dnsus prstinus invsus pblicus mrus secundus pauc tantus prmus vrus THIRD DECLENSION ljcer, cris, cre gravis, grave brevis, breve incolumis, incolume difficilis, difficile omnis, omne faclis, facile pr, pr fortis, forte vlx, vlx PRONOUNS PERSONAL ego ns su t vs DEMONSTRATIVE hic ǔdem ille iste INTENSIVE ipse INDEFINITE aliquis, aliqu qudam quis, qu quisquam quisque ADVERBS n ... quidem quoque lim satis paene vr CONJUNCTIONS itaque nisi PREPOSITIONS ante post propter VERBS CONJ. I CONJ. II conloc dbe convoc exerce crem mane dmnstr place mand sustine CONJ. III CONJ. IV committ, dsili committere proelium dcid ǐripi sm, smere supplicium d trdc vert 522. Translate the following words. Give the genitive and the gender of the nouns and the principal parts of the verbs. _if not, unless_ _adversity_ _on account of_ _former, old-time_ _public_ _all, every_ _commonwealth_ _any one_ (at all) _leap down, dismount_ _this_ (of mine) _unharmed_ _heavy, serious_ _lead across_ _hateful, detested_ _remain_ _true_ _call together_ _burn_ _friendship_ _snatch from_ _footprint, trace_ _letter_ _each_ _punishment_ _fear_ (noun) _inflict punishment on_ _hope_ _behind, after_ _therefore_ _suffer punishment_ _so great_ _liberty_ _equal_ _sun_ _in truth, indeed_ _sustain_ _that_ (yonder) _take up, assume_ _a certain_ _hour_ _fall down_ _reign, realm_ _owe, ought_ _messenger_ _measure, mode_ _part, direction_ _eye_ _body_ _name_ _harbor_ _wave, billow_ _faith, protection_ _thing, matter_ _of himself_ _exploits_ _also, too_ _republic_ _sufficiently_ _prosperity_ _you_ (plur.) _burn_ _peace_ _that_ (of yours) _back_ _before_ _turn the back, retreat_ _light_ _night_ _daybreak_ _hand, force_ _winter_ _lake_ _attack_ _day_ _line of battle_ _commit, intrust_ _army_ _a few only_ _drill, train_ _sharp, eager_ _join battle_ _we_ _house, home_ _turn_ _midday_ _you_ (sing.) _wonderful_ _I_ _brave_ _signal_ _almost_ _summer_ _the same_ _cavalry_ _some, any_ _wound_ _if any one_ _horn, wing_ _self, very_ _country_ _not even_ _second, favorable_ _easy_ _formerly, once_ _dense_ _short_ _point out, explain_ _voice_ _difficult_ _arrival_ _first_ _come under the protection of_ _arrange, station_ _nothing_ _please_ _swift_ _year_ 523. Review Questions. By what declensions are Latin adjectives declined? What can you say about the stem of adjectives of the third declension? Into what classes are these adjectives divided? How can you tell to which of the classes an adjective belongs? Decline ljcer, omnis, pr. What are the nominative endings and genders of nouns of the fourth or u-declension? What nouns are feminine by exception? Decline adventus, lacus, corn, domus. Give the rules for the ordinary expression of the _place to which_, the _place from which_, the _place in which_. What special rules apply to names of towns, small islands, and rs? What is the locative case? What words have a locative case? What is the form of the locative case? Translate _Galba lives at home, Galba lives at Rome, Galba lives at Pompeii_. What is the rule for gender in the fifth or ǐ-declension? Decline dis, rs. When is the long ǐ shortened? What can you say about the plural of the fifth declension? Decline tuba, servus, plum, ager, puer, mles, cnsul, flmen, caeds, animal. How is the _time when_ expressed? Name the classes of pronouns and define each class. Decline ego, t, is. What are the reflexives of the first and second persons? What is the reflexive of the third person? Decline it. Translate _I see myself, he sees himself, he sees him_. Decline ipse. How is ipse used? Decline ǔdem. Decline hic, iste, ille. Explain the use of these words. Name and translate the commoner indefinite pronouns. Decline aliquis, quisquam, qudam, quisque. VII. REVIEW OF LESSONS LIII-LX 524. Give the English of the following words: NOUNS FIRST DECLENSION aquila fossa SECOND DECLENSION aedificium negtium captvus spatium concilium vllum imperium THIRD DECLENSION agmen mors celerits mulier cvits multitd clmor mnti cohors nm difficults obses explrtor opni gns regi ltitd rmor longitd scelus magnitd servits mns timor merctor valls mlle FOURTH DECLENSIONS aditus passus commetus FIFTH DECLENSION rs frmentria ADJECTIVES FIRST AND SECOND DECLENSIONS aequus pessimus bn plrimus ducent posterus duo prmus exterus reliquus ǔnferus secundus maximus singul medius superus minimus tardus opportnus tern optimus Ǟnus THIRD DECLENSION alacer, alacris, alacre audx, audx celer, celeris, celere citerior, citerius difficilis, difficile dissimilis, dissimile facilis, facile gracilis, gracile humilis, humile ingns, ingns interior, interius lnis, lne maior, maius melior, melius minor, minus nbilis, nbile peior, peius ----, pls prior, prius recns, recns similis, simile trs, tria ulterior, ulterius ADVERBS ljcriter optim audcter parum bene paul facile plrimum fer prope fortiter propius magis proxim magnopere quam maxim statim melius tam minim undique multum CONJUNCTIONS atque, ac qu d caus aut quam ob rem aut ... aut simul atque or et ... et simul ac nam PREPOSITIONS circum contr inter ob trns VERBS CONJ. I CONJ. II cnor obtine hortor perterre moror vale vex vereor CONJ. III abd patior cad prem cognsc proficscor cnsequor prgredior contend quaer cupi recipi curr relinqu dd revertor dfend sequor gredior statu incend subsequor incol suscipi ǔnsequor trd occd trah CONJ. IV orior perveni 525. Translate the following words. Give the genitive and the gender of the nouns and the principal parts of the verbs: _on account of_ _width_ _nearly_ _scout_ _keenly, sharply_ _cohort_ _thousand_ _tribe, nation_ _two_ _business_ _opportune_ _by a little_ _remaining_ _somewhat_ _above_ (adj.) _crime_ _next_ _difficult_ _grain supply_ _equal_ _pace_ _move forward, advance_ _shout_ (noun) _further_ _from all sides_ _multitude_ _against_ _woman_ _around_ _desire_ (verb) _three_ _give over, surrender_ _line of march_ _kill_ _manor_ _overtake_ _region_ _hasten, strive_ _fortification_ _hide_ _eagle_ _one_ _almost_ _first_ _boldly_ _second, favorable_ _bravely_ _two hundred_ _across_ _former_ _between, among_ _inner_ _hither_ (adj.) _middle_ _so_ _low_ _less_ _outward_ _more_ _three by three_ _most_ _provisions_ _worst_ _speed_ _difficulty_ _ditch_ _hostage_ _wherefore_ or _therefore_ _death_ _length_ _command, power_ _for this reason_ _captive_ _fear_ (noun) _or_ _return_ _and_ _inquire_ _arrive_ _set out_ _attempt, try_ _move out, disembark_ _fear_ (verb) _leave_ _worse_ _abandon_ _greater, larger_ _be strong_ _two by two_ _receive, recover_ _least_ (adv.) _terrify, frighten_ _opinion, expectation_ _dwell_ _defend_ _state, citizenship_ _approach, entrance_ _valley_ _trader_ _slavery_ _magnitude, size_ _greatly_ _council, assembly_ _best of all_ (adv.) _space, room_ _better_ (adv.) _either ... or_ _well_ (adv.) _rise, arise_ _very much_ _suffer, allow_ _much_ _press hard_ _unlike_ _fall_ _like_ (adj.) _surrender_ _slow_ _set fire to_ _very greatly, exceedingly_ _possess, hold_ _building_ _delay_ (verb) _mind_ (noun) _nearest_ (adv.) _easily_ _nearer_ (adv.) _easy_ _better_ (adj.) _recent_ _well known, noble_ _huge, great_ _rampart_ _bold_ _mild, gentle_ _immediately_ _swift_ _as soon as_ _eager_ _for_ _low_ (adj.) _than_ _slender_ _best_ (adj.) _one by one_ _greatest_ _no one_ _follow close_ _least_ (adv.) _encourage_ _little_ (adv.) _annoy, ravage_ _learn, know_ _hide_ _drag_ _follow_ _undertake_ _pursue_ _run_ _both ... and_ _fix, decide_ 526. Review Questions. What is meant by comparison? In what two ways may adjectives be compared? Compare clrus, brevis, vlx, and explain the formation of the comparative and the superlative. What are the adverbs used in comparison? Compare brevis by adverbs. Decline the comparative of vlx. How are adjectives in -er compared? Compare ljcer, pulcher, liber. What are possible translations for the comparative and superlative? Name the six adjectives that form the superlative in -limus. Translate in two ways _Nothing is brighter than the sun_. Give the rule for the ablative with comparatives. Compare bonus, magnus, malus, multus, parvus, exterus, nferus, posterus, superus. Decline pls. Compare citerior, interior, propior, ulterior. Translate _That route to Italy is much shorter_. Give the rule for the expression of measure of difference. Name five words that are especially common in this construction. How are adverbs usually formed from adjectives of the first and second declensions? from adjectives of the third declension? Compare the adverbs cr, lber, fortiter, audcter. What cases of adjectives are sometimes used as adverbs? What are the adverbs from facilis? multus? prmus? plrimus? bonus? magnus? parvus? Compare prope, saepe, magnopere. How are numerals classified? Give the first twenty cardinals. Decline Ǟnus, duo, trs, mlle. How are the hundreds declined? What is meant by the partitive genitive? Give the rule for the partitive genitive. What sort of words are commonly used with this construction? What construction is used with qudam and cardinal numbers excepting mlle? Give the first twenty ordinals. How are they declined? How are the distributives declined? Give the rule for the expression of duration of time and extent of space. What is the difference between the ablative of time and the accusative of time? What is a deponent verb? Give the synopsis of one. What form always has a passive meaning? Conjugate am, mone, reg, capi, audi, in the active and passive. VIII. REVIEW OF LESSONS LXI-LXIX 527. Review the vocabularies of the first seventeen lessons. See 502, 503, 506, 507. 528. Review Questions. Name the tenses of the subjunctive. What time is denoted by these tenses? What are the mood signs of the present subjunctive? How may the imperfect subjunctive be formed? How do the perfect subjunctive and the future perfect indicative active differ in form? How is the pluperfect subjunctive active formed? Inflect the subjunctive active and passive of cr, dle, vinc, rapi, mni. Inflect the subjunctive tenses of sum; of possum. What are the tenses of the participles in the active? What in the passive? Give the active and passive participles of am, mone, reg, capi, audi. Decline regns. What participles do deponent verbs have? What is the difference in meaning between the perfect participle of a deponent verb and of one not deponent? Give the participles of vereor. How should participles usually be translated? Conjugate vol, nol, ml, f. What is the difference between the indicative and subjunctive in their fundamental ideas? How is purpose usually expressed in English? How is it expressed in Latin? By what words is a Latin purpose clause introduced? When should qu be used? What is meant by sequence of tenses? Name the primary tenses of the indicative and of the subjunctive; the secondary tenses. What Latin verbs are regularly followed by substantive clauses of purpose? What construction follows iube? What construction follows verbs of _fearing_? How is consequence or result expressed in Latin? How is a result clause introduced? What words are often found in the principal clause foreshadowing the coming of a result clause? How may negative purpose be distinguished from negative result? What is meant by the subjunctive of characteristic or description? How are such clauses introduced? Explain the ablative absolute. Why is the ablative absolute of such frequent occurrence in Latin? Explain the predicate accusative. After what verbs are two accusatives commonly found? What do these accusatives become when the verb is passive? [Illustration: IMPERATOR MILITES HORTATUR] SPECIAL VOCABULARIES The words in heavy type are used in Csars Gallic War. [Transcribers Note: Each chapters Special Vocabulary was included with its chapter text in addition to its original location here. Details are given in the Transcribers Note at the beginning of the text. In the printed book, the vocabularies for Lesson IV and Lesson V appeared on the same page; the Footnote about _conjunctions_ was shared by the two lists.] LESSON IV, 39 NOUNS dea, _goddess_ (deity) Dina, _Diana_ fera, _a wild beast_ (fierce) Ltna, _Latona_ sagitta, _arrow_ VERBS est, _he (she, it) is_; sunt, _they are_ necat, _he (she, it) kills, is killing, does kill_ CONJUNCTION[A] et, _and_ PRONOUNS quis, interrog. pronoun, nom. sing., _who?_ cuius (pronounced _c[oo]iy[oo]s_, two syllables), interrog. pronoun, gen. sing., _whose?_ [Footnote A: A _conjunction_ is a word which connects words, parts of sentences, or sentences.] LESSON V, 47 NOUNS corna, _wreath, garland, crown_ fbula, _story_ (fable) pecnia, _money_ (pecuniary) pugna, _battle_ (pugnacious) victria, _victory_ VERBS dat, _he (she, it) gives_ nrrat, _he (she, it) tells_ (narrate) CONJUNCTION[A] quia or quod, _because_ cui (pronounced _c[oo]i_, one syllable), interrog. pronoun, dat. sing., _to whom?_ _for whom?_ [Footnote A: A _conjunction_ is a word which connects words, parts of sentences, or sentences.] LESSON VI, 56 ADJECTIVES bona, _good_ grta, _pleasing_ magna, _large, great_ mala, _bad, wicked_ parva, _small, little_ pulchra, _beautiful, pretty_ sla, _alone_ NOUNS ancilla, _maidservant_ Ilia, _Julia_ ADVERBS[A] cr, _why_ nn, _not_ PRONOUNS mea, _my_; tua, _thy, your_ (possesives) quid, interrog. pronoun, nom. and acc. sing., _what?_ -ne, the question sign, an enclitic (16) added to the first word, which, in a question, is usually the verb, as amat, _he loves_, but amatne? _does he love?_ est, _he is_; estne? _is he?_ Of course -ne is not used when the sentence contains quis, cr, or some other interrogative word. [Footnote A: An _adverb_ is a word used to modify a verb, an adjective, or another adverb; as, She sings _sweetly_; she is _very_ talented; she began to sing _very early_.] LESSON VII, 62 NOUNS casa, -ae, f., _cottage_ cna, -ae, f., _dinner_ gallna, -ae, f., _hen, chicken_ ǔnsula, ae, f., _island_ (pen-insula) ADVERBS de-inde, _then, in the next place_ ubi, _where_ PREPOSITION ad, _to_, with acc. to express motion toward PRONOUN quem, interrog. pronoun, acc. sing., _whom?_ VERBS habitat, _he (she, it) lives, is living, does live_ (inhabit) laudat, _he (she, it) praises, is praising, does praise_ (laud) parat, _he (she, it) prepares, is preparing, does prepare_ vocat, _he (she, it) calls, is calling, does call; invites, is inviting, does invite_ (vocation) LESSON VIII, 69 NOUNS Italia, -ae, f., _Italy_ Sicilia, -ae, f., _Sicily_ tuba, -ae, f., _trumpet_ (tube) via, -ae, f., _way, road, street_ (viaduct) ADJECTIVES alta, _high, deep_ (altitude) clra, _clear, bright; famous_ lta, _wide_ (latitude) longa, _long_ (longitude) nova, _new_ (novelty) LESSON IX, 77 NOUNS bellum, -, n., _war_ (re-bel) cnstantia, -ae, f., _firmness, constancy, steadiness_ dominus, -, m., _master, lord_ (dominate) equus, -, m., _horse_ (equine) frmentum, -, n., _grain_ lgtus, -, m., _lieutenant, ambassador_ (legate) Mrcus, -, m., _Marcus, Mark_ mrus, -, m., _wall_ (mural) oppidnus, -, m., _townsman_ oppidum, -, n., _town_ plum, -, n., _spear_ (pile driver) servus, -, m., _slave, servant_ Sextus, -, m., _Sextus_ VERBS crat, _he (she, it) cares for_, with acc. properat, _he (she, it) hastens_ LESSON X, 82 NOUNS amcus, -, m., _friend_ (amicable) Germnia, -ae, f., _Germany_ patria, -ae, f., _fatherland_ populus, -, m., _people_ Rhnus, -, m., _the Rhine_ vcus, -, m., _village_ LESSON XI, 86 NOUNS arma, armrum, n., plur., _arms_, especially defensive weapons fma, -ae, f., _rumor; reputation, fame_ galea, -ae, f., _helmet_ praeda, -ae, f., _booty, spoils_ (predatory) tlum, -, n., _weapon of offense, spear_ ADJECTIVES drus, -a, -um, _hard, rough; unfeeling, cruel; severe, toilsome_ (durable) Rmnus, -a, -um, _Roman_. As a noun, Rmnus, -, m., _a Roman_ LESSON XII, 90 NOUNS flius, fl, m., _son_ (filial) fluvius, fluv, m., _river_ (fluent) gladius, glad, m., _sword_ (gladiator) praesidium, praesid, n., _garrison, guard, protection_ proelium, proel, n., _battle_ ADJECTIVES fnitimus, -a, -um, _bordering upon, neighboring, near to_. As a noun, fnitim, -rum, m., plur., _neighbors_ Germnus, -a, -um, _German_. As a noun, Germnus, -, m., _a German_ multus, -a, -um, _much_; plur., _many_ ADVERB saepe, _often_ LESSON XIII, 95 NOUNS ager, agr, m., _field_ (acre) cpia, -ae, f., _plenty, abundance_ (copious); plur., _troops, forces_ Cornlius, Cornl, m., _Cornelius_ lrca, -ae, f., _coat of mail, corselet_ praemium, praem, n., _reward, prize_ (premium) puer, puer, m., _boy_ (puerile) Rma, -ae, f., _Rome_ sctum, -, n., _shield_ (escutcheon) vir, vir, m., _man, hero_ (virile) ADJECTIVES leginrius, -a, -um,[A] _legionary, belonging to the legion_. As a noun, leginri, -rum, m., plur., _legionary soldiers_ lber, lbera, lberum, _free_ (liberty) As a noun. lber, -rum, m., plur., _children_ (lit. _the freeborn_) pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum, _pretty, beautiful_ PREPOSITION apud, _among_, with acc. CONJUNCTION sed, _but_ [Footnote A: The genitive singular masculine of adjectives in -ius ends in -i and the vocative in -ie; not in -, as in nouns.] LESSON XIV, 99 NOUNS auxilium, auxil, n., _help, aid_ (auxiliary) castrum, -, n., _fort_ (castle); plur., _camp_ (lit. _forts_) cibus, -, m., _food_ cnsilium, cnsil, n., _plan_ (counsel) dligentia, -ae, f., _diligence, industry_ magister, magistr, m., _master, teacher_[A] ADJECTIVES aeger, aegra, aegrum, _sick_ crber, crbra, crbrum, _frequent_ miser, misera, miserum, _wretched, unfortunate_ (miser) [Footnote A: Observe that dominus, as distinguished from magister, means _master_ in the sense of _owner_.] LESSON XV, 107 NOUNS carrus, -, m., _cart, wagon_ inopia, -ae, f., _want, lack;_ the opposite of cpia studium, stud, n., _zeal, eagerness_ (study) ADJECTIVES armtus, -a, -um, _armed_ ǔnfrmus, -a, -um, _week, feeble_ (infirm) validus, -a, -um, _strong, sturdy_ VERB mtrat, _he (she, it) hastens._ Cf. properat ADVERB iam, _already, now_ -que, conjunction, _and_; an enclitic (cf. 16) and always added to the _second_ of two words to be connected, as arma tlaque, _arms and weapons_. LESSON XVII, 117 NOUNS agr cultra, -ae, f., _agriculture_ Gallia, -ae, f., _Gaul_ domicilum, domcil, n., _dwelling place_ (domicile), _abode_ Gallus, -i, m., _a Gaul_ lacrima, -ae, f., _tear_ fmina, -ae, f., _woman_ (female) numerus, -, m., _number_ (numeral) ADJECTIVE mtrus, -a, -um, _ripe, mature_ ADVERB qu, _whither_ VERBS arat, _he (she, it) plows_ (arable) dsderat, _he (she, it) misses, longs for_ (desire), with acc. CONJUNCTION an, _or_, introducing the second half of a double question, as _Is he a Roman or a Gaul_, Estne Romanus an Gallus? LESSON XVIII, 124 NOUNS ldus, -, m., _school_ socius, soc, m., _companion, ally_ (social) ADJECTIVES ǔrtus, -a, -um, _angry, furious_ (irate) laetus, -a, -um, _happy, glad_ (social) ADVERBS hodi, _to-day_ ibi, _there, in that place_ mox, _presently, soon_, of the immediate future nunc, _now, the present moment_ nper, _lately, recently_, of the immediate past LESSON XX, 136 NOUNS frma, -ae, f., _form, beauty_ regna, -ae, f., _queen_ (regal) poena, -ae, f., _punishment, penalty_ superbia, -ae, f., _pride, haughtiness_ potentia, -ae, f., _power_ (potent) trstta, -ae, f., _sadness, sorrow_ ADJECTIVES septem, indeclinable, _seven_ superbus, -a, -um, _proud, haughty_ (superb) CONJUNCTIONS nn slum ... sed etiam, _not only ... but also_ LESSON XXI, 140 NOUNS sacrum, -, n., _sacrifice, offering, rite_ verbum, -, n., _word_ (verb) VERBS sede, -re, _sit_ (sediment) vol, -re, _fly_ (volatile) ADJECTIVES interfectus, -a, -um, _slain_ molestus, -a, -um, _troublesome, annoying_ (molest) perpetuus, -a, -um, _perpetual, continuous_ ego, personal pronoun, _I_ (egotism). Always emphatic in the nominative. LESSON XXII, 146 NOUNS disciplna, -ae, f., _training, culture, discipline_ Gius, G, m., _Caius_, a Roman first name Ǚrnmentum, -, n., _ornament, jewel_ Tiberius, Tiber, m., _Tiberius_, a Roman first name VERB doce, -re, _teach_ (doctrine) ADVERB maxim, _most of all, especially_ ADJECTIVE antquus, -qua, -quum, _old, ancient_ (antique) LESSON XXVII, 168 NOUNS ljla, -ae, f., _wing_ deus, -, m., _god_ (deity)[A] monstrum, -, n., _omen, prodigy; monster_ rculum, -, n., _oracle_ VERB vst, -re, _lay waste, devastate_ ADJECTIVES commtus, -a, -um, _moved, excited_ maximus, -a, -um, _greatest_ (maximum) saevus, -a, -um, _fierce, savage_ ADVERBS ita, _thus, in this way, as follows_ tum, _then, at that time_ [Footnote A: For the declension of deus, see 468] LESSON XXVIII, 171 VERBS responde, -re, _respond, reply_ serv, -re, _save, preserve_ ADJECTIVE crus, -a, -um, _dear_ (cherish) CONJUNCTION autem, _but, moreover, now_. Usually stands second, never first NOUN vta, -ae, f., _life_ (vital) LESSON XXIX, 176 VERB super, -re, _conquer, overcome_ (insuperable) NOUNS cra, -ae, f., _care, trouble_ locus, -, m., _place, spot_ (location). Locus is neuter in the plural and is declined loca, -rum, etc. perculum, -, n., _danger, peril_ ADVERBS semper, _always_ tamen, _yet, nevertheless_ PREPOSITIONS d, with abl., _down from.; concerning_ per, with acc., _through_ CONJUNCTION si, _if_ LESSON XXX, 182 VERBS absum, abesse, irreg., _be away, be absent, be distant_, with separative abl. adpropinqu, -re, _draw near, approach_ (propinquity), with dative[A] contine, -re, _hold together, hem in, keep_ (contain) discd, -ere, _depart, go away, leave_, with separative abl. ege, -re, _lack, need, be without_, with separative abl. interfici, -ere, _kill_ prohibe, -re, _restrain, keep from_ (prohibit) vulner, -re, _wound_ (vulnerable) NOUNS prvincia, -ae, f., _province_ vnum, -, n., _wine_ ADJECTIVE dfessus, -a, -um, _weary, worn out_ ADVERB long, _far, by far, far away_ [Footnote A: This verb governs the dative because the idea of _nearness to_ is stronger than that of _motion to_. If the latter idea were the stronger, the word would be used with ad and the accusative.] LESSON XXXI, 188 NOUNS aurum, -, n., _gold_ (oriole) mora, -ae, f., _delay_ nvigium, nvig, n., _boat, ship_ ventus, -, m., _wind_ (ventilate) VERB nvig, -re, _sail_ (navigate) ADJECTIVES attentus, -a, -um, _attentive, careful_ dubius, -a, -um, _doubtful_ (dubious) perfidus, -a, -um, _faithless, treacherous_ (perfidy) ADVERB ante, _before, previously_ PREPOSITION sine, with abl., _without_ LESSON XXXII, 193 NOUNS animus, -, m., _mind, heart; spirit, feeling_ (animate) bracchium, bracch, n., _forearm, arm_ porta, -ae, f., _gate_ (portal) ADJECTIVES adversus, -a, -um, _opposite; adverse, contrary_ plnus, -a, -um, _full_ (plenty) PREPOSITION pr, with abl., _before; in behalf of; instead of_ ADVERB di, _for a long time, long_ LESSON XXXIV, 200 ADVERBS celeriter, _quickly_ (celerity) dnique, _finally_ graviter, _heavily, severely_ (gravity) subit, _suddenly_ VERB report, -re, -v, _bring back, restore; win, gain_ (report) LESSON XXXVI, 211 dexter, dextra, dextrum, _right_ (dextrous) sinister, sinistra, sinistrum, _left_ frstr, adv., _in vain_ (frustrate) ger, gerere, gess, gestus, _bear, carry on; wear_; bellum gerere, _to wage war_ occup, occupre, occupv, occuptus, _seize, take possession of_ (occupy) postul, postulre, postulv, postultus, _demand_ (ex-postulate) recs, recsre, recsv, recstus, _refuse_ st, stre, stet, status, _stand_ tempt, temptre, temptv, tempttus, _try, tempt, test; attempt_ tene, tenre, tenu, ----, _keep, hold_ (tenacious) The word ubi, which we have used so much in the sense of _where_ in asking a question, has two other uses equally important: 1. ubi = _when_, as a relative conjunction denoting time; as, Ubi mnstrum audvrunt, fgrunt, _when they heard the monster, they fled_ 2. ubi = _where_, as a relative conjunction denoting place; as, Vide oppidum ubi Galba habitat, _I see the town where Galba lives_ ubi is called a _relative conjunction_ because it is equivalent to a relative pronoun. _When_ in the first sentence is equivalent to _at the time at which;_ and in the second, _where_ is equivalent to _the place in which._ LESSON XXXVII, 217 neque or nec, conj., _neither_, _nor_, _and ... not_; neque ... neque, _neither ... nor_ castellum, -, n., _redoubt, fort_ (castle) cotdi, adv., _daily_ cess, cessre, cessv, cesstus, _cease_, with the infin. incipi, incipere, incp, inceptus, _begin_ (incipient), with the infin. oppugn, oppugnre, oppugnv, oppugntus, _storm, assail_ pet, petere, petivi or peti, pettus, _aim at, assail, storm, attack; seek, ask_ (petition) pn, pnere, posu, positus, _place, put_ (position); castra pnere, _to pitch camp_ possum, posse, potu, ----, _be able, can_ (potent), with the infin. vet, vetre, vetu, vetitus, _forbid_ (veto), vith the infin.; opposite of iube, _command_ vinc, vincere, vc, victus, _conquer_ (in-vincible) vv, vvere, vx, ----, _live, be alive_ (re-vive) LESSON XXXIX, 234 barbarus, -a, -um, _strange, foreign, barbarous_. As a noun, barbar, -rum, m., plur., _savages, barbarians_ dux, ducis, m., _leader_ (duke). Cf. the verb dc eques, equitis, m., _horseman, cavalryman_ (equestrian) idex, idicis, _m., judge_ lapis, lapidis, m., _stone_ (lapidary) mles, mlitis, m., _soldier_ (militia) pedes, peditis, m., _foot soldier_ (pedestrian) ps, pedis,[A] m., _foot_ (pedal) prnceps, prncipis, m., _chief_ (principal) rx, rgis, m., _king_ (regal) summus, -a, -um, _highest, greatest_ (summit) virts, virttis, f., _manliness, courage_ (virtue) [Footnote A: Observe that e is _long_ in the nom. sing, and _short_ in the other cases.] LESSON XL, 237 Caesar, -aris, m., _Csar_ captvus, -, m., _captive, prisoner_ cnsul, -is, m., _consul_ frter, frtris, m., _brother_ (fraternity) hom, hominis, m., _man, human being_ impedmentum, -, n., _hindrance_ (impediment); plur. impedmenta, -rum, _baggage_ impertor, impertris, m., _commander in chief, general_ (emperor) legi, leginis, f., _legion_ mter, mtris, f., _mother_ (maternal) Ǚrd, rdinis, m., _row, rank_ (order) pater, patris, m., _father_ (paternal) sals, saltis, f., _safety_ (salutary) soror, sorris, f., _sister_ (sorority) LESSON XLI, 239 calamits, calamittis, f., _loss, disaster, defeat_ (calamity) caput, capitis, n., _head_ (capital) flmen, flminis, n., _river_ (flume) labor, labris, m., _labor, toil_ opus, operis, n., _work, task_ Ǚrtor, rtris, m., _orator_ rpa, -ae, f., _bank_ (of a stream) tempus, temporis, n., _time_ (temporal) terror, terrris, m., _terror, fear_ victor, victris, m., _victor_ accipi, accipere, accp, acceptus, _receive, accept_ cnfirm, cnfrmre, cnfrmv, cnfrmtus, _strengthen, establish, encourage_ (confirm) LESSON XLIII, 245 animal, animlis (-ium[A]), n., _animal_ avis, avis (-ium), f., _bird_ (aviation) caeds, caedis (-ium), f., _slaughter_ calcar, calcris (-ium), n., _spur_ cvis, cvis (-ium), m. and f., _citizen_ (civic) clins, clientis (-ium), m., _retainer, dependent_ (client) fnis, fnis (-ium), m., _end, limit_ (final); plur., _country, territory_ hostis, hostis (-ium), m. and f., _enemy_ in war (hostile). Distinguish from inimcus, which means a _personal_ enemy ignis, ignis (-ium), m., _fire_ (ignite) ǔnsigne, nsignis (-ium), n. _decoration, badge_ (ensign) mare, maris (-ium[B]), n., _sea_ (marine) nvis, nvis (-ium), f., _ship_ (naval); nvis longa, _man-of-war_ turris, turris (-ium), f., _tower_ (turret) urbs, urbis (-ium), f., _city_ (suburb). An urbs is larger than an oppidum. [Footnote A: The genitive plural ending -ium is written to mark the i-stems.] [Footnote B: The genitive plural of mare is not in use.] LESSON XLIV, 249 arbor, arboris, f., _tree_ (arbor) collis, collis (-ium), m., _hill_ dns, dentis (-ium), m., _tooth_ (dentist) fns, fontis (-ium), m.. _fountain, spring; source_ iter, itineris, n., _march, journey, route_ (itinerary) mnsis, mnsis (-ium), m., _month_ moenia, -ium, n., plur., _walls, fortifications_. Cf. mrus mns, montis (-ium), m., _mountain_; summus mns, _top of the mountain_ numquam, adv., _never_ pns, pontis, m., _bridge_ (pontoon) sanguis, sanguinis, m., blood (sanguinary) summus, -a, -um, _highest, greatest_ (summit) trns, prep, with acc., _across_ (transatlantic) vs (vs), gen. plur. virium, f. _strength, force, violence_ (vim) LESSON XLV, 258 ljcer, cris, cre, _sharp, keen, eager_ (acrid) brevis, breve, _short, brief_ difficilis, difficile, _difficult_ facilis, facile, _facile, easy_ fortis, forte, _brave_ (fortitude) gravis, grave, _heavy, severe, serious_ (grave) omnis, omne, _every, all_ (omnibus) pr, gen. paris, _equal_ (par) pauc, -ae, -a, _few, only a few_ (paucity) secundus, -a, -um, _second; favorable_, opposite of adversus signum, -, n., _signal, sign, standard_ vlx, gen. vlcis, _swift_ (velocity) conloc, conlocre, conlocv, conloctus, _arrange, station, place_ (collocation) dmnstr, dmnstrre, dmnstrv, dmnstrtus, _point out, explain_ (demonstrate) mand, mandre, mandv, mandtus, _commit, intrust_ (mandate) LESSON XLVI, 261 adventus, -s, m., _approach, arrival_ (advent) ante, prep, with acc., _before_ (ante-date) corn, -s, n., _horn, wing_ of an army (cornucopia); lj dextr corn, _on the right wing_; lj sinistr corn, _on the left wing_ equittus, -s, m., _cavalry_ exercitus, -s, m., _army_ impetus, -s, m., _attack_ (impetus); impetum facere in, with acc., _to make an attack on_ lacus, -s, dat. and abl. plur. lacubus, m., _lake_ manus, -s, f., _hand; band, force_ (manual) portus, -s, m., _harbor_ (port) post, prep, with acc., _behind, after_ (post-mortem) crem, cremre, cremv, cremtus, _burn_ (cremate) exerce, exercre, exercu, exercitus, _practice, drill, train_ (exercise) LESSON XLVII, 270 Athnae, -rum, f., plur., _Athens_ Corinthus, -, f., _Corinth_ domus, -s, locative dom, f., _house, home_ (dome). Cf. domicilium Genva, -ae, f., _Geneva_ Pompii, -rum, m., plur., _Pompeii_, a city in Campania. See map propter, prep. with acc., _on account of, because of_ rs, rris, in the plur. only nom. and acc. rra, n., _country_ (rustic) tergum, terg, n., _back_; lj terg, _behind, in the rear_ vulnus, vulneris, n., _wound_ (vulnerable) committ, committere, comms, commissus, _intrust, commit;_ proelium committere, _join battle_ convoc, convocre, convocv, convoctus, _call together, summon_ (convoke) time, timre, timu, ----, _fear; be afraid_ (timid) vert, vertere, vert, versus, _turn, change_ (convert); terga vertere, _to turn the backs_, hence _to retreat_ LESSON XLVIII, 276 acis, -, f., _line of battle_ aests, aesttis, f., _summer_ annus, -, m., _year_ (annual) dis, di, m., _day_ (diary) fids, fide, no plur., f., _faith, trust; promise, word; protection_; in fidem venre, _to come under the protection_ fluctus, -s, m. _wave, billow_ (fluctuate) hiems, hiemis, f., _winter_ hra, -ae, f., _hour_ lx, lcis, f., _light_ (lucid); prma lux, _daybreak_ merdis, acc. -em, abl. -, no plur., m., _midday_ (meridian) nox, noctis (-ium), f., _night_ (nocturnal) prmus, -a, -um, _first_ (prime) rs, re, f., _thing, matter_ (real); rs gestae, _deeds, exploits_ (lit. _things performed_); rs adversae, _adversity_; rs secundae, _prosperity_ sps, spe, f., _hope_ LESSON XLIX, 283 amcitia, -ae, f., _friendship_ (amicable) itaque, conj., _and so, therefore, accordingly_ littera, -ae, f., _a letter_ of the alphabet; plur., _a letter, an epistle_ metus, mets, m., _fear_ nihil, indeclinable, n., _nothing_ (nihilist) nntius, nnt, m., _messenger_. Cf. nnti px, pcis, f., _peace_ (pacify) rgnum, -, n., _reign, sovereignty, kingdom_ supplicum, supplic, n., _punishment_; supplicum smere d, with abl., _inflict punishment on_; supplicum dare, _suffer punishment_. Cf. poena place, placre, placu, placitus, _be pleasing to, please_, with dative. Cf. 154 sm, smere, smps, smptus, _take up, assume_ sustine, sustinre, sustinu, sustentus, _sustain_ LESSON L, 288 corpus, corporis, n., _body_ (corporal) dnsus, -a, -um, _dense_ ǔdem, eadem, idem, demonstrative pronoun, _the same_ (identity) ipse, ipsa, ipsum, intensive pronoun, _self; even, very_ mrus, -a, -um, _wonderful, marvelous_ (miracle) Ǚlim, adv., _formerly, once upon a time_ pars, partis (-ium), f., _part, region, direction_ quoque, adv., _also_. Stands _after_ the word which it emphasizes sl, slis, m., _sun_ (solar) vrus, -a, -um, _true, real_ (verity) dbe, dbre, dbu, dbitus, _owe, ought_ (debt) ǐripi, ripere, ripu, reptus, _snatch from_ LESSON LI, 294 hic, haec, hoc, demonstrative pronoun, _this_ (of mine); _he, she, it_ ille, illa, illud, demonstrative pronoun _that_ (yonder); _he, she, it_ invsus, -a, -um, _hateful, detested_, with dative Cf. 143 iste, ista, istud, demonstrative pronoun, _that_ (of yours); _he, she, it_ lberts, -tis, f., _liberty_ modus, -, m., _measure; manner, way, mode_ nmen, nminis, n., _name_ (nominate) oculus, -, m., _eye_ (oculist) prstinus, -a, -um, _former, old-time_ (pristine) pblicus, -a, -um, _public, belonging to the state;_ rs pblica, re pblicae, f., _the commonwealth, the state, the republic_ vestgium, vestg, n., _footprint, track; trace, vestige_ vx, vcis, f., _voice_ LESSON LII, 298 incolumis, -e, _unharmed_ n ... quidem, adv., _not even_. The emphatic word stands between n and quidem nisi, conj., _unless, if ... not_ paene, adv., _almost_ (pen-insula) satis, adv., _enough, sufficiently_ (satisfaction) tantus, -a, -um, _so great_ vr, adv., _truly, indeed, in fact_. As a conj. _but, however_, usually stands second, never first. dcid, dcidere, dcid, ----, _fall down_ (deciduous) dsili, dsilre, dsilu, dsultus, _leap down, dismount_ mane, manre, mns, mnsrus, _remain_ trdc, trdcere, trdx, trductus, _lead across_ LESSON LIII, 306 aquila, -ae, f., _eagle_ (aquiline) audx, gen. audcis, adj., _bold, audacious_ celer, celeris, celere, _swift, quick_ (celerity). Cf. vlx explratr, -ris, m., _scout, spy_ (explorer) ingns, gen. ingentis, adj., _huge, vast_ medius, -a, -um, _middle, middle part of_ (medium) mns, mentis (-ium), f., _mind_ (mental). Cf. animus opportnus, -a, -um, _opportune_ quam, adv., _than_. With the superlative quam gives the force of _as possible_, as quam audcissim vir, _men as bold as possible_ recens, gen. recentis, adj., _recent_ tam, adv., _so_. Always with an adjective or adverb, while ita is generally used with a verb quaer, quaerere, quaesv, quaestus, _ask, inquire, seek_ (question). Cf. pet LESSON LIV, 310 alacer, alacris, alacre, _eager, spirited, excited_ (alacrity) celerits, -tis, f., _speed_ (celerity) clmor, clmris, m., _shout, clamor_ lnis, lne, _mild, gentle_ (lenient) mulier, mulieris, f., _woman_ multitd, multitdinis, f., _multitude_ nm, dat. nmin, acc. nminem (gen. nllus, abl. nll, from nllus), no plur., m. and f., _no one_ nbilis, nbile, _well known, noble_ noct, adv. (an old abl.), _by night_ (nocturnal) statim, adv., _immediately, at once_ subit, adv., _suddenly_ tardus, -a, -um, _slow_ (tardy) cupi, cupere, cupv, cuptus, _desire, wish_ (cupidity) LESSON LV, 314 aedificium, aedific, n., _building, dwelling_ (edifice) imperium, imper, n., _command, chief power; empire_ mors, mortis (-ium), f., _death_ (mortal) reliquus, -a, -um, _remaining, rest of_. As a noun, m. and n. plur., _the rest_ (relic) scelus, sceleris, n., _crime_ servits, -tis, f., _slavery_ (servitude) valls, vallis (-ium), f., _valley_ abd, abdere, abdid, abditus, _hide_ contend, contendere, contend, contentus, _strain, struggle; hasten_ (contend) occd, occdere, occd, occsus, _cut down, kill_. Cf. nec, interfici perterre, perterrre, perterru, perterritus, _terrify, frighten_ recipi, recipere, recp, receptus, _receive, recover_; s recipere, _betake ones self, withdraw, retreat_ trd, trdere, trdid, trditus, _give over, surrender, deliver_ (traitor) LESSON LVI, 318 aditus, -s, m., _approach, access; entrance_ cvits, cvittis, f., _citizenship; body of citizens, state_ (city) inter, prep, with acc., _between, among_ (interstate commerce) nam, conj., _for_ obses, obsidis, m. and f., _hostage_ paul, adv. (abl. n. of paulus), _by a little, somewhat_ incol, incolere, incolu, ----, transitive, _inhabit_; intransitive, _dwell_. Cf. habit, vv relinqu, relinquere, relqu, relictus, _leave, abandon_ (relinquish) statu, statuere, statu, stattus, _fix, decide_ (statute), usually with infin. LESSON LVII, 326 aequus, -a, -um, _even, level; equal_ cohors, cohortis (-ium), f., _cohort_, a tenth part of a legion, about 360 men curr, currere, cucurr, cursus, _run_ (course) difficults, -tis, f., _difficulty_ fossa, -ae, f., _ditch_ (fosse) gns, gentis (-ium), f., _race, tribe, nation_ (Gentile) negtium, negt, n., _business, affair, matter_ (negotiate) regi, -nis, f., _region, district_ rmor, rmris, m., _rumor, report_. Cf. fma simul atque, conj., _as soon as_ suscipi, suscipere, suscp, susceptus, _undertake_ trah, trahere, trx, trctus, _drag, draw_ (ex-tract) vale, valre, valu, valitrus, _be strong_; plrimum valre, _to be most powerful, have great influence_ (value). Cf. validus LESSON LVIII, 332 commetus, -s, m.. _provisions_ ltitd, -inis, f., _width_ (latitude) longitd, -inis, f., _length_ (longitude) magnitd, -inis, f., _size, magnitude_ merctor, merctris, m., _trader, merchant_ mnti, -nis, f., _fortification_ (munition) spatium, spat, n., _room, space, distance; time_ cognsc, cognscere, cognv, cognitus, _learn_; in the perfect tenses, _know_ (re-cognize) cg, cgere, cog, coctus, _collect; compel_ (cogent) dfend, dfendere, dfend, dfnsus, _defend_ incend, incendere, incend, incnsus, _set fire to, burn_ (incendiary). Cf. crem obtine, obtinre, obtinu, obtentus, _possess, occupy, hold_ (obtain) perveni, pervenre, pervn, perventus, _come through, arrive_ LESSON LIX, 337 agmen, agminis, n., _line of march, column_; prmum agmen, _the van_; novissimum agmen, _the rear_ atque, ac, conj., _and_; atque is used before vowels and consonants, ac before consonants only. Cf. et and -que concilium, concil, n., _council, assembly_ Helvti, -rum, m., _the Helvetii_, a Gallic tribe passus, passs, m., _a pace_, five Roman feet; mlle passuum, _a thousand (of) paces_, a Roman mile qu d caus, _for this reason, for what reason_ vllum, -, n., _earth-works, rampart_ cad, cadere, cecid, csrus, _fall_ (decadence) dd, ddere, ddid, dditus, _surrender, give up_; with a reflexive pronoun, _surrender ones self, submit_, with the dative of the indirect object prem, premere, press, pressus, _press hard, harass_ vex, vexre, vexv, vextus, _annoy, ravage_ (vex) LESSON LX, 341 aut, conj., _or_; aut ... aut, _either ... or_ caus, abl. of causa, _for the sake of, because of_. Always stands _after_ the gen. which modifies it fer, adv., _nearly, almost_ opni, -nis, f., _opinion, supposition, expectation_ rs frmentria, re frmentriae, f. (lit. _the grain affair_), _grain supply_ timor, -ris, m., _fear_. Cf. time undique, adv., _from all sides_ cnor, cnr, cntus sum, _attempt, try_ ǐgredior, gred, gressus sum, _move out, disembark_; prgredior, _move forward, advance_ (egress, progress) moror, morr, mortus sum, _delay_ orior, orir, ortus sum, _arise, spring; begin; be born_ (_from_) (origin) proficscor, proficsc, profectus sum, _set out_ revertor, revert, reversus sum, _return_ (revert). The forms of this verb are usually active, and not deponent, in the perfect system. Perf. act., revert sequor, sequ, sectus sum, _follow_ (sequence). Note the following compounds of sequor and the force of the different prefixes: cnsequor (_follow with_), _overtake_; ǔnsequor (_follow against_), _pursue_; subsequor (_follow under_), _follow close after_ LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY Translations inclosed within parentheses are not to be used as such; they are inserted to show etymological meanings. [Transcribers Note: The parentheses were originally printed as [square brackets]. They are rendered here as [[double brackets]].] A lj or ab, prep. with abl. _from, by, off_. Translated _on_ in lj dextr corn, _on the right wing_; lj fronte, _on the front_ or _in front_; lj dextr, _on the right_; lj latere, _on the side_; etc. ab-d, -ere, -did, -ditus, _hide, conceal_ ab-dc, -ere, -dx, -ductus, _lead off, lead away_ abs-cd, -ere, -cd,-csus [[ab(s), _off_, + caed, _cut_]], _cut off_ ab-sum, -esse, fu, futrus, _be away, be absent, be distant, be off_; with lj or ab and abl., 501.32 ac, conj., see atque ac-cipi, -ere, -cp, -ceptus [[ad, _to_, + capi, _take_]], _receive, accept_ ljcer, cris, cre, adj. _sharp_; figuratively, _keen, active, eager_ (471) acerbus, -a, -um, adj. _bitter, sour_ acis, -, f. [[ljcer, _sharp_]], _edge; line of battle_ ljcriter, adv. [[ljcer, _sharp_]], compared ljcrius, cerrim, _sharply, fiercely_ ad, prep. with acc. _to, towards, near_. With the gerund or gerundive, _to, for_ ad-aequ, -re, -v, -tus, _make equal, make level with_ ad-dc, -ere, -dx, -ductus, _lead to; move, induce_ ad-e, -re, -i, -itus, _go to, approach, draw near, visit_, with acc. (413) ad-fer, ad-ferre, at-tul, ad-ltus, _bring, convey; report, announce; render, give_ (426) ad-fici, -ere, -fc, -fectus [[ad, _to_, + faci, _do_]], _affect, visit_ adflcttus, -a, -um, adj. [[part. of adflct, _shatter_]], _shattered_ ad-flg, -ere, -flx, -flctus, _dash upon, strike upon; harass, distress_ ad-hibe, -re, -u, -itus [[ad, _to_, + habe, _hold_]], _apply, employ, use_ ad-hc, adv. _hitherto, as yet, thus far_ aditus, -s, m. [[ade, _approach_]], _approach, access; entrance_. Cf. adventus ad-lig, -re, -v, -tus, _bind to, fasten_ ad-loquor, -loqu, -loctus sum, dep. verb [[ad, _to_, + loquor, _speak_]], _speak to, address_, with acc. ad-ministr, -re, -v, -tus, _manage, direct_ admrti, -nis, f. [[admror, _wonder at_]], _admiration, astonishment_ ad-move, -re, -mv, -mtus, _move to; apply, employ_ ad-propinqu, -re, -v, -tus, _come near, approach_, with dat. ad-sum, -esse, -fu, -futres, _be present; assist_; with dat., 426 adulscns, -entis, m. and f. [[part. of adolsc, _grow_]], _a youth, young man, young person_ adventus, -s, m. [[ad, _to_, + veni, _come_]], _approach, arrival_ (466) adversus, -a, -um, adj. [[part. of advert, _turn to_]], _turned towards, facing; contrary, adverse_. rs adversae, _adversity_ aedificium, aedific, n. [[aedific, _build_]], _building, edifice_ aedific, -re, -vi, -tus [[aeds, _house_, + faci, _make_]], _build_ aeger, aegra, aegrum, adj. _sick, feeble_ aequlis, -e, adj. _equal, like_. As a noun, aequlis, -is, m. or f. _one of the same age_ aequus, -a, -um, adj. _even, level; equal_ Aespus, -, m. _sop_, a writer of fables aests, -tis, f. _summer_, init aestte, _at the beginning of summer_ aets, -tis, f. _age_ Aethiopia, -ae, f. _Ethiopia_, a country in Africa frica, -ae, f. _Africa_ fricnus, -a, -um, adj. _of Africa_. A name given to Scipio for his victories in Africa ager, agr, m. _field, farm, land_ (462.c) agger, -eris, m. _mound_ agmen, -inis, n. [[ag, _drive_]], _an army_ on the march, _column_. prmum agmen, _the van_ ag, -ere, g, ctus, _drive, lead; do, perform_. vtam agere, _pass life_ agricola, -ae, m. [[ager, _field_, + col, _cultivate_]], _farmer_ agr cultra, -ae, f. _agriculture_ ljla, -ae, f. _wing_ alacer, -cris, -cre, adj. _active, eager_. Cf. ljcer alacrits, -tis, f. [[alacer, _active_]], _eagerness, alacrity_ alacriter, adv. [[alacer, _active_]], comp alacrius, alacerrim, _actively, eagerly_ albus, -a, -um, adj., _white_ alcs, -is, f. _elk_ Alcmna, -ae, f. _Alcmena_, the mother of Hercules aliquis (-qu), -qua, -quid (-quod), indef. pron. _some one, some_ (487) alius, -a, -ud (gen. -us, dat. -), adj. _another, other_. alius ... alius, _one ... another_. ali ... ali, _some ... others_ (110) Alps, -ium, f. plur. _the Alps_ alter, -era, -erum (gen. -us, dat. -), adj. _the one, the other_ (of two). alter ... alter, _the one ... the other_ (110) altitd, -inis, f. [[altus, _high_]], _height_ altus, -a, -um, adj. _high, tall, deep_ Amzons, -um, f. plur. _Amazons_, a fabled tribe of warlike women amb, -ae, -, adj. (decl. like duo), _both_ amc, adv. [[amcus, _friendly_]], superl. amcissim, _in a friendly manner_ amici, -re, ----, -ictus [[am-, _about_, + iaci, _throw_]], _throw around, wrap about, clothe_ amcitia, -ae, f. [[amcus, _friend_]], _friendship_ amcus, -a, -um, adj. [[am, _love_]], _friendly_. As a noun, amcus, -, m. _friend_ lj-mitt, -ere, -ms, -missus, _send away; lose_ am, -re, -v, -tus, _love, like, be fond of_ (488) amphithetrum, -, n. _amphitheater_ amplus, -a, -um, adj. _large, ample; honorable, noble_ an, conj. _or_, introducing the second part of a double question ancilla, -ae, f. _maidservant_ ancora, -ae, f. _anchor_ Andromeda, -ae, f. _Andromeda_, daughter of Cepheus and wife of Perseus angulus, -, m. _angle, corner_ anim-advert, -ere, -t, -sus [[animus, _mind_, + advert, _turn to_]], _turn the mind to, notice_ animal, -lis, n. [[anima, _breath_]], _animal_ (465.b) animsus, -a, -um, adj. _spirited_ animus, -, m. [[anima, _breath_]], _mind, heart; spirit, courage, feeling;_ in this sense often plural annus, -i, m. _year_ ante, prep, with acc. _before_ ante, adv. [[ante]], _before, formerly_ antquus, -a, -um, adj. [[ante, _before_]], _former, ancient, old_ aper, apr, m. _wild boar_ Apoll, -inis, m. _Apollo_, son of Jupiter and Latona, brother of Diana ap-pre, -re, -u, ---- [[ad + pre, _appear_]], _appear_ ap-pell, -re, -v, -tus, _call by name, name_. Cf. nmin, voc Appius, -a, -um, adj. _Appian_ ap-plic, -re, -v, -tus, _apply, direct, turn_ apud, prep, with acc. _among; at, at the house of_ aqua, -ae, f. _water_ aquila, -ae, f. _eagle_ ljra, -ae, f. _altar_ arbitror, -r, -tus sum, _think, suppose_ (420.c). Cf. exstim, put arbor, -oris, f. _tree_ (247.1.a) Arcadia, -ae, f. _Arcadia_, a district in southern Greece ljrde, -re, rs, rsrus, _be on fire, blaze, burn_ arduus, -a, -um, adj. _steep_ Arcia, -ae, f. _Aricia_, a town on the Appian Way, near Rome aris, -etis, m. _battering-ram_ (p. 221) arma, -rum, n. plur. _arms, weapons_. Cf. tlum armtus, -a, -um, adj. [[arm, _arm_]], _armed, equipped_ ar, -re, -v, -tus, _plow, till_ ars, artis, f. _art, skill_ articulus, -, m. _joint_ ascrb, -ere, -scrps, -scrptus [[ad, _in addition_, + scrb, _write_]], _enroll, enlist_ sia, -ae, f. _Asia_, i.e. Asia Minor at, conj. _but_. Cf. autem, sed Athnae, -rum, f. plur. _Athens_ Atls, -antis, m. _Atlas_, a Titan who was said to hold up the sky at-que, ac, conj. _and, and also, and what is more_. atque may be used before either vowels or consonants, ac before consonants only attentus, -a, -um, adj. [[part. of attend, _direct_ (the mind) _toward_]], _attentive, intent on, careful_ at-tonitus, -a, -um, adj. _thunderstruck, astounded_ audcia, -ae, f. [[audx, _bold_]], _boldness, audacity_ audcter, adv. [[audx, _bold_]], compared audcius, audcissim, _boldly_ audx, -cis, adj. _bold, daring_ aude, -re, ausus sum, _dare_ audi, -re, -v or -, -tus, _hear, listen to_ (420.d, 491) Augs, -ae, m. _Augeas_, a king whose stables Hercules cleaned aura, -ae, f. _air, breeze_ aurtus, -a, -um, adj. [[aurum, _gold_]], _adorned with gold_ aureus, -a, -um, adj.[[aurum, _gold_]], _golden_ aurum, -, n. _gold_ aut, conj. _or_. aut ... aut, _either ... or_ autem, conj., usually second, never first, in the clause, _but, moreover, however, now_. Cf. at, sed auxilium, auxil, n. _help, aid, assistance;_ plur. _auxiliaries_ lj-vert, -ere, -t, -sus, _turn away, turn aside_ avis, -is, f. _bird_ (243.1) B ballista, -ae, f. _ballista_, an engine for hurling missiles (p. 220) balteus, -, m. _belt, sword belt_ barbarus, -, m. _barbarian, savage_ bellum, -, n. _war_. bellum nferre, with dat. _make war upon_ bene, adv. [[for bon, from bonus]], compared melius, optim, _well_ benign, adv. [[benignus, _kind_]], compared benignius, benignissim, _kindly_ benignus, -a, -um, adj. _good-natured, kind_, often used with dat. bn, -ae, -a, distributive numeral adj. _two each, two at a time_ (334) bis, adv. _twice_ bonus, -a, -um, adj. compared melior, optimus, _good, kind_ (469.a) bs, bovis (gen. plur. boum or bovum, dat. and abl. plur. bbus or bbus), m. and f. _ox, cow_ bracchium, bracch, n. _arm_ brevis, -e, adj. _short_ Brundisium, -, n. _Brundisium_, a seaport in southern Italy. See map bulla, -ae, f. _bulla_, a locket made of small concave plates of gold fastened by a spring (p. 212) C C. abbreviation for Gius, Eng. _Caius_ cad, -ere, cecid, csrus, _fall_ caeds, -is, f. [[caed, _cut_]], (_a cutting down_), _slaughter, carnage_ (465.a) caelum, -, n. _sky, heavens_ Caesar, -aris, m. _Csar_, the famous general, statesman, and writer calamits, -tis, f. _loss, calamity, defeat, disaster_ calcar, -ris, n. _spur_ (465.b) Campnia, -ae, f. _Campania_., a district of central Italy. See map Campnus, -a, -um, adj. _of Campania_ campus, -, m. _plain, field_, esp. the _Campus Martius_, along the Tiber just outside the walls of Rome canis, -is, m. and f. _dog_ can, -ere, cecin, ----, _sing_ cant, -re, -vi, -tus [[can, _sing_]], _sing_ Capnus, -a, -um, adj. _of Capena_, esp. the _Porta Capena_, the gate at Rome leading to the Appian Way capi, -ere, cp, captus, _take, seize, capture_ (492) Capitlnus, -a, -um, adj. _belonging to the Capitol, Capitoline_ Capitlium, Capitl, n. [[caput, _head_]], _the Capitol_, the hill at Rome on which stood the temple of Jupiter Capitolinus and the citadel capsa, -ae, f. _box_ for books captvus, -, m. [[capi, _take_]], _captive_ Capua, -ae, f. _Capua_, a large city of Campania. See map caput, -itis, n. _head_ (464.2.b) carcer, -eris, m. _prison, jail_ carrus, -, m. _cart, wagon_ crus, -a, -um, adj. _dear; precious_ casa, -ae, f. _hut, cottage_ castellum, -, n. [[dim. of castrum, _fort_]], _redoubt, fort_ castrum, -, n. _fort_. Usually in the plural, castra, -rum, a military _camp_. castra pnere, _to pitch camp_ csus, -us, m. [[cad, _fall_]], _chance; misfortune, loss_ catapulta, -ae, f. _catapult_, an engine for hurling stones catna, -ae, f. _chain_ caupna, -ae, f. _inn_ causa, -ae, f. _cause, reason_, qu d caus, _for this reason_ cd, -ere, cess, cessrus, _give way, retire_ celer, -eris, -ere, adj. _swift, fleet_ celerits, -tis, f. [[celer, _swift_]], _swiftness, speed_ celeriter, adv. [[celer, _swift_]], compared celerius, celerrim, _swiftly_ cna, -ae, f. _dinner_ centum, indecl. numeral adj. _hundred_ centuri, -nis, m. _centurion, captain_ Cpheus (dissyl.), -e (acc. Cphea), m. _Cepheus_, a king of Ethiopia and father of Andromeda Cerberus, -, m. _Cerberus_, the fabled three-headed dog that guarded the entrance to Hades certmen, -inis, n. [[cert, _struggle_]], _struggle, contest, rivalry_ cert, adv. [[certus, _sure_]], compared certius, certissim, _surely, certainly_ certus, -a, -um, adj. _fixed, certain, sure_. aliquem certirem facere (_to make some one more certain_), _to inform some one_ cervus, -, m. _stag, deer_ cess, -re, -v, -tus, _delay, cease_ cibria, -rum, n. plur. _food, provisions_ cibus, -, m. _food, victuals_ Cimbr, -rum, m. plur. _the Cimbri_ Cimbricus, -a, -um, adj. _Cimbrian_ cnctus, -a, -um, adj. [[part. of cing, _surround_]], _girt, surrounded_ cing, -ere, cnx, cnctus, _gird, surround_ circiter, adv. _about_ circum, prep, with acc. _around_ circum-d, -dare, -ded, -datus, _place around, surround, inclose_ circum-e, -re, -i, -itus, _go around_ circum-sist, -ere, circumstet, ----, _stand around, surround_ circum-veni, -re, -vn, -ventus (_come around_), _surround_ citerior, -ius, adj. in comp., superl. citimus, _hither, nearer_ (475) cvlis, -e, adj. [[cvis]], _civil_ cvis, -is, m. and f. _citizen_ (243.1) cvits, -tis, f. [[cvis, _citizen_]], (_body of citizens_), _state; citizenship_ clmor, -ris, m. _shout, cry_ clrus, -a, -um, adj. _clear; famous, renowned; bright, shining_ classis, -is, f. _fleet_ claud, -ere, -s, -sus, _shut, close_ clavus, -, m. _stripe_ clins, -entis, m. _dependent, retainer, client_ (465.a) Cocles, -itis, m. (_blind in one eye_), _Cocles_, the surname of Horatius co-gnsc, -ere, -gnv, -gntus, _learn, know, understand_. Cf. sci (420.b) cg, -ere, cog, coctus [[co(m)-, _together_, + ag, _drive_]], (_drive together_), _collect; compel, drive_ cohors, cohortis, f. _cohort_, the tenth part of a legion, about 360 men collis, -is, m. _hill_, in summ colle, _on top of the hill_ (247.2.a) collum, -, n. _neck_ col, -ere, colu, cultus, _cultivate, till; honor, worship; devote ones self to_ columna, -ae, f. _column, pillar_ com- (col-, con-, cor-, co-), a prefix, _together, with_, or intensifying the meaning of the root word coma, -ae, f. _hair_ comes, -itis, m. and f. [[com-, _together_, + e, _go_]], _companion, comrade_ comittus, -s, m. [[comitor, _accompany_]], _escort, company_ comitor, -r, -tus sum, dep. verb [[comes, _companion_]], _accompany_ com-metus, -s, m. _supplies_ com-minus, adv. [[com-, _together_, + manus, _hand_]], _hand to hand_ com-mitt, -ere, -ms, -missus, _join together; commit, intrust_. proelium committere, _join battle_. s committere with dat, _trust ones self to_ commod, adv. [[commodus, _fit_]], compared commodius, commodissim, _conveniently, fitly_ commodus, -a, -um, adj. _suitable, fit_ com-mtus, -a, -um, adj. [[part. of commove, _move_]], _aroused, moved_ com-par, -re, -v, -tus [[com-, intensive, + par, _prepare_]], _prepare; provide, get_ com-ple, -re, -plv, -pltus [[com-, intensive, + ple, _fill_]], _fill up_ complexus, -s, m. _embrace_ com-prim, -ere, -press, -pressus [[com-, _together_, + prem, _press_]], _press together, grasp, seize_ con-cid, -ere, -cid, ---- [[com-, intensive, + cad, _fall_]], _fall down_ concilium, concil, n. _meeting, council_ con-cld, -ere, -cls, -clsus [[com-, intensive, + claud, _close_]], _shut up, close; end, finish_ con-curr, -ere, -curr, -cursus [[com-, _together_, + curr, _run_]], _run together; rally, gather_ condici, -nis, f. [[com-, _together_, + dic, _talk_]], _agreement, condition, terms_ con-dn, -re, -v, -tus, _pardon_ con-dc, -ere, -dx, -ductus, _hire_ cn-fer, -ferre, -tul, -ltus, _bring together_. s cnferre, _betake ones self_ cn-fertus, -a, -um, adj. _crowded, thick_ cnfestim, adv. _immediately_ cn-fici, -ere, -fc, -fectus [[com-, _completely_, + faci, _do_]], _make, complete, accomplish, finish_ cn-frm, -re, -v, -tus, _make firm, establish, strengthen, affirm, assert_ cn-flu, -ere, -flx, ----, _flow together_ cn-fugi, -ere, -fg, -fugitrus, _flee for refuge, flee_ con-ici, -ere, -ic, -iectus [[com-, intensive, + iaci, _throw_]], _hurl_ con-iung, -ere, -inx, -inctus [[com-, _together_, + iung, _join_]], _join together, unite_ con-ir, -re, -v, -tus [[com-, _together_, + ir, _swear_]], _unite by oath, conspire_ con-loc, -re, -v, -tus [[com-, _together_, + loc, _place_]], _arrange, place, station_ conloquium, conloqu, n. [[com-, _together_, + loquor, _speak_]], _conversation, conference_ cnor, -r, -tus sum, dep. verb, _endeavor, attempt, try_ cn-scend, -ere, -scend, -scnsus [[com-, intensive, + scand, _climb_]], _climb up, ascend_. nvem cnscendere, _embark, go on board_ cn-scrb, -ere, -scrps, -scrptus [[com-, _together_, + scrb, _write_]], (_write together_), _enroll, enlist_ cn-secr, -re, -v, -tus [[com-, intensive, + sacr, _consecrate_]], _consecrate, devote_ cn-sequor, -sequ, -sectus sum, dep. verb [[com-, intensive, + sequor, _follow_]], _pursue; overtake; win_ cn-serv, -re, -v, -tus [[com-, intensive, + serv, _save_]], _preserve, save_ cnsilium, cnsil, n. _plan, purpose, design; wisdom_ cn-sist, -ere, -stit, -stitus [[com-, intensive, + sist, _cause to stand_]], _stand firmly, halt, take ones stand_ cn-spici, -ere, -spx, -spectus [[com-, intensive, + spici, _spy_]], _look at attentively, perceive, see_ cnstantia, -ae, f. _firmness, steadiness, perseverance_ cn-stitu, -ere, -u, -tus [[com-, intensive, + statu, _set_]], _establish, determine, resolve_ cn-st, -re, -stit, -sttrus [[com-, _together_, + st, _stand_]], _agree; be certain; consist of_ cnsul, -ulis, m. _consul_ (464.2.a) cn-sm, -ere, -smps, -smptus [[com-, intensive, + sum, _take_]], _consume, use up_ con-tend, -ere, -d, -tus, _strain; hasten; fight, contend, struggle_ con-tine, -re, -u, -tentus [[com-, _together_, + tene, _hold_]], _hold together, hem in, contain; restrain_ contr, prep, with acc. _against, contrary to_ con-trah, -ere, -trx, -trctus [[com-, _together_, + trah, _draw_]], _draw together;_ of sails, _shorten, furl_ contrversia, -ae, f. _dispute, quarrel_ con-veni, -re, -vn, -ventus [[com-, _together_, + veni, _come_]], _come together, meet, assemble_ con-vert, -ere, -vert, -versus [[com-, intensive, + vert, _turn_]], _turn_ con-voc, -re, -v, -tus [[com-, _together_, + voc, _call_]], _call together_ co-orior, -r, -ortus sum, dep. verb [[com-, intensive, + orior, _rise_]], _rise, break forth_ cpia, -ae, f. [[com-, intensive, + ops, _wealth_]], _abundance, wealth, plenty_. Plur. cpiae, -rum, _troops_ coqu, -ere, cox, coctus, _cook_ Corinthus, -, f. _Corinth_, the famous city on the Isthmus of Corinth Cornlia, -ae, f. _Cornelia_, daughter of Scipio and mother of the Gracchi Cornlius, Cornl, m. _Cornelius_, a Roman name corn, -s, n. _horn; wing_ of an army, lj dextr corn, _on the right wing_ (466) corna, -ae, f. _garland, wreath; crown_ corntus, -a, -um, adj. _crowned_ corpus, -oris, n. _body_ cor-ripi, -ere, -u, -reptus [[com-, intensive, + rapi, _seize_]], _seize, grasp_ cotdinus, -a, -um, adj. _daily_ cotdi, adv. _daily_ crber, -bra, -brum, adj. _thick, crowded, numerous, frequent_ crd, -ere, -dd, -ditus, _trust, believe_, with dat. (501.14) crem, -re, -v, -tus, _burn_ cre, -re, -v, -tus, _make; elect, appoint_ Cren, -ontis, m. _Creon_, a king of Corinth crsc, -ere, crv, crtus, _rise, grow, increase_ Crta, -ae, f. _Crete_, a large island in the Mediterranean Crtaeus, -a, -um, adj. _Cretan_ crs, crris, n. _leg_ crstulum, -, n. _pastry, cake_ cuble, -is, n. _bed_ cultra, -ae, f. _culture, cultivation_ cum, conj. with the indic. or subjv. _when; since; although_ (501.46) cum, prep, with abl. _with_ (209) cupid, adv. [[cupidus, _desirous_]], compared cupidius, cupidissim, _eagerly_ cupidits, -tis, f. [[cupidus, _desirous_]], _desire, longing_ cupi, -ere, -v or -i, -tus, _desire, wish_. Cf. vol cr, adv. _why, wherefore_ cra, -ae, f. _care, pains; anxiety_ cria, -ae, f. _senate house_ cr, -re, -v, -tus [[cra, _care_]], _care for, attend to, look after_ curr, -ere, cucurr, cursus, _run_ currus, -s, m. _chariot_ cursus, -s, m. _course_ custdi, -re, -v, -tus [[custs, _guard_]], _guard, watch_ D Daedalus, -, m. _Ddalus_, the supposed inventor of the first flying machine Dvus, -, m. _Davus_, name of a slave d, prep, with abl. _down from, from; concerning, about, for_ (209). qu d caus, _for this reason, wherefore_ dea, -ae, f. _goddess_ (461.a) dbe, -re, -u, -itus [[d, _from_, + habe, _hold_]], _owe, ought, should_ decem, indecl. numeral adj. _ten_ d-cern, -ere, -crv, -crtus [[d, _from_, + cern, _separate_]], _decide, decree_ d-cid, -ere, -cid, ---- [[d, _down_, + cad, _fall_]], _fall down_ decimus, -a, -um, numeral adj. _tenth_ dclvis, -e, adj. _sloping downward_ d-d, -ere, -did, -ditus, _give up, surrender_, s ddere, _surrender ones self_ d-dc, -ere, -dx, -ductus [[d, _down_, + dc, _lead_]], _lead down, escort_ d-fend, -ere, -d, -fnsus, _ward off, repel, defend_ d-fer, -ferre, -tul, -ltus [[d, _down_, + fer, _bring_]], _bring down; report, announce_ (426) d-fessus, -a, -um, adj. _tired out, weary_ d-fici, -ere, -fc, -fectus [[d, _from_, + faci, _make_]], _fail, be wanting; revolt from_ d-fg, -ere, -fx, -fxus [[d, _down_, + fg, _fasten_]], _fasten, fix_ d-ici, -ere, -ic, -iectus [[d, _down_, + iaci, _hurl_]], _hurl down; bring down, kill_ de-inde, adv. _(from thence), then, in the next place_ dlect, -re, -v, -tus, _delight_ dle, -re, -v, -tus, _blot out, destroy_ dlber, -re, -v, -tus, _weigh, deliberate, ponder_ d-lig, -ere, -lg, -lctus [[d, _from_, + leg, _gather_]], _choose, select_ Delphicus, -a, -um, adj. _Delphic_ dmissus, -a, -um [[part. of dmitt, _send down_]], _downcast, humble_ d-mnstr, -re, -v, -tus [[d, _out_, + mnstr, _point_]], _point out, show_ dmum, adv. _at last, not till then_. tum dmum, _then at last_ dnique, adv. _at last, finally_. Cf. postrm dns, dentis, m. _tooth_ (247.2.a) dnsus, -a, -um, adj. _dense, thick_ d-pende, -re, ----, ---- [[d, _down_, + pende, _hang_]], _hang from, hang down_ d-plr, -re, -v, -tus [[d, intensive, + plr, _wail_]], _bewail, deplore_ d-pn, -ere, -posu, -positus [[d, _down_, + pn, _put_]], _put down_ d-scend, -ere, -d, -scnsus [[d, _down_, + scand, _climb_]], _climb down, descend_ d-scrb, -ere, -scrps, -scrptus [[d, _down_, + scrb, _write_]], _write down_ dsder, -re, -v, -tus, _long for_ d-sili, -re, -u, -sultus [[d, _down_, + sali, _leap_]], _leap down_ d-spr, -re, -v, -tus [[d, _away from_, + spr, _hope_]], _despair_ d-spici, -ere, -spxi, -spectus [[d, _down_]], _look down upon, despise_ d-sum, -esse, -fu, -futrus [[d, _away from_, + sum, _be_]], _be wanting, lack_, with dat. (426) deus, -, m. _god_ (468) d-volv, -ere, -volv, -voltus [[d, _down_, + volv, _roll_]], _roll down_ d-vor, -re, -v, -tus [[d, _down_, + vor, _swallow_]], _devour_ dexter, -tra, -trum (-tera, -terum), adj. _to the right, right_. lj dextr corn, _on the right wing_ Dina, -ae, f. _Diana_, goddess of the moon and twin sister of Apollo dc, -ere, dx, dictus (imv. dc), _say, speak, tell_. Usually introduces indirect discourse (420.a) dicttor, -ris, m. [[dict, _dictate_]], _dictator_, a chief magistrate with unlimited power dis, -i or di, m., sometimes f. in sing., _day_ (467) dif-fer, -ferre, distul, dltus [[dis-, _apart_, + fer, _carry_]], _carry apart; differ_. differre inter s, _differ from each other_ dif-ficilis, -e, adj. [[dis-, _not_, + facilis, _easy_]], _hard, difficult_ (307) difficults, -tis, f. [[difficilis, _hard_]], _difficulty_ dligenter, adv. [[dligns, _careful_]], compared dligentius, dligentissim, _industriously, diligently_ dligentia, -ae, f. [[dligns, _careful_]], _industry, diligence_ d-mic, -re, -v, -tus, _fight, struggle_ d-mitt, -ere, -ms, -missus [[d-, _off_, + mitt, _send_]], _send away, dismiss, disband_. dmittere animum in, _direct ones mind to, apply ones self to_ Diomds, -is, m. _D-o-mds_, a name dis-, d-, a prefix expressing separation, _off, apart, in different directions_. Often negatives the meaning dis-cd, -ere, -cess, -cessus [[dis-, _apart_, + cd, _go_]], _depart from, leave, withdraw, go away_ dis-cern, -ere, -crv, -crtus [[dis-, _apart_, + cern, _sift_]], _separate; distinguish_ disciplna, -ae, f. _instruction, training, discipline_ discipulus, -, m. [[disc, _learn_]], _pupil, disciple_ disc, -ere, didic, ----, _learn_ dis-cuti, -ere, -cuss, -cussus [[dis-, _apart_, + quati, _shake_]], _shatter, dash to pieces_ dis-pn, -ere, -posu, -positus [[dis-, _apart_, + pn, _put_]], _put here and there, arrange, station_ dis-similis, -e, adj. [[dis-, _apart_, + similis, _like_]], _unlike, dissimilar_ (307) dis-tribu, -ere, -u, -tus, _divide, distribute_ di, adv., compared ditius, ditissim, _for a long time, long_ (477) d, dare, ded, datus, _give_. in fugam dare, _put to flight_. alicui negtium dare, _employ some one_ doce, -re, -u, -tus, _teach, show_ doctrna, -ae, f. [[doctor, _teacher_]], _teaching, learning, wisdom_ dolor, -ris, m. _pain, sorrow_ domesticus, -a, -um, adj. [[domus, _house_]], _of the house, domestic_ domicilium, domicil, n. _dwelling; house, abode_. Cf. domus domina, -ae, f. _mistress_ (of the house), _lady_ (461) dominus, -, m. _master_ (of the house), _owner, ruler_ (462) domus, -s, f. _house, home_. dom, locative, _at home_ (468) dormi, -re, -v, -tus, _sleep_ drac, -nis, m. _serpent, dragon_ dubit, -re, -v, -tus, _hesitate_ dubius, -a, -um, adj. [[duo, _two_]], (_moving two ways_), _doubtful, dubious_ du-cent, -ae, -a, numeral adj. _two hundred_ dc, -ere, dx, ductus (imv. dc), _lead, conduct_ dum, conj. _while, as long as_ duo, duae, duo, numeral adj. _two_ (479) duo-decim, indecl. numeral adj. _twelve_ drus, -a, -um, adj. _hard, tough; harsh, pitiless, bitter_ dux, ducis, m. and f. [[cf. dc, _lead_]], _leader, commander_ E ǐ or ex, prep, with abl. _out of, from, off, of_ (209) eburneus, -a, -um, adj. _of ivory_ ecce, adv. _see! behold! there! here!_ ǐ-dc, -ere, -dx, -ductus [[ǐ, _out_, + dc, _lead_]], _lead out, draw out_ ef-fici, -ere, -fc, -fectus [[ex, _thoroughly_, + faci, _do_]], _work out; make, cause_ ef-fugi, -ere, -fg, -fugitrus [[ex, _from_, + fugi, _flee_]], _escape_ ege, -re, -u, ----, _be in need of, lack_, with abl. (501.32) ego, pers. pron. _I_; plur. ns, _we_ (480) ǐ-gredior, -, gressus sum, dep. verb [[ǐ, _out of_, + gradior, _go_]], _go out, go forth_. ǐ nv gred, _disembark_ ǐ-ici, -ere, -ic, -iectus [[ǐ, _forth_, + iaci, _hurl_]], _hurl forth, expel_ elementum, -, n., in plur. _first principles, rudiments_ elephantus, -, m. _elephant_ lis, lidis, f. _Elis_, a district of southern Greece em, -ere, m, mptus, _buy, purchase_ enim, conj., never standing first, _for, in fact, indeed._ Cf. nam Ennius, Enn, m. _Ennius_, the father of Roman poetry, born 239 B.C. e, re, i (ǔv), itrus, _go_ (499) e, adv. _to that place, thither_ prus, -, f. _Epirus_, a district in the north of Greece eques, -itis, m. [[equus, _horse_]], _horseman, cavalryman_ equittus, -s, m. [[equit, _ride_]], _cavalry_ equus, -, m. _horse_ ǐ-rig, -ere, -rx, -rctus [[ǐ, _out_, + reg, _make straight_]], _raise up_ ǐ-ripi, -ere, -u, -reptus [[ǐ, _out of_, + rapi, _seize_]], _seize, rescue_ ǐ-rump, -ere, -rp, -ruptus [[ǐ, _forth_, + rump, _break_]], _burst forth_ ǐrupti, -nis, f. _sally_ Erymanthius, -a, -um, adj. _Erymanthian, of Erymanthus_, a district in southern Greece et, conj. _and, also_. et ... et, _both ... and_. Cf. atque, ac, -que etiam, adv. (rarely conj.) [[et, _also_, + iam, _now_]], _yet, still; also, besides_. Cf. quoque. nn slum ... sed etiam, _not only ... but also_ Etrsc, -rum, m. _the Etruscans_, the people of Etruria. See map of Italy Eurpa, -ae, f. _Europe_ Eurystheus, -, m. _Eurystheus_, a king of Tiryns, a city in southern Greece ǐ-vd, -ere, -vs, -vsus [[ǐ, _out_, + vd, _go_]], _go forth, escape_ ex, see ǐ exanimtus, -a, -um [[part. of exanim, _put out of breath_ (anima)]], adj. _out of breath, tired; lifeless_ ex-cipi, -ere, -cp, -ceptus [[ex, _out_, + capi, _take_]], _welcome, receive_ exemplum, -, n. _example, model_ ex-e,-re,-i,-itrus [[ex, _out_, + e, _go_]], _go out, go forth_ (413) ex-erce, -re, -u, -itus [[ex, _out_, + arce, _shut_]], _(shut out), employ, train, exercise, use_ exercitus, -us, m. [[exerce, _train_]], _army_ ex-stim, -re, -v, -tus [[ex, _out_, + aestim, _reckon_]], _estimate; think, judge_ (420.c). Cf. arbitror, put ex-orior, -r, -ortus sum, dep. verb [[ex, _forth_, + orior, _rise_]], _come forth, rise_ expedtus, -a, -um, adj. _without baggage_ ex-pell, -ere, -pul, -pulsus [[ex, _out_, + pell, _drive_]], _drive out_ ex-pi, -re, -v, -tus [[ex, intensive, + po, _atone for_]], _make amends for, atone for_ explrtor, -ris, m. [[explr, _investigate_]], _spy, scout_ explr, -re, -v, -tus, _examine, explore_ ex-pugn, -re, -v, -tus [[ex, _out_, + pugn, _fight_]], _take by storm, capture_ exsilium, exsil, n. [[exsul, _exile_]], _banishment, exile_ ex-spect, -re, -v, -tus [[ex, _out_, + spect, _look_]], _expect, wait_ ex-stru, -ere, -strx, -strctus [[ex, _out_, + stru, _build_]], _build up, erect_ exterus, -a, -um, adj., compared exterior, extrmus or extimus, _outside, outer_ (312) extr, prep, with acc. _beyond, outside of_ ex-trah, -ere, -trx, -trctus [[ex, _out_, + trah, _drag_]], _drag out, pull forth_ extrmus, -a, -um, adj., superl. of exterus, _utmost, farthest_ (312) F fbula, -ae, f. _story, tale, fable_ facile, adv. [[facilis, _easy_]], compared facilius, facillim, _easily_ (322) facilis, -e, adj. [[cf. faci, _make_]], _easy, without difficulty_ (307) faci, -ere, fc, factus (imv. fac), _make, do; cause, bring about_. impetum facere in, _make an attack upon_. proelium facere, _fight a battle_. iter facere, _make a march_ or _journey_. aliquem certirem facere, _inform some one_. facere verba pr, _speak in behalf of_. Passive f, fier, factus sum, _be done, happen_. certior fier, _be informed_ fall, -ere, fefell, falsus, _trip, betray, deceive_ fma, -ae, f. _report, rumor; renown, fame, reputation_ fams, -is (abl. fam), f. _hunger_ familia, -ae, f. _servants, slaves; household, family_ fascs, -ium (plur. of fascis), f. _fasces_ (p. 225) fastgium, fastg, n. _top; slope, descent_ ftum, -, n. _fate, destiny_ faucs, -ium, f. plur. _jaws, throat_ fave, -re, fv, fautrus, _be favorable to, favor_, with dat. (501.14) flx, -cis, adj. _happy, lucky_ fmina, -ae, f. woman. Cf. mulier fera, -ae, f. [[ferus, _wild_]], _wild beast_ ferx, -cis, adj. _fertile_ fer, adv. _about, nearly, almost_ fer, ferre, tul, ltus, _bear_. graviter or molest ferre, _be annoyed_ (498) ferreus, -a, -um, adj. [[ferrum, _iron_]], _made of iron_ fidlis, -e, adj. [[fids, _trust_]], _faithful, true_ fids, fide _or_ fid, _trust, faith; promise, word; protection_. in fidem venre, _come under the protection_. in fid manre, _remain loyal_ flia, -ae (dat. and abl. plur. flibus), f. _daughter_ (461.a) flius, fl (voc. sing, fl), m. _son_ fnis, -is, m. _boundary, limit, end;_ in plur. _territory, country_ (243.1) fnitimus, -a, -um, adj. [[fnis, _boundary_]], _adjoining, neighboring_. Plur. fnitim, -rum, m. _neighbors_ f, fier, factus sum, used as passive of faci. See faci (500) flamma, -ae, f. _fire, flame_ fls, flris, m. _flower_ fluctus, -s, m. [[of. flu, _flow_]], _flood, wave, billow_ flmen, -inis, n. [[cf. flu, _flow_]], _river_ (464.2.b) flu, -ere, flx, fluxus, _flow_ fluvius, fluv, m. [[cf. flu, _flow_]], _river_ fodi, -ere, fd, fossus, _dig_ fns, fontis, m. _fountain_ (247.2.a) frma, -ae, f. _form, shape, appearance; beauty_ Formiae, -rum, f. _Formiae_, a town of Latium on the Appian Way. See map forte, adv. [[abl. of fors, _chance_]], _by chance_ fortis, -e, adj. _strong; fearless, brave_ fortiter, adv. [[fortis, _strong_]], compared fortius, fortissim, _strongly; bravely_ fortna, -ae, f. [[fors, _chance_]], _chance, fate, fortune_ forum, -, n. _market place_, esp. the Forum Rmnum, where the life of Rome centered Forum App, _Forum of Appius_, a town in Latium on the Appian Way fossa, -ae, f. [[cf. fodi, _dig_]], _ditch_ fragor, -ris, m. [[cf. frang, _break_]], _crash, noise_ frang, -ere, frg, frctus, _break_ frter, -tris, m. _brother_ fremitus, -s, m. _loud noise_ frequent, -re, -v, -tus, _attend_ frtus, -a, -um, adj. _supported, trusting_. Usually with abl. of means frns, frontis, f. _front_, lj fronte, _in front_ frctus, -s, m. _fruit_ frmentrius, -a, -um, adj. _pertaining to grain_. rs frmentria, _grain supplies_ frmentum, -, n. _grain_ frstr, adv. _in vain, vainly_ fuga, -ae, f. [[cf. fugi, _flee_]], _flight_. in fugam dare, _put to flight_ fugi, -ere, fg, fugitrus, _flee, run; avoid, shun_ fm, -are, ------, ------, _smoke_ fnis, -is, m. _rope_ furor, -ris, m. [[fur, _rage_]], _madness_. in furrem incdere, _go mad_ G Gius, G, m. _Gaius_, a Roman name, abbreviated C., English form _Caius_ Galba, -ae, m. _Galba_, a Roman name galea, -ae, f. _helmet_ Gallia, -ae, f. _Gaul_, the country comprising what is now Holland, Belgium, Switzerland, and France Gallicus, -a, -um, adj. _Gallic_ gallna, -ae, f. _hen, chicken_ Gallus, -, m. _a Gaul_ gaudium, gaud, n. _joy_ Genva, -ae, f. _Geneva_, a city in Switzerland gns, gentis, f. [[cf. gign, _beget_]], _race, family; people, nation, tribe_ genus, -eris, n. _kind, variety_ Germnia, -ae, f. _Germany_ Germnus, -, m. _a German_ ger, -ere, gess, gestus, _carry, wear; wage_. bellum gerere, _wage war_. rs gestae, _exploits_. bene gerere, _carry on successfully_ gladitrius, -a, -um, adj. _gladiatorial_ gladius, glad, m. _sword_ glria, -ae, f. _glory, fame_ Gracchus, -, m. _Gracchus_, name of a famous Roman family gracilis, -e, adj. _slender_ (307) Graeca, -rum, n. plur. _Greek writings, Greek literature_ Graec, adv. _in Greek_ Graecia, -ae, f. _Greece_ grammaticus, -, m. _grammarian_ grtia, -ae, f. _thanks, gratitude_ grtus, -a, -um, adj. _acceptable, pleasing_. Often with dat. (501.16) gravis, -, adj. _heavy; disagreeable; serious, dangerous; earnest, weighty_ graviter, adv. [[gravis, _heavy_]], compared gravius, gravissim, _heavily; greatly, seriously_. graviter ferre, _bear ill, take to heart_ guberntor, -ris, m. [[gubern, _pilot_]], _pilot_ H habna, -ae, f. _halter, rein_. habe, -re, -u, -itus, _have, hold; regard, consider, deem_ habit, -re, -v, -tus [[cf. habe, _have_]], _dwell, abide, inhabit_. Cf. incol, vv hc-tenus, adv. _thus far_ Helvti, -rum, m. _the Helvetii_, a Gallic tribe Herculs, -is, m. _Hercules_, son of Jupiter and Alcmena, and god of strength Hesperids, -um, f. _the Hesperides_, daughters of Hesperus, who kept the garden of the golden apples hic, haec, hoc, demonstrative adj. and pron. _this_ (of mine); as pers. pron. _he, she, it_ (481) hc, adv. _here_ hiems, -emis, f. _winter_ hnc, adv. [[hc, _here_]], _from here, hence_ Hippolyt, -s, f. _Hippolyte_, queen of the Amazons ho-di, adv. [[modified form of hc di, _on this day_]], _to-day_ hom, -inis, m. and f. _(human being), man, person_ honestus, -a, -um, adv. [[honor, _honor_]], _respected, honorable_ honor, -ris, m. _honor_ hra, -ae, f. _hour_ Hortius, Hort, m. _Horatius_, a Roman name horribilis, -e, adj. _terrible, horrible_ hortor, -ri, -tus sum, dep. verb, _urge, incite, exhort, encourage_ (493) hortus, -, m. _garden_ hospitium, hospit, n. [[hospes, _host_]], _hospitality_ hostis, -is, m. and f. _enemy, foe_ (465.a) humilis, -e, adj. _low, humble_ (307) Hydra, -ae, f. _the Hydra_, a mythical water snake slain by Hercules I iaci, -ere, ic, iactus, _throw, hurl_ iam, adv. _now, already_. nec iam, _and no longer_ Iniculum, -, n. _the Janiculum_, one of the hills of Rome inua, -ae, f. _door_ ibi, adv. _there, in that place_ carus, -, m. _Icarus_, the son of Ddalus ictus, -s, m. [[cf. ǔc, _strike_]], _blow_ ǔdem, eadem, idem, demonstrative pron. [[is + dem]], _same_ (481) idneus, -a, -um, adj. _suitable, fit_ igitur, conj., seldom the first word, _therefore, then_. Cf. itaque ignis, -is, m. _fire_ (243.1; 247. 2.a; 465, 1) igntus, -a, -um, adj. [[in-, _not_, + (g)notus, _known_]], _unknown, strange_ ille, illa, illud, demonstrative adj. and pron. _that_ (yonder); as pers. pron. _he, she, it_ (481) illc, adv. [[cf. ille]], _yonder, there_ im-mitt, -ere, -ms, -missus [[in, _against_, + mitt, _send_]], _send against; let in_ immol, -re, -v, -tus [[in, _upon_, + mola, _meal_]], _sprinkle with sacrificial meal; offer, sacrifice_ im-mortlis, -e, adj. [[in-, _not_, + mortalis, _mortal_]], _immortal_ im-mortlits, -tis, f. [[immortlis, _immortal_]], _immortality_ im-partus, -a, -um, adj. [[in-, _not_, + partus, _prepared_]], _unprepared_ impedmentum, -, n. [[impedi, _hinder_]], _hindrance;_ in plur. _baggage_ impedtus, -a, -um, adj. [[part. of impedi, _hinder_]], _hindered, burdened_ im-pell, -ere, -pul, -pulsus [[in, _against_, + pell, _strike_]], _strike against; impel, drive, propel_ impertor, -ris, m. [[imper, _command_]], _general_ imperium, imper, n. [[imper, _command_]], _command, order; realm, empire; power, authority_ imper, -re, -v, -tus, _command, order_. Usually with dat. and an object clause of purpose (501.41). With acc. object, _levy, impose_ impetus, -s, m. _attack_, impetum facere in, _make an attack upon_ im-pn, -ere, -posui, -positus [[in, _upon_, + pn, _place_]], _place upon; impose, assign_ in, prep, with acc. _into, to, against, at, upon, towards;_ with abl. _in, on_. in reliquum tempus, _for the future_ in-, inseparable prefix. With nouns and adjectives often with a negative force, like English _un-, in-_ in-cautus, -a, -um, adj. [[in-, _not_, + cautus, _careful_]], _off ones guard_ incendium, incend, n. _flame, fire_. Cf. ignis, flamma in-cend, -ere, -d, -cnsus, _set fire to, burn_ in-cid, -ere, -cid, ----, [[in, _in, on_, + cad, _fall_]], _fall in, fall on; happen_. in furrem incidere, _go mad_ in-cipi, -ere, -cpi, -ceptus [[in, _on_, + capi, _take_]], _begin_ in-cognitus, -a, -um, adj. [[in-, _not_, + cognitus, _known_]], _unknown_ in-col, -ere, -u, ----, [[in, _in_, + col, _dwell_]], _inhabit; live_ incolumis, -e, adj. _sound, safe, uninjured, imharmed_ in-crdibilis, -e, adj. [[in-, _not_, + crdibilis, _to be believed_]], _incredible_ inde, _from that place, thence_ indu, -ere, -u, -tus, _put on_ indtus, -a, -um, adj. [[part. of indu, _put on_]], _clothed_ in-e, -re, -i, -itus [[in, _into_, + e, _go_]], _go into; enter upon, begin_, with acc. (413) ǔn-fns, -fantis, adj. [[in-, _not_, + *fns, _speaking_]], _not speaking_. As a noun, m. and f. _infant_ ǔn-flx, -cis, adj. [[in-, _not_, + flx, _happy_]], _unhappy, unlucky_ ǔnfnsus, -a, -um, adj. _hostile_ ǔn-fer, nferre, intul, inltus [[in, _against_, + fer, _bear_]], _bring against or upon, inflict_, with acc. and dat. (501.15). bellum nferre, with dat., _make war upon_ ǔnferus, -a, -um, adj. _low, below_ (312). ǔn-fntus, -a, -um, adj. [[in-, _not_, + fntus, _bounded_]], _boundless, endless_ ǔn-frmus, -a, -um, adj. [[in-, _not_, + frmus, _strong_]], _weak, infirm_ ingenium, ingeni, n. _talent, ability_ ingns, -entis, adj. _vast, huge, enormous, large_. Cf. magnus in-gredior, -gred, -gressus sum [[in, _in_, + gradior, _walk_]], _advance, enter_ inimcus, -a, -um, adj. [[in-, _not_, + amcus, _friendly_]], _hostile_. As a noun, inimcus, -, m. _enemy, foe_. Cf. hostis initium, init, _entrance, beginning_ initus, -a, -um, part. of ine. init aestte, _at the beginning of summer_ iniria, -ae, f. [[in, _against_, + is, _law_]], _injustice, wrong, injury_. alicui iniris nferre, _inflict wrongs upon some one_ inopia, -ae, f. [[inops, _needy_]], _want, need, lack_ in-opnns, -antis, adj. [[in-, _not_, + opnns, _thinking_]], _not expecting, taken by surprise_ inquit, _said he, said she_. Regularly inserted in a direct quotation in-rig, -re, -v, -tus, _irrigate, water_ in-rump, -ere, -rp, -ruptus [[in, _into_, + rump, _break_]], _burst in, break in_ in-ru, -ere, -ru,---- [[in, _in_, + ru, _rush_]], _rush in_ ǔn-sequor, -sequ, -sectus sum, dep. verb [[in, _on_, + sequor, _follow_]], _follow on, pursue_ ǔn-signe, -is, n. _badge, decoration_ (465.b) ǔnsignis, -e, adj. _remarkable, noted_ ǔnstns, -antis, adj. [[part. of ǔnsto, _be at hand_]], _present, immediate_ ǔn-st, -re, -stit, -statrus [[in, _upon_, + st, _stand_]], _stand upon; be at hand; pursue, press on_ ǔnstrmentum, -, n. _instrument_ ǔn-stru, -ere, -strx, -strctus [[in, _on_, + stru, _build_]], _draw up_ ǔnsula, -ae, f. _island_ integer, -gra, -grum, _untouched, whole; fresh, new_ intelleg, -ere, -lx, -lctus [[inter, _between_, +leg, _choose_]], _perceive, understand_ (420.d) intent, -re, -v, -tus, _aim; threaten_ inter, prep. with acc. _between, among; during, while_ (340) interfectus, -a, -um, adj. [[part. of inter-fici, _kill_]], _slain, dead_ inter-fici, -ere, -fc, -fectus [[inter, _between_, + faci, _make_]], _put out of the way, kill_. Cf. nec, occd, trucd interim, adv. _meanwhile_ interior, -ius, adj. _interior, inner_ (315) inter-mitt, -ere, -ms, -missus, _leave off, suspend_ interpres, -etis, m. and f. _interpreter_ inter-rog, -re, -v, -tus, _question_ inter-sum, -esse, -fu, -futrus [[inter, _between_, +sum, _be_]], _be present, take part in_, with dat. (501.15) inter-vllum, -, n. _interval, distance_ intr, adv. and prep. with acc. _within, in_ intr, -re, -vi, -tus, _go into, enter_ in-veni, -re, -vn, -ventus [[in, _upon_, +veni, _come_]], _find_ invsus, -a, -um, adj. [[part. of invide, _envy_]], _hated, detested_ Iolus, -, m. _I-o-lus_, a friend of Hercules ipse, -a, -um, intensive pron. _that very, this very; self, himself, herself, itself_, (481) ǔra, -ae, f. _wrath, anger_ ǔrtus, -a, -um, adj. [[part. of ǔrscor, _be angry_]], _angered, enraged_ is, ea, id, demonstrative adj. and pron. _this, that; he, she, it_ (481) iste, -a, -ud, demonstrative adj. and pron. _that_ (of yours), _he, she, it_ (481) ita, adv. _so, thus_. Cf. sc and tam Italia, -ae, f. _Italy_ ita-que, conj. _and so, therefore_ item, adv. _also_ iter, itineris, n. _journey, march, route; way, passage_ (247.1.a; 468). iter dare, _give a right of way, allow to pass_. iter facere, _march_ (see p. 159) iube, -re, iuss, iussus, _order, command_. Usually with the infin. and subj. acc. (213) idex, -icis, m. and f. _judge_ (464.1) idic, -re, -v, -tus [[idex, _judge_]], _judge, decide_ (420.c) Ilia, -ae, _Julia_, a Roman name Ilius, Il, m. _Julius_, a Roman name iung, -re, inx, inctus, _join; yoke, harness_ In, -nis, f. _Juno_, the queen of the gods and wife of Jupiter Iuppiter, Iovis, m. _Jupiter_, the supreme god ir, -re, -v, -tus, _swear, take an oath_ iussus, -a, -um, part. of iube, _ordered_ L L., abbreviation for Lcius labefactus, -a, -um, adj. [[part. of labefaci, _cause to shake_]], _shaken, weakened, ready to fall_ Labinus, -, m. _La-bi-enus_, one of Csars lieutenants labor, -ris, m. _labor, toil_ labr, -re, -v, -tus [[labor, _labor_]], _labor; suffer, be hard pressed_ lacrima, -ae, f. _tear_ lacus, -s (dat. and abl. plur. lacubus), m. _lake_ laet, adv. [[laetus, _glad_]], compared laetius, laetissim, _gladly_ laetitia, -ae, f. [[laetus, _glad_]], _joy_ laetus, -a, -um, adj. _glad, joyful_ lapis, -idis, m. _stone_ (247.2.a; 464.1) Lr, Laris, m.; plur. Lars, -um (rarely -ium), _the Lares_ or _household, gods_ lt, adv. [[ltus, _wide_]], compared ltius, ltissim, _widely_ Latin, adv. _in Latin_. Latn loqu, _to speak Latin_ ltitd, -inis, f. [[ltus, _wide_]], _width_ Ltna, -ae, f. _Latona_, mother of Apollo and Diana latus, -a, -um, adj. _wide_ ltus, -eris, n. _side, flank_. ab utrque latere, _on each side_ laud, -re, -v, -tus [[laus, _praise_]], _praise_ laurea, -ae, f. _laurel_ lauretus, -a, -um, adj. _crowned with laurel_ laus, laudis, f. _praise_ lectulus, -, m. _couch, bed_ lgtus, -, m. _ambassador; lieutenant_ legi, -nis, f. [[cf. leg, _gather_]], (_body of soldiers_), _legion_, about 3600 men (464.2.a) leginrius, -a, -um, adj. _legionary_. Plur. leginari, -rum, m. _the soldiers of the legion_ leg, -ere, lg, lctus, _read_ lnis, -e, adj. _gentle, smooth, mild_ lniter, adv. [[lnis, _gentle_]], compared lnius, lnissim, _gently_ Lentulus, -i, m. _Lentulus_, a Roman family name le, -nis, m. _lion_ Lernaeus, -a, -um, adj. _Lernean_, of Lerna, in southern Greece Lesbia, -ae, f. _Lesbia_, a girls name levis, -e, adj. _light_ lx, lgis, f. _measure, law_ libenter, adv. [[libns, _willing_]], compared libentius, libentissim, _willingly, gladly_ lber, -era, -erum, adj. _free_ (469.b) lber, -rum, m. [[lber, _free_]], _children_ lber, -re, -v, -tus [[lber, _free_]], _set free, release, liberate_ lberts, -tis, f. [[lber, _free_]], _freedom, liberty_ lctor, -ris, m. _lictor_ (p. 225) lmus, -, m. _mud_ littera, -ae, f. _a letter_ of the alphabet; in plur. _a letter, epistle_ ltus, -oris, n. _seashore, beach_ locus, -, m. (plur. loc and loca, m. and n.), _place, spot_ long, adv. [[longus, _long_]], comp. longius, longissim, _a long way off; by far_ longinquus, -a, -um, adj. [[longus, _long_]], _distant, remote_ longitd, -inis, f. [[longus, _long_]], _length_ longus, -a, -um, adj. _long_ loquor, loqui, loctus sum, dep. verb, _talk, speak_ lrca, -ae, f. [[lrum, _thong_]], _coat of mail, corselet_ ld, -ere, ls, lsus, _play_ ldus, -, m. _play; school_, the elementary grades. Cf. schola lna, -ae, f. _moon_ lx, lcis, f. (no gen. plur.), _light_. prma lx, _daybreak_ Ly:dia, -ae, f. _Lydia_, a girls name M M., abbreviation for Mrcus magicus, -a, -um, adj. _magic_ magis, adv. in comp. degree [[magnus, _great_]], _more, in a higher degree_ (323) magister, -tr, m. _master, commander; teacher_ magistrtus, -s, m. [[magister, _master_]], _magistracy; magistrate_ magnitd, -inis, f. [[magnus, _great_]], _greatness, size_ magnopere, adv. [[abl. of magnum opus]], compared magis, maxim, _greatly, exceedingly_ (323) magnus, -a, -um, adj., compared maior, maximus, _great, large; strong, loud_ (311) maior, maius, -ris, adj., comp. of magnus, _greater, larger_ (311) mairs, -um, m. plur. of maior, _ancestors_ ml, mlle, mlu, ---- [[magis, _more_, + vol, _wish_]], _wish more, prefer_ (497) malus, -a, -um, adj., compared peior, pessimus, _bad, evil_ (311) mand, -re, -v, -tus [[manus, _hand_, + d, _put_]], _(put in hand), intrust; order, command_ mane, -re, mns, mnsrus, _stay, remain, abide_ Mnlius, Mnl, m. _Manlius_, a Roman name mnsutus, -a, -um, adj. [[part. of mnsusc, _tame_]], _tamed_ manus, -s, f. _hand; force, band_ Mrcus, -, m. _Marcus, Mark_, a Roman first name mare, -is, n. (no gen. plur.), _sea_. mare tenre, _be out to sea_ marg, -inis, m. _edge, border_ martus, -, m. _husband_ Marius, Mar, m. _Marius_, a Roman name, esp. _C. Marius_, the general Mrtius, -a, -um, adj. _of Mars_, esp. the _Campus Martius_ mter, -tris, f. _mother_ mtrimnium, mtrimn, n. _marriage_. in mtrimnium dcere, _marry_ mtr, -re, -v, -tus, _hasten_. Cf. contend, proper mtrus, -a, -um, adj. _ripe, mature_ maxim, adv. in superl. degree [[maximus, _greatest_]], compared magnopere, magis, maxim, _especially, very much_ (323) maximus, -a, -um, adj., superl. of magnus, _greatest, extreme_ (311) medius, -a, -um, adj. _middle part; middle, intervening_ melior, -ius, -ris, adj., comp. of bonus, _better_ (311) melius, adv. in comp. degree, compared bene, melius, optim, _better_ (323) memoria, -ae, f. [[memor, _mindful_]], _memory_. memori tenre, _remember_ mns, mentis, f. _mind_. Cf. animus mnsis, -is, m. _month_ (247.2. a) merctor, -ris, m. [[mercor, _trade_]], _trader, merchant_ merdinus, -a, -um, adj. [[merdis, _noon_]], _of midday_ merdis, ---- (acc. -em, abl. -), m. [[medius, _mid_, + dis, _day_]], _noon_ metus, -s, m. _fear, dread_ meus, -a, -um, possessive adj. and pron. _my, mine_ (98) mles, -itis, m. _soldier_ (464.1) mlitris, -e, adj. [[mles, _soldier_]], _military_. rs mlitris, _science of war_ mlit, -re, -v, -tus [[mles, _soldier_]], _serve as a soldier_ mlle, plur. mlia, -ium, numeral adj. and subst. _thousand_ (479) minim, adv. in superl. degree, compared parum, minus, minim, _least, very little; by no means_ (323) minimus, -a, -um, adj. in superl. degree, compared parvus, minor, minimus, _least, smallest_ (311) minor, minus, -ris, adj. in comp. degree, compared parvus, minor, minimus, _smaller, less_ (311) Mns, -is, m. _Minos_, a king of Crete minus, adv. in comp. degree, compared parum, minus, minim, _less_ (323) Minyae, -rum, m. _the Minyae_, a people of Greece mrbilis, -e, adj. [[mror, _wonder at_]], _wonderful, marvelous_ mror, -r, -tus sum, dep. verb [[mrus, _wonderful_]], _wonder, marvel, admire_ mrus, -a, -um, adj. _wonderful_ Msnum, -, _Misenum_, a promontory and harbor on the coast of Campania. See map miser, -era, -erum, adj. _wretched, unhappy, miserable_ missus, -a, -um, part. of mitt, _sent_ mitt, -ere, ms, missus, _send_ modicus, -a, -um [[modus, _measure_]], _modest, ordinary_ modo, adv. [[abl. of modus, _measure_, with shortened o]], _only, merely, just now_. modo ... modo, _now ... now, sometimes ... sometimes_ modus, -, m. _measure; manner, way; kind_ moenia, -ium, n. plur. [[cf. mni, _fortify_]], _walls, ramparts_ molest, adv. [[molestus, _troublesome_]], compared molestius, molestissim, _annoyingly_. molest ferre, _to be annoyed_ molestus, -a, -um, _troublesome, annoying, unpleasant_ (501.16) mone, -re, -u, -itus, _remind, advise, warn_ (489) mns, montis, m. _mountain_ (247.2. a) mnstrum, -, n. _monster_ mora, -ae, f. _delay_ moror, -r, -tus sum, dep. verb [[mora, _delay_]], _delay, linger; impede_ mors, mortis, f. [[cf. morior, _die_]], _death_ ms, mris, m. _custom, habit_ mtus, -s, m. [[cf. move, _move_]], _motion, movement_. terrae mtus, _earthquake_ move, -re, mv, mtus, _move_ mox, adv. _soon, presently_ mulier, -eris, f. _woman_ multitd, -inis, f. [[multus, _much_]], _multitude_ multum (mult), adv. [[multus, _much_]], compared pls, plrimum, _much_ (477) multus, -a, -um, adj., compared pls, plrimus, _much_; plur. _many_ (311) mni, -re, -v or -i, -tus, _fortify, defend_ mnti, -nis, f. [[mni, _fortify_]], _defense, fortification_ mrus, -, m. _wall_. Cf. moenia msica, -ae, f. _music_ N nam, conj. _for_. Cf. enim nam-que, conj., a strengthened nam, introducing a reason or explanation, _for, and in fact; seeing that_ nrr, -re, -v, -tus, _tell, relate_ nscor, nsc, ntus sum, dep. verb, _be born, spring from_ ntra, -ae, f. _nature_ ntus, part. of nscor nauta, -ae, m. [[for nvita, from nvis, _ship_]], _sailor_ nvlis, -e, adj. [[nvis, _ship_]], _naval_ nvigium, nvig, n. _ship, boat_ nvig, -re, -v, -tus [[nvis, _ship_, + ag, _drive_]], _sail, cruise_ nvis, -is (abl. - or -e), f. _ship_ (243.1). nvem cnscendere, _embark, go on board_. nvem solvere, _set sail_. nvis longa, _man-of-war_ n, conj. and adv. _in order that not, that_ (with verbs of fearing), _lest; not_. n ... quidem, _not even_ -ne, interrog. adv., enclitic (see 16, 210). Cf. nnne and num nec or neque, conj. [[n, _not_, + que, _and_]], _and not, nor_. nec ... nec or neque ... neque, _neither ... nor_ necessrius, -a, -um, adj. _needful, necessary_ nec, -re, -v, -tus [[cf. nex, _death_]], _kill_. Cf. interfici, occd, trucd neg, -re, -v, -tus, _deny, say not_ (420.a) negtium, negt, n. [[nec, _not_, + Ǚtium, _ease_]], _business, affair, matter_. alicui negtium dare, _to employ some one_ Nemaeus, -a, -um, adj. _Nemean, of Nemea_, in southern Greece nmo, dat. nmin (gen. nllus, abl. nll, supplied from nllus), m. and f. [[n, _not_, + hom, _man_]], _(not a man), no one, nobody_ Neptnus, -, m. _Neptune_, god of the sea, brother of Jupiter neque, see nec neuter, -tra, -trum (gen. -trus, dat. -tr), adj. _neither_ (of two) (108) n-ve, conj. adv. _and not, and that not, and lest_ nihil, n. indecl. [[n, _not_, + hlum, _a whit_]], _nothing_. nihil posse, _to have no power_ nihilum, -, n., see nihil Niob, -s, f. _Niobe_, the queen of Thebes whose children were destroyed by Apollo and Diana nisi, conj. [[n, _not_, + s, _if_]], _if not, unless, except_ nbilis, -e, adj. _well known; noble_ noce, -re, -u, -itrus [[cf. nec, _kill_]], _hurt, injure_, with dat. (501.14) noct, abl. used as adv. [[cf. nox, _night_]], _at night, by night_ Nla, -ae, f. _Nola_, a town in central Campania. See map nl, nlle, nlu, ---- [[ne, _not_, + vol, _wish_]], _not to wish, be unwilling_ (497) nmen, -inis, n. [[cf. nsc, _know_]], _(means of knowing), name_ nmin, -re, -v, -tus [[nmen, _name_]], _name, call_. Cf. appell, voc nn, adv. [[n, _not_, + Ǟnum, _one_]], _not_. nn slum ... sed etiam, _not only ... but also_ nn-dum, adv. _not yet_ nn-ne, interrog. adv. suggesting an affirmative answer, _not?_ (210). Cf. -ne and num ns, pers. pron. _we_ (see ego) (480) noster, -tra, -trum, possessive adj. and pron. _our, ours_. Plur. nostr, -rum, m. _our men_ (98) novem, indecl. numeral adj. _nine_ novus, -a, -um, adj. _new_. novae rs, _a revolution_ nox, noctis, f. _night_, mult nocte, _late at night_ nllus, -a, -um (gen. -us, dat. -) adj. [[n, _not_, + Ǟllus, _any_]], _not any, none, no_ (108) num, interrog. adv. suggesting a negative answer (210). Cf. -ne and nnne. In indir. questions, _whether_ numerus, -, m. _number_ numquam, adv. [[n, _not_, + umquam, _ever_]], _never_ nunc, adv. _now_. Cf. iam nnti, -re, -v, -tus [[nntius, _messenger_]], _report, announce_ (420.a) nntius, nnt, m. _messenger_ nper, adv. _recently, lately, just now_ nympha, -ae, f. _nymph_ O ob, prep. with acc. _on account of_. In compounds it often means _in front of, against_, or it is intensive. quam ob rem, _for this reason_ (340) obses, -idis, m. and f. _hostage_ ob-side,-re,-sd, -sessus [[ob, _against_, + sede, _sit_]], _besiege_ obtine, -re, -u, -tentus [[ob, _against_, + tene, _hold_]], _possess, occupy, hold_ occsi, -nis, f. _favorable opportunity, favorable moment_ occsus, -s, m. _going down, setting_ occd, -ere, -cd, -csus [[ob, _down_, + caed, _strike_]], _strike down; cut down, kill_. Cf. interfici, nec occup, -re, -v, -tus [[ob, _completely_, + capi, _take_]], _seize, take possession of, occupy_. Cf. rapio oc-curr, -ere, -curr, -cursus [[ob, _against_ + curr, _run_]], _run towards; meet_, with dat. (426) Ǚceanus, -, m. _the ocean_ oct, indecl. numeral adj. _eight_ oculus, -, m. _eye_ officium, offic, n. _duty_ Ǚlim, adv. _formerly, once upon a time_ Ǚmen, -inis, n. _sign, token, omen_ Ǚ-mitt, -ere, -ms, -missus [[ob, _over, past_, + mitt, _send_]], _let go, omit_. consilium omittere, _give up a plan_ omnn, adv. [[omnis, _all_]], _altogether, wholly, entirely_ omnis, -e, adj. _all, every._ Cf. ttus onerria, -ae, f. [[onus, _load_]], with nvis expressed or understood, _merchant vessel, transport_ onus, -eris, n. _load, burden_ opni, -nis, f. [[opnor, _suppose_]], _opinion, supposition, expectation_ oppidnus, -, m. [[oppidum, _town_]], _townsman_ oppidum, -, n. _town, stronghold_ opportnus, -a, -um, adj. _suitable, opportune, favorable_ op-prim, -ere, -press, -pressus [[ob, _against_, + prem, _press_]], (_press against_), _crush; surprise_ oppugnti, -nis, f. _storming, assault_ oppugn, -re, -v, -tus [[ob, _against_, + pugn _fight_]], _fight against, assault, storm, assail_ optim, adv. in superl. degree, compared bene, melius, optim, _very well, best of all_ (323) optimus, -a, -um, adj. in superl. degree, compared bonus, melior, optimus, _best, most excellent_ (311) opus, -eris, n. _work, labor, task_ (464.2.b) Ǚrculum, -, n. [[Ǚr, _speak_]], _oracle_ Ǚrtor, -ris, m. [[Ǚr, _speak_]], _orator_ orbis, -is, m. _ring, circle_. orbis terrrum, _the earth, world_ orbita, -ae, f. [[orbis, _wheel_]], _rut_ Orcus, -, m. _Orcus, the lower world_ Ǚrd, -inis, m. _row, order, rank_ (247.2.a) orgo, -inis, f. [[orior, _rise_]], _source, origin_ orior, -r, ortus sum, dep. verb, _arise, rise, begin; spring, be born_ Ǚrnmentum, -, n. [[Ǚrn, _fit out_]], _ornament, jewel_ Ǚrntus, -a, -um, adj. [[part. of Ǚrn, _fit out_]] _fitted out; adorned_ Ǚrn, -re, -v, -tus, _fit out, adorn_ P P., abbreviation for Pblius paene, adv. _nearly, almost_ paldmentum, -, n. _military cloak_ pals, -dis, f. _swamp, marsh_ pnis, -is, m. _bread_ pr, paris, adj. _equal_ (471. III) partus, -a, -um, adj. [[part. of par, _prepare_]], _prepared, ready_ parc, -ere, peperc (pars), parsrus, _spare_, with dat. (501.14) pre, -re, -u, ----, _obey_, with dat. (501.14) par, -re, -v, -tus, _prepare for, prepare; provide, procure_ pars, partis, f. _part, share; side, direction_ parum, adv., compared minus, minim, _too little, not enough_ (323) parvus, -a, -um, adj., compared minor, minimus, _small, little_ (311) passus, -s, m. _step, pace_. mlle passuum, _thousand paces, mile_ (331.b) pate, -re, patu, ----, _lie open, be open; stretch, extend_ pater, -tris, m. _father_ (464.2.a) patior, -, passus sum, dep. verb, _bear, suffer, allow, permit_ patria, -ae, f. [[cf. pater, _father_]], _fatherland_, (_ones_) _country_ paucus, -a, -um, adj. (generally plur.), _few, only a few_ paulisper, adv. _for a little while_ paul, adv. _by a little, little_ paulum adv. _a little, somewhat_ px, pcis, f. (no gen. plur.), _peace_ pecnia, -ae, f. [[pecus, _cattle_]], _money_ pedes, -itis, m. [[ps, _foot_]], _foot soldier_ pedester, -tris, -tre, adj. [[ps, _foot_]], _on foot; by land_ peior, peius, -ris, adj. in comp. degree, compared malus, peior, pessimus, _worse_ (311) pellis, -is, f. _skin, hide_ penna, -ae, f. _feather_ per, prep. with acc. _through, by means of, on account of_. In composition it often has the force of _thoroughly, completely, very_ (340) percussus, -a, -um, adj. [[part. of percuti, _strike through_]], _pierced_ per-dc, -ere, -dx, -ductus [[per, _through_, + dc, _lead_]], _lead through_. fossam perdcere, _to construct a ditch_ per-exiguus, -a, -um, adj. [[per, _very_, + exiguus, _small_]], _very small, very short_ perfidus, -a, -um, adj. _faithless, treacherous, false_ per-fring, -ere, -frg, -frctus [[per, _through_, frang, _break_]], _shatter_ perg, -ere, perrx, perrctus [[per, _through_, + reg, _conduct_]], _go on, proceed, hasten_ perculum, -, n. _trial, test; danger_ peristy:lum, -, n. _peristyle_, an open court with columns around it pertus, -a, -um, adj. _skillful_ perpetuus, -a, -um, adj. _perpetual_ Perseus, -e, _Perseus_, a Greek hero, son of Jupiter and Dana persna, -ae, f. _part, character, person_ per-sude, -re, -sus, -susus [[per, _thoroughly_, + sude, _persuade_]], _persuade, advise_, with dat. (501.14), often with an object clause of purpose (501.41) per-terre, -re, -u, -itus [[per, _thoroughly_, + terre, _frighten_]], _thoroughly terrify, alarm_ per-veni, -re, -vn, -ventus [[per, _through_, + veni, _come_]], _arrive, reach, come to_ ps, pedis, m. _foot_. pedem referre, _retreat_ (247.2.a) pessimus, -a, -um, adj. in superl. degree, compared malus, peior, pessimus, _worst_ (311) pet, -ere, -v or -i, -tus, _strive for, seek, beg, ask; make for, travel to_. Cf. postul, quaer, rog Pharslus, -, f. _Pharsalus_ or _Pharsalia_, a town in Thessaly, near which Cassar defeated Pompey, 48 B.C. philosophia, -ae, f. _philosophy_ philosophus, -, m. _philosopher_ pictus, -a, -um, adj. [[part. of ping, _paint_]], _colored, variegated_ plum, -, n. _spear, javelin_ (462.b) piscna, -ae, f. [[piscis, _fish_]], _fish pond_ piscis, -is, m. _fish_ pstor, -ris, m. _baker_ place. -re, -u, -itus, _please, be pleasing_, with dat. (501.14) plnitis, -, f. [[plnus, _level_]], _plain_ plnus, -a, -um, adj. _level, flat_ plnus, -a, -um, _full_ plrimum, adv. in superl. degree, compared multum, pls, plrimum, _very much_. plrimum valre, _be most influential_ (322) plrimus, -a, -um, adj. in superl. degree, compared multus, pls, plrimus, _most, very many_ (311) pls, plris, adj. in comp. degree, compared multus, pls, plrimus; sing. n. as substantive, _more_; plur. _more, several_ (311) pluteus, -, m. _shield, parapet_ poena, -ae, f. _punishment, penalty_ pota, -ae, m. _poet_ pompa, -ae, f. _procession_ Pompi, -rum, m. _Pompeii_, a city of Campania. See map Pompius, Pomp, m. _Pompey_, a Roman name pmum, -, n. _apple_ pn, -ere, posu, positus, _put, place_. castra pnere, _pitch camp_ pns, pontis, m. _bridge_ (247.2.a) popna, -ae, f. _restaurant_ populus, -, m. _people_ Porsena, -ae, m. _Porsena_, king of Etruria, a district of Italy. See map porta, -ae, f. _gate, door_ port, -re, -v, -tus, _bear, carry_ portus, -s, m. [[cf. porta, _gate_]], _harbor_ posside, -re, -sd, -sessus, _have, own, possess_ possum, posse, potu, ----, irreg. verb [[potis, _able_, + sum, _I am_]], _be able, can_ (495). nihil posse, _have no power_ post, prep, with acc. _after, behind_ (340) poste, adv. [[post, _after_, + e, _this_]], _afterwards_ (posterus), -a, -um, adj., compared posterior, postrmus or postumus, _following, next_ (312) postquam, conj. _after, as soon as_ postrm, adv. [[abl. of postrmus, _last_]], _at last, finally_. Cf. dmum, dnique (322) postrdi, adv. [[poster, _next_, + di, _day_]], _on the next day_ postul, -re, -v, -tus, _ask, demand, require_. Cf. pet, quaer, rog potentia, -ae, f. [[potns, _able_]], _might, power, force_ prae-be, -re, -u, -itus [[prae, _forth_, + habe, _hold_]], _offer, give_ praeda, -ae, f. _booty, spoil, plunder_ prae-dc, -ere, -dx, -dictus [[prae, _before_, + dc, _tell_]], _foretell, predict_ prae-fici, -ere, -fc, -fectus [[prae, _before_, + faci, _make_]], _place in command_, with acc. and dat. (501.15) prae-mitt, -ere, -ms, -missus [[prae, _forward_, + mitt, _send_]], _send forward_ praemium, praem, n. _reward, prize_ praeruptus, -a, -um [[part. of prae-rump, _break off_]], _broken off, steep_ praesns, -entis, adj. _present, immediate_ praesertim, adv. _especially, chiefly_ praesidium, praesidi, n. _guard, garrison, protection_ prae-st, -re, -stit, -stitus [[prae, _before_, + sto, _stand_]], (_stand before_), _excel, surpass_, with dat. (501.15); _show, exhibit_ prae-sum, -esse, -fu, -futrus [[prae, _before_, + sum, _be_]], _be over, be in command of_, with dat. (501.15) praeter, prep, with acc. _beyond, contrary to_ (340) praetere, adv. [[praeter, _besides_, + e, _this_]], _in addition, besides, moreover_ praetextus, -a, -um, adj. _bordered, edged_ praetrium, praetr, n. _prtorium_ prandium, prand, n. _luncheon_ prem, -ere, press, pressus, _press hard, compress; crowd, drive, harass_ (prex, precis), f. _prayer_ prm, adv. [[prmus, _first_]], _at first, in the beginning_ (322) prmum, adv. [[prmus, _first_]], _first_. quam primum, _as soon as possible_ prmus, -a, -um, adj. in superl. degree, compared prior, prmus, _first_ (315) prnceps, -cipis, m. [[prmus, _first_, + capi, _take_]], (_taking the first place_), _chief, leader_ (464.1) prior, prius, -ris, adj. in comp. degree, superl., prmus, _former_ (315) prstinus, -a, -um, adj. _former, previous_ pr, prep, with abl. _before; for, for the sake of, in behalf of; instead of, as_ (209). In composition, _forth, forward_ pr-cd, -ere, -cuss, -cessrus [[pr, _forward_, + cd, _go_]], _go forward, proceed_ procul, adv. _far, afar off_ pr-curr, -ere, -curr (-cucurr), -cur-sus [[pr, _forward_, + curr, _run_]], _run forward_ proelium, proeli, n. _battle, combat_. proelium committere, _join battle_. proelium facere, _fight a battle_ profecti, -nis, f. _departure_ proficscor, -, -fectus sum, dep. verb, _set out, march_. Cf. ǐgredior, exe pr-gredior, -, -gressus sum, dep. verb [[pr, _forth_, + gradior, _go_]], _go forth, proceed, advance_. Cf. perg, prcd prgressus, see prgredior prohibe, -re, -u, -itus [[pr, _forth, away from_, + habe, _hold_]], _keep away from, hinder, prevent_ pr-move, -re, -mv, -mtus [[pr, _forward_, + move, _move_]], _move forward, advance_ pr-nnti, -re, -v, -tus [[pr, _forth_, + nnti, _announce_]], _proclaim, declare_ prope, adv., compared propius, proxi-m, _nearly_. Prep, with acc. _near_ pr-pell, -ere, -pul, -pulsus [[pr, _forth_, + pell, _drive_]], _drive forth; move, impel_ proper, -re, -v, -tus [[properus, _quick]], go quickly, hasten_. Cf. contend, matur propinquus, -a, -um, adj. [[prope, _near]], near, neighboring_ propior, -ius, -ris, adj. in comp. degree, superl., proximus, _nearer_ (315) propius, adv. in comp. degree, compared prope, propius, proxim, _nearer_ (323) propter, prep. with acc. _on account of, because of_ (340) pr-scrb, -ere, -scrps, -scriptus [[pr, _forth_, + scrib, _write_]], _proclaim, publish_. Cf. prnnti pr-sequor, -sequ, -sectus sum, dep. verb [[pr, _forth_, + sequor, _follow]], escort, attend_ pr-sum, prdesse, prfu, prfutrus [[pr, _for_, + sum, _be_]], _be useful, benefit_, with dat. (496; 501.15) pr-teg, -ere, -tx=i], -tctus [[pr, _in front_, + teg, _cover]], cover in front, protect_ prvincia, -ae, f. _territory, province_ proxim, adv. in superl. degree, compared prope, propius, proxim, _nearest, next; last, most recently_ (323) proximus, -a, -um, adj. in superl. degree, compared propior, proximus, _nearest, next_ (315) pblicus, -a, -um, adj. [[populus,_people_]], _of the people, public_, res pblica, _the commonwealth_ puella, -ae, f. [[diminutive of puer, _boy_]], _girl, maiden_ puer, -eri, m. _boy; slave_ (462.c) pugna, -ae, f _-fight, battle._ Cf. proelium pugn, -re, -v, -tus [[pugna, _battle]], fight_. Cf. contend, dmic pulcher, -chra, -chrum, adj. _beautiful, pretty_ (469.b; 304) Pull, -nis, m. _Pullo_, a centurion puls, -re, -v, -tus, _strike, beat_ puppis, -is (acc. -im, abl. -), f. _stern_ of a ship, _deck_ pr, adv. [[prus, _pure_]], comp. prius, _purely_ prg, -re, -v, -tus, _cleanse, clean_ purpureus, -a, -um, adj. _purple, dark red_ put, -re, -v, -tus, _reckon, think_ (420,_c_). Cf. arbitror, exstim Py:thia, -ae, f. _Pythia_, the inspired priestess of Apollo at Delphi Q qu d caus, _for this reason, wherefore_ qu r, _therefore, for this reason_ quaer, -ere, -sv, -stus, _seek, ask, inquire_. Cf. pet, postul, rog qulis, -e, interrog. pronom. adj. _of what sort, what kind of_. talis ... qualis, _such ... as_ quam, adv. _how_; after a comparative, _than_; with a superlative, translated _as ... as possible_, quam prmum, _as soon as possible_ quantus, -a, -um, adj. [[quam, _how]], how great, how much_, tantus ... quantus, _as great as_ qurtus, -a, -um, numeral adj. [[quattuor, _four_]], _fourth_ quattuor, indecl. numeral adj. _four_ quattuor-decim, indecl. numeral adj. _fourteen_ -que, conj., enclitic, _and_ (16). Cf. ac, atque, et qu, quae, quod, rel. pron. and adj. _who, which, what, that_ (482) quia, conj. _because_. Cf. quod qudam, quaedam, quiddam (quoddam), indef. pron. and adj. _a certain one, a certain, a_ (485). quidem, adv. _to be sure, certainly, indeed_, n ... quidem, _not even_ quis, -tis, f. _rest, repose_ quitus, -a, -um, adj. _quiet, restful_ qundecim, indecl. numeral adj. _fifteen_ qungent, -ae, -a, numeral adj. _five hundred_ qunque, indecl. numeral adj. _five_ quntus, -a, -um, numeral adj. _fifth_ quis (qu), quae, quid (quod), interrog. pron. and adj. _who? what? which?_ (483). quis (qu), qua (quae), quid (quod), indef. pron. and adj., used after s, nisi, n, num, _any one, anything, some one, something, any, some_ (484). quisquam, quicquam or quidquam (no fem. or plur.), indef. pron. _any one_ (at all), _anything_ (at all) (486). quisque, quaeque, quidque (quodque), indef. pron. and adj. _each, each one, every_ (484). qu, interrog. and rel. adv. _whither, where_ qu, conj. _in order to, that_, with comp. degree (350). quod, conj. _because, in that_. Cf. quia quoque, conj., following an emphatic word, _also, too_. Cf. etiam quot-anns, adv. [[quot, _how many_ + annus, _year_]], _every year, yearly_ quotins, interrog. and rel. adv. _how often? as often as_ R rdx, -cis, f. _root; foot_ rapi, -ere, -u, -tus, _seize, snatch_ rr, adv. [[rrus, _rare_]], _rarely_ rrus, -a, -um, adj. _rare_ re- or red-, an inseparable prefix, _again, back, anew, in return_ rebelli, -nis, f. _renewal of war, rebellion_ recns, -entis, adj. _recent_ re-cipi, -ere, -cp, -ceptus [[re-, _back_, + capi, _take_]], _take back, receive_. s recipere, _withdraw, retreat_ re-clntus, -a, -um, part. of recln, _leaning back_ re-cretus, -a, -um, part. of recre, _refreshed_ rctus, -a, -um, adj. [[part. of reg, _keep straight_]], _straight, direct_ re-cs, -re, -v, -tus, _refuse_ red-ctus, -a, -um, part. of redig, _reduced, subdued_ red-e, -re, -i, -itus [[red-, _back_, + e, _go_]], _go back, return_ (413). Cf. revert reditus, -s, m. [[cf. rede, _return_]], _return, going back_ re-dc, -ere, -dx, -ductus [[re-, _back_, + dc, _lead_]], _lead back_ re-fer, -ferre, rettul, -ltus [[re-, _back_, + fer, _bear_]], _bear back; report_. pedem referre, _withdraw, retreat_ re-fici, -ere, -fc, -fectus [[re-, _again_, + faci, _make_]], _make again, repair_. s reficere, _refresh ones self_ rgna, -ae, f. [[rx, _king_]], _queen_ regi, -nis, f. _region, district_ rgnum, -, n. _sovereignty; kingdom_ reg, -ere, rx, rctus [[cf. rx, _king_]], _govern, rule_ (490) re-ici, -ere, -ic, -iectus [[re-, _back_, + iaci, _hurl_]], _hurl back; throw away_ re-linqu, -ere, -lqu, -lictus [[re-, _behind_, + linqu, _leave_]], _leave behind, leave, abandon_ reliquus, -a, -um, adj. [[cf. relinqu, _leave_]], _left over, remaining_. As a noun, plur. _the rest_ remtus, -a, -um, adj. [[part. of re-move, _remove_]], _remote, distant_ re-move, -re, -mv, -motus [[re-, _back_, + move, _move_]], _remove_ rmus, -, m. _oar_ re-peri, -re, repper, repertus, _find_ re-port, -re, -v, -tus [[re-, _back_, + port, _carry_]], _carry back, bring back, win, gain_ rs, re, f. _thing, business, matter, deed, event, circumstance_ (467). quam ob rem, _for this reason_. rs adversae, _adversity_. rs frmentria, _grain supplies_. rs gestae, _exploits_. rs militris, _science of war_. rs pblica, _the commonwealth_. rs secundae, _prosperity_ re-scind, -ere, -scid, -scissus [[re-, _back_, + scind, _cut_]], _cut off, cut down_ re-sist, -ere, -stit, ---- [[re-, _back_, + sist, _cause to stand_]], _oppose, resist_, with dat. (501.14) re-sponde, -re, -spond, -spnsus [[re-, _in return_, + sponde, _promise_]], answer, reply (420.a) re-vert, -ere, -, ----, or dep. verb re-vertor, -, -sus sum [[re-, _back_, + vert, _turn_]], _turn back, return_. Usually active in the perf. system re-vinci, -re, -vnx, -vnctus [[re-, _back_, + vinci, _bind_]], _fasten_ rx, rgis, m. [[cf. reg, _rule_]], _king_ Rhnus, -, m. _the Rhine_, a river of Germany rpa, -ae, f. _bank_ rog, -re, -v, -tus, _ask_. Cf. pet, postul, quaer Rma, -ae, f. _Rome_. See map Rmnus, -a, -um, adj. [[Rma, _Rome_]], _Roman_, follows its noun. As a noun, m. and f. _a Roman_ rosa, -ae, f. _rose_ rstrum, -, n. _beak_ of a ship. In plur., _the rostra_, the speakers stand in the Roman Forum rota, -ae, f. _wheel_ Rubic, -nis, m. _the Rubicon_, a river in northern Italy. See map rmor, -ris, m. _report, rumor_ rrsus, adv. [[for reversus, _turned back_]], _again, in turn_ rs, rris (locative abl. rr, no gen., dat., or abl. plur.), n. _the country_ (501.36.1). Cf. ager, patria, terra S Sabnus, -a, -um, adj. _Sabine_. As a noun, m. and f. _a Sabine_. The Sabines were an ancient people of central Italy. See map sacrum, -, n. [[sacer, _consecrated_]], _something consecrated, sacrifice;_ usually in plur., _religious rites_ saepe, adv., compared saepius, saepissim, _often, frequently_ saevus, -a, -um, adj. _cruel, savage_ sagitta, -ae, f. _arrow_ sali, -re, -u, saltus, _jump_ sals, -tis, f. _safety; health_. saltem dcere, _send greetings_ salt, -re, -v, -tus [[sals, _health_]], _greet, salute_ salv, imv. of salve, _hail, greetings_ sanguis, -inis, m. _blood_ (247.2.a] snits, -tis, f. [[snus, _sound_]], _health, sanity_ sapins, -entis, adj. [[part. of sapi, _be wise_]], _wise, sensible_ satis, adv. and indecl. noun, _enough, sufficient, sufficiently_ saxum, -, n. _rock, stone_ scelus, -eris, n. _crime, sin_ scptrum, -, n. _scepter_ schola, -ae, f. _school_, the higher grades. Cf. ldus scientia, -ae, f. [[scins, _knowing_]], _skill, knowledge, science_ scind, -ere, scid, scissus, _cut, tear_ sci, -re, -v, -tus, _know_ (420.b). Cf. cognsc scrb, -ere, scrps, scrptus, _write_ sctum, -, n. _shield, buckler_ s, see su scum = s + cum secundus, -a, -um, adj. [[sequor, _follow_]], _following, next, second; favorable, successful_. rs secundae, _prosperity_ sed, conj. _but, on the contrary_. nn slum ... sed etiam, _not only ... but also_ sdecim, indecl. numeral adj. _sixteen_ sede, -re, sd, sessus, _sit_ semper, adv. _always, forever_ sentus, -s, m. [[cf. senex, _old_]], _council of elders, senate_ senti, -re, sns, snsus, _feel, know, perceive_ (420.d). Cf. intelleg, vide septem, indecl. numeral adj. _seven_ septimus, -a, -um, numeral adj. _seventh_ sequor, -, sectus sum, dep. verb, _follow_ (493) serpns, -entis, f. [[serp, _crawl_]], _serpent, snake_ sertae, -rum, f. plur. _wreaths, garlands_ servits, -tis, f. [[servus, _slave_]], _slavery, servitude_ serv, -re, -v, -tus, _save, rescue, keep_ servus, -, m. _slave_ ss, emphatic for s sex, indecl. numeral adj. _six_ Sextus, -, m. _Sextus_, a Roman first name s, conj. _if_ sc, adv. _thus, in this way_. Cf. ita, tam Sicilia, -ae, f. _Sicily_. See map sc-ut, _just as, as if_ signifer, -er, m. [[signum, _standard_, + fer, _bear_]], _standard bearer_ (p. 224) signum, -, n. _ensign, standard; signal_ silva, -ae, f. _wood, forest_ similis, -e, adj., compared similior, simillimus, _like, similar_ (307) simul, adv. _at the same time_ simul ac or simul atque, conj. _as soon as_ sine, prep. with abl. _without_ (209) singul, -ae, -a, distributive numeral adj. _one at a time, single_ (334) sinister, -tra, -trum, adj. _left_ Sinuessa, -ae, f. _Sinuessa_, a town in Campania. See map sitis, -is (acc. -im, abl. -, no plur.), f. _thirst_ situs, -a, -um, adj. [[part. of sin, _set_]], _situated, placed, lying_ socius, soc, m. _comrade, ally_ sl, slis (no gen. plur.), m. _sun_ sole, -re, solitus sum, semi-dep. verb, _be wont, be accustomed_ sollicitus, -a, -um, adj. _disturbed, anxious_ slum, adv. [[slus, _alone_]], _alone, only_. nn slum ... sed etiam, _not only ... but also_ slus, -a, -um (gen. -us, dat. -), adj. _alone, only_ (108) solv, -ere, solv, soltus, _loosen, unbind_. nvem solvere, _set sail_ somnus, -, m. _sleep_ soror, -ris, f. _sister_ spatium, spat, n. _space, distance; time; opportunity_ spectculum, -, n. [[spect, _look at_]], _show, spectacle_ spect, -re, -v, -tus, _look at, witness_ spr, -re, -v, -tus [[sps, _hope_]], _hope, expect_ (420.c) sps, spe, f. _hope_ (273.2) splendid, adv. [[splendidus]], compared splendidius, splendidissim, _splendidly, handsomely_ splendidus, -a, -um, adj. _brilliant, gorgeous, splendid_ Stabinus, -a, -um, _Stabian_ stabulum, -, n. [[cf. st, _stand_]], _standing place, stable, stall_ statim, adv. [[cf. st, _stand_]], _on the spot, at once, instantly_ statua, -ae, f. [[sist, _place, set_]], _statue_ statu, -ere, -u, -tus [[status, _station_]], _decide, determine_ stilus, -, m. _iron pencil, style_ (p. 210) st, -re, stet, status, _stand_ strtus, -a, -um, adj. [[part. of stern, _spread_]], _paved_ (of streets) strepitus, -s, m. [[strep, _make a noise_]], _noise, din_ string, -ere, strnx, strictus, _bind tight; draw, unsheathe_ stude, -re, -u, ----, _give attention to, be eager_, with dat. (501.14) studium, stud, n. [[cf. stude, _be eager for_]], _eagerness, desire, zeal, devotion_ stultus, -a, -um, adj. _foolish, stupid_ Stymphlis, -idis, adj. f. _Stymphalian, of Stymphalus_, a lake in southern Greece Stymphlus, -, m. _Stymphalus_, a district of southern Greece with a town, mountain, and lake, all of the same name sude, -re, -s, -sus, _advise, recommend_, with subjv. of purpose (501.41) sub, prep, with acc. and abl. _under, below, up to; at_ or _to the foot of_ sub-ig, -ere, -g, -ctus [[sub, _under_, + ag, _drive_]], _subdue, reduce_ subit, adv. [[subitus, _sudden_]], _suddenly_ sub-sequor, -, -sectus sum, dep. verb [[sub, _below_, + sequor, _follow_]], _follow close after, follow up_ suc-cd, -ere, -cess, -cessus [[sub, _below_, + cd, _go_]], _follow, succeed_ su, reflexive pron. _of himself (herself, itself, themselves)_ (480). scum = s + cum. ss, emphatic form of s sum, esse, fu, futrus, irreg. verb, _be; exist_ (494) summus, -a, -um, adj. in superl. degree, compared superus, superior, suprmus or summus (312), _supreme, highest; best, greatest_. in summ colle, _on the top of the hill_ sm, -ere, smps, smptus, _take up; assume, put on_. smere supplicium d, _inflict punishment on_ super, prep. with acc. and abl. _over, above_ superbia, -ae, f. [[superbus, _proud_]], _pride, arrogance_ superbus, -a, -um, adj. _proud, haughty_ superior, comp. of superus super, -re, -v, -tus [[superus, _above_]], _go over; subdue, overcome; surpass, excel_ super-sum, -esse, -fu, ----, _be over, survive_, with dat. (501.15) superus, -a, -um, adj., compared superior, suprmus or summus, _above, upper_ (312) supplicium, supplic, n. [[supplex, _kneeling in entreaty_]], _punishment, torture_. supplicium smere d, _inflict punishment on_. supplicium dare, _suffer punishment_ surg, -ere, surrx, ---- [[sub, _from below_, + reg, _straighten_]], _rise_ sus-cipi, -ere, -cp, -ceptus [[sub, _under_, + capi, _take_]], _undertake, assume, begin_ suspicor, -r, -tus sum, dep. verb, _suspect, surmise, suppose_ sus-tine, -re, -tinu, -tentus [[sub, _under_, + tene, _hold_]], _hold up, bear, sustain, withstand_ suus, -a, -um, reflexive possessive adj. and pron., _his, her, hers, its, their, theirs_ (98) T T., abbreviation of Titus taberna, -ae, f. _shop, stall_ tabula, -ae, f. _tablet_ for writing tlis, -e, adj. _such_. tlis ... qulis, _such ... as_ tam, adv. _so, such_. Cf. ita, sc tamen, adv. _yet, however, nevertheless_ tandem, adv. _at length, finally_ tang, -ere, tetig, tctus, _touch_ tantum, adv. [[tantus]], _only_ tantus, -a, -um, adj. _so great, such_. tantus ... quantus, _as large as_ tardus, -a, -um, adj. _slow, late; lazy_ Tarpia, -ae, f. _Tarpeia_ (pronounced _Tar-pya_), the maiden who opened the citadel to the Sabines Tarquinius, Tarquin, _Tarquin_, a Roman king. With the surname Superbus, _Tarquin the Proud_ Tarracna, -ae, f. _Tarracina_, a town in Latium. See map taurus, -, m. _bull_ tctus, -a, -um, adj. [[part. of teg, _cover_]], _covered, protected_ tlum, -, n. _weapon_ temer, adv. _rashly, heedlessly_ tempests, -tis, f. [[tempus, _time_]] _storm, tempest_ templum, -, n. _temple, shrine_ tempto, -re, -v, -tus, _try, test; make trial of, attempt_ tempus, -oris, n. _time_ (464.2.b). in reliquum tempus, _for the future_ tene, -re, tenu, ----, _hold, keep_ tergum, -, n. _back_, lj terg, _on the rear_, tergum vertere, _retreat, flee_ tern, -ae, -a, distributive numeral adj. _three each, by threes_ (334) terra, -ae, f. _earth, ground, land_. orbis terrrum, _the whole world_ terror, -ris, m. [[cf. terre, _frighten_]], _dread, alarm, terror_ tertius, -a, -um, numeral adj. _third_ Teutons, -um, m. _the Teutons_ thetrum, -, n. _theater_ Thbae, -rum, f. _Thebes_, a city of Greece Thbn, -rum, m. _Thebans_, the people of Thebes thermae, -rum, f. plur. _baths_ Thessalia, -ae, f. _Thessaly_, a district of northern Greece Thrcia, -ae, f. _Thrace_, a district north of Greece Tiberius, Tiber, m. _Tiberius_, a Roman first name tbcen, -nis, m. [[cf. tbia, _pipe_]], _piper, flute player_ time, -re, -u, ----, _fear, be afraid of_. Cf. vereor timor, -ris, m. [[cf. time, _fear_]], _fear, dread, alarm_. Cf. metus Tryns, Trynthis, f. _Tiryns_, an ancient town in southern Greece, where Hercules served Eurystheus toga, -ae, f. [[cf. teg, _cover_]], _toga_ tormentum, -, n. _engine of war_ totins, adv. _so often, so many times_ ttus, -a, -um, (gen. -us, dat. -), adj. _all, the whole, entire_ (108) tr-d, -ere, -did, -ditus [[trns, _across_, + d, _deliver_]], _give up, hand over, surrender, betray_ tr-dc, -ere, -dx, -ductus [[trns, _across_, + dc, _lead_]], _lead across_ trah, -ere, trx, trctus, _draw, pull, drag_. multum trahere, _protract, prolong much_ tr-ici, -ere, -ic, -iectus [[trns, _across_, + iaci, _hurl_]], _throw across; transfix_ tr-n, -re, -v, -tus [[trns, _across_, + n, _swim_]], _swim across_ trns, prep. with acc. _across, over_ (340) trns-e, -re, -i, -itus [[trns, _across_, + e, _go_]], _go across, cross_ (413) trns-fg, -ere, -fx, -fxus [[trns, _through_, + fg, _drive_]], _transfix_ trnsitus, ---- (acc. -um, abl. -), m. [[cf. trnse, _cross over_]], _passage across_ trs, tria, numeral adj. _three_ (479) trduum, trdu, n. [[trs, _three_, + dis, _days_]], _three days time, three days_ trgint, indecl. numeral adj. _thirty_ triplex, -icis, adj. _threefold, triple_ trstis, -e, adj. _sad; severe, terrible_ trstitia, -ae, f. [[trstis, _sad_]], _sadness, sorrow_ triumph, -re, -v, -tus [[triumphus, _triumph_]], _celebrate a triumph_ triumphus, -, m. _triumphal procession, triumph_. triumphum agere, _celebrate a triumph_ trucd, -re, -v, -tus, _cut to pieces, slaughter._ Cf. interfici, nec, occd t, tu (plur. vs), pers. pron. _thou, you_ (480) tuba, -ae, f. _trumpet_ Tullia, -ae, f. _Tullia_, a Roman name tum, adv. _then, at that time_ turris, -is, f. _tower_ (465.2) ttus, -a, -um, adj. _safe_ tuus, -a, -um, possessive adj. and pron. _your, yours_ (98) U ubi, rel. and interrog. adv. _where, when_ Ǟllus, -a, -um (gen. -us, dat. -), adj. _any_ (108) ulterior, -ius, -ris, adj. in comp. degree, superl. ultimus, _farther, more remote_ (315) ultimus, -a, -um, adj. in superl. degree (see ulterior), _farthest_ (315) umbra, -ae, f. _shade_ umerus, -, m. _shoulder_ umquam, adv. _ever, at any time_ Ǟn, adv. [[Ǟnus, _one_]], _in the same place, at the same time_ Ǟndecimus, -a, -um, numeral adj. [[Ǟnus, _one_, + decimus, _tenth_]], _eleventh_ undique, adv. _from every quarter, on all sides, everywhere_ Ǟnus, -a, -um (gen. -us, dat. -), numeral adj. _one; alone_ (108) urbs, -is, f. _city_ (465.a) urge, -re, urs, ----, _press upon, crowd, hem in_ Ǟrus, -, m. _wild ox, urus_ Ǟsque, adv. _all the way, even_ Ǟsus, -s, m. _use, advantage_ ut, conj. with the subjv. _that, in order that, that not_ (with verbs of fearing), _so that, to_ (350.1) uter, -tra, -trum (gen. -us, dat. -), interrog. pron. _which of two? which?_ (108) uterque, utraque, utrumque, indef. pron. _each of two, each, both_. ab utrque parte, _on both sides_ Ǟtilis, -e, adj. [[Ǟtor, _use_]], _useful_ utrimque, adv. [[uterque, _each of two_]], _on each side, on either hand_ Ǟva, -ae, f. _grape, bunch of grapes_ uxor, -ris, f. _wife_ V vgna, -ae, _sheath, scabbard_ vagor, -r, -tus sum, dep. verb, _wander_ vale, -re, -u, -itrus, _be powerful, be well_; in the imperative as a greeting, _farewell_. plrimum valre, _have the most power_ valtd, -inis, f. [[vale, _be well_]], _health_ validus, -a, -um, adj. [[cf. vale, _be strong_]], _strong, able, well_ valls, -is, f. _valley_ vllum, -, n. _rampart, earthworks_ varius, -a, -um, adj. _bright-colored_ vst, -re, -v, -tus [[vstus, _empty_]], _(make empty), devastate, lay waste_ vectgal, -lis, n. _tax, tribute_ vehementer, adv. [[vehemns, _eager_]], compared vehementius, vehementissim, _eagerly, vehemently_ veh, -ere, vex, vectus, _convey, carry_. In the passive often in the sense of _ride, sail_ vel, conj. _or_. vel ... vel, _either ... or_. Cf. aut vlcits, -tis, f. [[vlx, _swift_]], _swiftness_ vlx, -cis, adj. _swift, fleet_ vlum, -, n. _sail_ vnd, -ere, vndid, vnditus, _sell_ veni, -re, vn, ventus, _come, go_ ventus, -, m. _wind_ verbum, -, n. _word_. verba facere pr, _speak in behalf of_ vereor, -r, -itus sum, dep. verb, _fear; reverence, respect_ (493). Cf. time Vergilius, Vergil, m. _Vergil_, the poet verg, -ere, ----, ----, _turn, lie_ vr, adv. [[vrus, _true_]], _in truth, surely;_ conj. _but, however_. tum vr, _then you may be sure_, introducing the climax of a story vert, -ere, -t, -sus, _turn, change_. tergum vertere, _retreat, flee_ vrus, -a, -um, _true, actual_ vesper, -er, m. _evening_ vester, -tra, -trum, possessive adj. and pron. _your, yours_ (98) vestgium, vestg, n. [[cf. vestg, _track_]], _footstep, track, trace_ vestmentum, -, n. [[vestis, _clothing_]], _garment_ vesti, -re, -v, -tus [[vestis, _clothing_]], _clothe, dress_ vestis, -is, f. _clothing, attire, garment, robe_ vesttus, -a, -um, adj. [[part. of vesti, _clothe_]], _clothed_ Vesuvius, Vesuvi, m. _Vesuvius_, the volcano near Pompeii. See map veternus, -a, -um, adj. _old, veteran_ vet, -re, -u, -itus, _forbid, prohibit_ vex, -re, -v, -tus, _trouble, annoy_ via, -ae, f. _way, road, street; way, manner_. Cf. iter vitor, -ris, m. [[via]], _traveler_ victor, -ris, m. [[vinc, _conquer_]], _conqueror, victor_. In apposition, with adj. force _ victorious_ victria, -ae, f. [victor, _victor_], _victory_ vcus, -, m. _village_ vide, -re, vd, vsus, _see, perceive_. Pass. _be seen; seem_ (420.d) vigilia,-ae, f. [[vigil _awake_]], watch. d tertia vigilia, _about the third watch_ vgint, indecl. numeral adj. _twenty_ vlicus, -, m. [[vlla, _farm_]], _steward, overseer of a farm_ vlla, -ae, f. _farm, villa_ vinci, -re, vnx, vnctus, _bind, tie, fetter_ vinc, -ere, vc, victus, _conquer, defeat, overcome_. Cf. subig, super vnea, -ae, f. _shed_ (p. 219) vnum, -, n. _wine_ violenter, adv. [[violentus, _violent_]], compared violentius, violentissim, _violently, furiously_ vir, vir, m. _man, husband; hero_ (462.c) virlis, -e, adj. [[vir, _man_]], _manly_ virts, -tis, f. [[vir, _man_]], _manliness; courage, valor; virtue_ (464.1) vs, (vs), f. _strength, power, might, violence_ (468) vta, -ae, f. [[cf. vv, _live_]], _life_, vtam agere, _spend or pass life_ vto, -re, -v, -tus, _shun, avoid_ vv, -ere, vx, ----, _live_. Cf. habit, incol vvus, -a, -um, adj. [[cf. vv, _live_]], _alive, living_ vix, adv. _scarcely, hardly_ voc, -re, -v, -tus, _call, summon, invite_. Cf. appell, nmin vol, -re, -v, -trus, _fly_ vol, velle, volu, ----, irreg. verb, _will, be willing; wish_ (497). Cf. cupio volmen, -inis, n. _roll, book_ Vornus, -, m. _Vorenus_, a centurion vs, pers. pron.; _you_ (see t) (480) vtum, -, n. [[neut. part. of vove, _vow_]], _vow, pledge, prayer_ vx, vcis, f. [[cf. voc, _call_]], _voice, cry; word_ vulner, -re, -v, -tus [[vulnus, _wound_]], _wound, hurt_ vulnus, -eris, n. _wound, injury_ vulps, -s, f. _fox_ [Illustration: EQUES ROMANUS] ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY This vocabulary contains only the words used in the English-Latin exercises. For details not given here, reference may be made to the Latin-English vocabulary. The figures 1, 2, 3, 4, after verbs indicate the conjugation. A a, an, _commonly not translated_ able (be), possum, posse, potu, ----(495) abode, domicilium, domicil, _n._ about (_adv._), circiter about (_prep._), d, _with abl._ about to, _expressed by fut. act. part._ abundance, cpia, -ae, _f._ across, trns, _with acc._ active, cer, cris, cre advance, prgredior, 3 advantage, sus, -s, _m._ advise, mone, 2 after (_conj_.), postquam; _often expressed by the perf. part._ after (_prep._), post, _with acc._ against, in, contr, _with acc._ aid, auxilium, auxil, _n._ all, omnis, -e; ttus, -a, -um (108) allow, patior, 3 ally, socius, soc, _m._ almost, paene; fer alone, nus, -a, -um; slus, -a, -um (108) already, iam also, quoque always, semper ambassador, lgtus, -, _m._ among, apud, _with acc._ ancient, antquus, -a, -um and, et; atque (ac); -que and so, itaque Andromeda, Andromeda, -ae, _f._ angry, rtus, -a, um animal, animal, -lis, _n._ announce, nnti, 1 annoying, molestus, -a ,-um another, alius, -a, -ud (109) any, llus, -a, -um (108) any one, anything, quisquam, quicquam _or_ quidquam (486) appearance, frma, -ae, _f._ appoint, cre, 1 approach, adpropinqu, 1, _with dat._ are, _used as auxiliary, not translated_; _as a copula_, sum (494) arise, orior, 4 arm, bracchium, bracch, _n._ armed, armtus, -a, -um arms, arma, -rum, _n. plur._ army, exercitus, -s, _m._ around, circum, _with acc._ arrival, adventus, -us, _m._ arrow, sagitta, -ae, _f._ art of war, rs mlitris as possible, _expressed by_ quam _and superl._. ask, pet, 3; quaer, 3; rog, 1 assail, oppugn, 1 at, in, _with acc. or abl.; with names of towns, locative case or abl. without a preposition_ (268); _time when, abl._ at once, statim at the beginning of summer, init aestte Athens, Athnae, -rum, _f._ attack, impetus, -us, _m._ attempt, cnor, 1; tempt, 1 away from, _or_ ab, _with abl._ B bad, malus, -a, -um baggage, impedmenta, -rum, _n. plur._ bank, rpa, -ae, _f._ barbarians, barbar, -rum, _m. plur._ battle, proelium, proel, _n._; pugna, -ae. _f._ be, sum (494) be absent, be far, absum (494) be afraid, time, 2; vereor, 2 be away, absum (494) be in command of, praesum, _with dat._ (494, 426) be informed, certior f be off, be distant, absum (494) be without, ege, _with abl._ (180) beast (wild), fera, -ae, _f._ beautiful, pulcher, -chra, -chrum because, quia; quod because of, propter, _with acc._; _or abl. of cause_ before, heretofore (_adv._), ante before (_prep._), ante, _with acc._; pr, _with abl._ begin, incipi, 3 believe, crd, 3, _with dat._ (153) belong to, _predicate genitive_ (409) best, optimus, _superl. of_ bonus betray, trd, 3 better, melior, _comp. of_ bonus between, inter, _with acc._ billow, fluctus, -us, _m._ bird, avis, -is, _f._ (243.1) blood, sanguis, -inis, _m._ body, corpus, -oris. _n._ bold, audx, -cis; fortis, -e boldly, audcter; fortiter boldness, audcia, -ae, _f._ booty, praeda, -ae, _f._ both, each (_of two_), uterque, utraque, utrumque both ... and, et ... et boy, puer, -er, _m._ brave, fortis, -e bravely, fortiter bridge, pns, pontis, _m._ bright, clrus, -a, -um bring back, report, 1 bring upon, nfer, -ferre, -tul, -ltus, _with acc. and dat._ (426) brother, frter, -tris, _m._ building, aedificium, aedific. _n._ burn, crem, 1; incend, 3 business, negtium, negt, _n._ but, however, autem, sed by, , ab, _with abl._; _denoting means, abl. alone_; _sometimes implied in a participle_ by night, noct C Csar, Caesar, -aris, _m._ calamity, calamits, -tis, _f._ call, voc, 1; appell, 1; nmin, 1 call together, convoc, 1 camp, castra, -rum, _n. plur._ can, could, possum, posse, potu, ---- (495) capture, capi, 3; occup, 1 care, cra, -ae, _f._ care for, cr, 1 careful, attentus, -a, -um carefulness, dligentia, -ae, _f._ carry, fer, ferre, tul, ltus (498); port, 1 carry on, ger, 3 cart, carrus, -, _m._ cause, causa, -ae, _f._ cavalry, equittus, -s, _m._ cease, cess, 1 Cepheus, Cpheus, -, _m._ certain (a), qudam, quaedam, quoddam (quiddam) (485) chicken, gallna, -ae, _f._ chief, prnceps, -cipis, _m._ children, lber, -rum, _m. plur._ choose, dlig, 3 choose, elect, cre, 1 citizen, cvis, -is, _m. and f._ (243.1) city, urbs, urbis, _f._ clear, clrus, -a, -um cohort, cohors, -rtis, _f._ come, veni, 4 command, imper, 1, _with dat._ (45); iube, 2; praesum, _with dat._ (426) commit, committ, 3 commonwealth, rs pblica, re pblicae concerning, d, _with abl._ conquer, super, 1; vinc, 3 construct (_a ditch_), perdc, 3 consul, cnsul, -ulis, _m._ contrary to, contr, _with acc._ Corinth, Corinthus, -, _f._ Cornelia, Cornlia, -ae, _f._ Cornelius, Cornlius, Cornli, _m._ corselet, lrca, -ae, _f._ cottage, casa, -ae, _f._ country, _as distinguished from the city_, rs, rris, _n.; as territory_, fns, -ium, _m., plur. of_ fnis courage, virts, -tis, _f._ crime, scelus, -eris, _n._ cross, trnse, 4 (499) crown, corna, -ae, _f._ D daily, cotdi danger, perculum, -, _n._ daughter, flia, -ae, _f._ (67) day, dis, -, _m._ daybreak, prma lx dear, crus, -a, -um death, mors, mortis, _f._ deed, rs, re, _f._ deep, altus, -a, -um defeat, calamits, -tis, _f._ defend, dfend, 3 delay (_noun_), mora, -ae, _f._ delay (_verb_), moror, 1 demand, postul, 1 dense, dnsus, -a, -um depart, discd, 3; exe, 4; proficscor, 3 dependent, clins, -entis, _m._ design, cnsilium, consil _n._ desire, cupi, 3 destroy, dle, 2 Diana, Dina, -ae, _f._ differ, differ, differre, distul, dltus (498) different, dissimilis, -e difficult, difficilis, -e difficulty, difficults, -tis, _f._ diligence, dligentia, -ae, _f._ dinner, cna, -ae, _f._ disaster, calamits, -tis, _f._ distant (be), absum, -esse, fu, futrus (494) ditch, fossa, -ae, _f._ do, ag, 3; faci, 3; _when used as auxiliary, not translated_ down from, d, _with abl._ drag, trah, 3 drive, ag, 3 dwell, habit, 1; incol, 3; vv, 3 dwelling, aedificium, aedific, _n._ E each, quisque, quaeque, quidque (quodque) (484) each of two, uterque, utraque, utrumque each other, inter _with acc. of a reflexive_ eager, cer, cris, cre; alacer, alacris, alacre eager (be), stude, 2 eagerness, studium, stud, _n._ eagle, aquila, -ae, _f._ easily, facile easy, facilis, -e either ... or, aut ... aut empire, imperium, imper, _n._ employ, negtium d encourage, hortor, 1 enemy, hostis, -is, _m. and f._; inimcus, -, _m._ enough, satis entire, ttus, -a, -um (108) expectation, opni, -nis, _f._ eye, oculus, -, _m._ F faithless, perfidus, -a, -um famous, clrus, -a, -um far, long farmer, agricola, -ae, _m._ farther, ulterior, -ius father, pater, patris, _m._ fatherland, patria, -ae, _f._ favor, fave, 2 favorable, idneus, -a,-um; secundus, -a, -um fear, metus, -s, _m._; timor, -ris, _m._ fear, be afraid, time, 2 few, pauc, -ae, -a field, ager, agr, _m._ fifteen, qundecim fight, contend, 3; pugn, 1 find, reperi, 4 finish, cnfici, 3 fire, ignis, -is, _m._ (243.1) firmness, cnstantia, -ae, _f._ first, prmus, -a, -um flee, fugi, 3 flight, fuga, -ae, _f._ fly, vol, 1 foe, see enemy follow close after, subsequor, 3 food, cibus, -, _m._ foot, ps, pedis, _m._ foot-soldier, pedes, -itis, _m._ for (_conj._), enim, nam for (_prep._), _sign of dat._; d, pr, _with abl.; to express purpose_, ad, _with gerundive; implied in acc. of time and of extent of space_ for a long time, di forbid, vet, 1 forces, cpiae, -rum, _f., plur. of_ cpia forest, silva, -ae, _f._ fort, castellum, -, _n._; castrum, -, _n._ fortification, mniti, -nis, _f._ fortify, mni, 4 fortune, fortna, -ae, _f._ fourth, qurtus, -a, -um free, lber, -era, -erum free, liberate, lber, 1 frequent, crber, -bra, -brum friend, amcus, -, _m._ friendly (_adj._), amcus, -a, -um friendly (_adv._), amc friendship, amcitia, -ae, _f._ frighten, perterre, 2 from, _or_ ab, d, , ex, _with abl._ _Often expressed by the separative ablative without a prep._ from each other, inter, _with acc. of a reflexive pron._ full, plnus, -a, -um G Galba, Galba, -ae, _m._ _garland_, corna, -ae, _f._ garrison, praesidium, praesid, _n._ gate, porta, -ae, _f._ Gaul, Gallia, -ae, _f._ Gaul (a), Gallus, -, _m._ general, impertor, -ris, _m._ Geneva, Genva, -ae, _f._ gentle, lnis, -e German, Germnus, -a, -um Germans (the), Germn, -rum, _m. plur_. Germany, Germnia, -ae, _f._ get (_dinner_), par, 1 girl, puella, -ae, _f._ give, d, dare, ded, datus give over, surrender, dd, 3; trd, 3 give up, omitt, 3 go, e, 4 (499) go forth, prgredior, 3 god, deus, -, _m._ (468) goddess, dea, -ae, _f._ (67) gold, aurum, -, _n._ good, bonus, -a, -um grain, frmentum, -, _n._ grain supply, rs frmentria great, ingns, -entis; magnus, -a, -um greatest, maximus, -a, -um; summus, -a, -um guard, praesidium, praesid, _n._ H hand, manus, -s, _f._ happy, laetus, -a, -um harbor, portus, -s, _m._ hasten, contend, 3; mtr, 1; proper, 1 hateful, invsus, -a, -um haughty, superbus, -a, -um have, habe, 2 have no power, nihil possum he, is; hic; iste; ille; _or not expressed_ head, caput, -itis, _n._ hear, audi heart, animus, -, _m._ heavy, gravis, -e Helvetii (the), Helvti, -rum, _m. plur._ hem in, contine, 2 hen, gallna, -ae, _f._ her, eius; huius; istus; illus; _reflexive_, suus, -a, -um (116) hide, abd, 3 high, altus, -a, -um highest, summus, -a, -um hill, collis, -is, _m._ himself, su. See self hindrance, impedmentum, -, _n._ his, eius; huius; istus; illus; _reflexive_, suus, -a, -um (116) hither, citerior, -ius (315) hold, tene, 2 home, domus, -s, _f._ (468). at home, dom (267) hope (_noun_), sps, spe, _f._ hope (_verb_), spr, 1 horse, equus, -, _m._ horseman, eques, -itis, _m._ hostage, obses, -idis, _m. and f._ hostile, inimcus, -a, -um hour, hra, -ae, _f._ house, domicilium, domicil, _n._; domus, -s, _f._ (468) hurl, iaci, 3 I I, ego (280); _or not expressed_ if, s. if not, nisi ill, aeger, -gra, -grum immediately, statim in (_of place_), in, _with abl._; (of time or of specification) _abl. without prep._ in order that, ut, _with subjv._; in order that not, lest, n, _with subjv._ in vain, frstr industry, dligentia, -ae, _f._ inflict injuries upon, iniris nfer _with dat._ (426) inflict punishment on, supplicium sm de inform some one, aliquem certirem faci injure, noce, 2, _with dat._ (153) injury, iniria, -ae, _f._ into, in, _with acc._ intrust, committ, 3; mand, 1 invite, voc, 1 is, _used as auxiliary, not translated_; _as a copula_, sum (494) island, nsula, -ae, _f._ it, is; hie; iste; ille; _or not expressed_ Italy, Italia, -ae, _f._ its, eius; huius; istus; illus; _reflexive_, suus, -a, -um (116) itself, su. See self J join battle, proelium committ journey, iter, itineris, _n._ (468) judge (_noun_), idex, -icis, _m._ judge (_verb_), idic, 1 Julia, Ilia, -ae, _f._ just now, nper K keep, contine, 2; prohibeo, 2; tene, 2 keep on doing something, _expressed by the impf. indic._ kill, interfici, 3; nec, 1; occd, 3 king, rx, rgis, _m._ kingdom, rgnum, -, _n._ know, cognsc, 3, _in perf_.; sci, 4 L labor (_noun_), labor, -ris, _m._ labor (_verb_), labr, 1 lack (_noun_), inopia, -ae, _f._ lack (_verb_), ege, 2, _with abl._ (180) lady, domina, -ae, _f._ lake, lacus, -s, _m._ (260.2) land, terra, -ae, _f._ language, lingua, -ae, _f._ large, ingns, -entis; magnus, -a, -um larger, maior, maius lately, nper Latona, Ltna, -ae, _f._ law, lx, lgis, _f._ lay waste, vst, 1 lead, dco, 3 leader, dux, ducis, _m. and f._ learn, know, cognsc, 3 leave, depart from, discd, 3 leave behind, abandon, relinqu, 3 left, sinister, -tra, -trum legion, legi, -nis, _f._ legionaries, leginri, -rum, _m. plur._ length, longitd, -inis, _f._ lest, n, _with subjv._ letter (_of the alphabet_), littera, -ae, _f_; (_an epistle_) litterae, -rum, _f. plur_. lieutenant, lgtus, -, _m._ light, lx, lcis, _f._ like (_adj._), similis, -e like, love, am, 1 line of battle, acis, aci, _f._ little, parvus, -a, -um live, habit, 1; incol, 3; vv, 3 long, longus, -a, -um long, for a long time, di long for, dsder, 1 look after, cr, 1 love, am, 1 M maid, maid servant, ancilla, -ae,_f._ make, faci, 3 make war upon, bellum nfer _with dat._ (426) man, hom, -inis, _m. and f._; vir, vir, _m._ man-of-war, nvis longa many, mult, -ae, -a, _plur. of_ multus march, iter, itineris, _n._ (468) Mark, Mrcus, -, _m._ marriage, mtrimnium, mtrimn, _n._ master, dominus, -, _m._; magster, -tr, _m._ matter, negtium, negt, _n._; rs, re, _f._ means, by means of, _the abl._ messenger, nntius, nnt, _m._ midnight, media nox mile, mlle passuum (331.b) miles, mlia passuum mind, animus, -, _m._; mns, mentis, _f._ mine, meus, -a, -um mistress, domina, -ae, _f._ money, pecnia, -ae, _f._ monster, mnstrum, -, _n._ month, mnsis, -is, _m._ moon, lna, -ae, _f._ more (_adj._), pls, plris (313); _or a comparative. Adverb_, magis most (_adj._), plrimus, -a, -um; _superl. degree. Adverb_, maxim; plrimum mother, mter, mtris, _f._ mountain, mns, montis, _m._ move, move, 2 moved, commtus, -a, -um much (by), mult multitude, multitd, -inis. _f._ my, meus, -a, -um myself, m, _reflexive_. See self N name, nmen, -inis, _n._ nation, gns, gentis, _f._ near, propinquus, -a, -um nearest, proximus, -a, -um nearly, fer neighbor, fnitimus, -, _in._ neighboring, finitimus, -a, -um neither, neque _or_ nec; neither ... nor, neque (nec) ... neque (nec) never, numquam nevertheless, tamen new, novus, -a, -um next day, postrdi eius di next to, proximus, -a, -um night, nox, noctis, _f._ nine, novem no, minim; _or repeat verb with a negative_ (210) no, none, nllus, -a, -um (109) no one, nm, nllus nor, neque _or_ nec not, nn not even, n ... quidem not only ... but also, nn slum ... sed etiam nothing, nihil _or_ nihilum, -, _n._ now, nunc number, numerus, -, _m._ O obey, pre, 2, _with dat._ (153) of, _sign of gen._; d, _with abl._; out of, _or_ ex, _with abl._ often, saepe on (_of place_), in, _with abl._; (_of time_) _abl. without prep._ on account of, propter, _with acc._; _or abl. of cause._ on all sides, undique once (_upon a time_), lim one, nus, -a, -um (108) one ... another, alius ... alius (110) only (_adv._), slum; tantum opportune, opportunus, -a, -um opposite, adversus, -a, -um oracle, rculum, -, _n._ orator, rtor, -ris, _m._ order, imper, 1; iube, 2 ornament, rnmentum, -, _n._ other, alius, -a, -ud (109) others (the), reliqu, -rum, _m. plur._ ought, dbe, 2 our, noster, -tra, -trum ourselves, ns, _as reflexive object._ See self overcome, super, 1; vinc, 3 own (his, her, its, their), suus, -a, -um P part, pars, partis, _f._ peace, px, pcis, _f._ people, populus, -, _m._ Perseus, Perseus, -, _m._ persuade, persude, 2, _with dat._ (153) pitch camp, castra pn place (_noun_), locus, -, _m._ place, arrange, conloc, 1 place, put, pn, 3 place in command, praefici, 3, _with acc. and dat._ (426) plan (a), cnsilium, cnsil, _n._ please, place, 2, _with dat._ (154) pleasing, grtus, -a, -um plow, ar, 1 Pompeii, Pompi, -rum, _m. plur._ possible (as), _expressed by_ quam _and superl_. powerful (be), vale, 2 praise, laud, 1 prefer, ml, mlle, mlu, ---- (497) prepare for, par, 1, _with acc._ press hard, prem, 3 protection, fids, fide, _f._ province, prvincia, -ae, _f._ public, pblicus, -a, -um Publius, Pblius, Pbl, _m._ punishment, poena, -ae, _f._; supplicium, supplic, _n._ purpose, for the purpose of, ut, qu, _or_ qu, _with subjv._; ad, _with gerund or gerundive_; caus, _following the genitive of a gerund or gerundive_ pursue, nsequor, 3 Q queen, rgna, -ae, _f._ quickly, celeriter quite, _expressed by the comp. degree_ R rampart, vllum, -, _n._ rear, novissimum agmen reason, causa, -ae, _f._ receive, accipi, 3; excipi, 3 recent, recns, -entis recently, nper redoubt, castellum, -, _n._ refuse, recs, 1 remain, mane, 2 remaining, reliquus, -a, -um reply, responde, 2 report (_noun_), fama, -ae, _f._; rmor, -ris, _m._ report (_verb_), adfer; dfer; refer (498) republic, rs pblica require, postul, 1 resist, resist, 3, _with dat._ (154) rest (the), reliqu, -rum, _m. plur._ restrain, contine, 2 retainer, clins, -entis, _m._ retreat, pedem refer; terga vert return, rede, 4; revertor, 3 revolution, rs novae Rhine, Rhnus, -, _m._ right, dexter, -tra, -trum river, flmen, -inis, _n._; fluvius, fluv, _m._ road, via, -ae, _f._ Roman, Rmnus, -a, -um Rome, Rma, -ae, _f._ row, rd, -inis, _m._ rule, reg, 3 rumor, fma, -ae, _f._; rmor, -ris, _m._ run, curr, 3 S sacrifice, sacrum, -, _n._ safety, sals, -tis, _f._ sail, nvig, 1 sailor, nauta, -ae, _m._ sake, for the sake of, caus, _following a gen._ same, dem, eadem, idem (287) savages, barbar, -rum, _m. plur._ save, serv, 1 say, dc, 3 school, ldus, -, _m._; schola, -ae, _f._ scout, explrtor, -ris, _m._ sea, mare, -is, _n._ second, secundus, -a, -um see, vide, 2 seek, pet, 3 seem, videor, 2, _passive of_ vide seize, occup, 1; rapi, 3 self, ipse, -a, -um (286); su (281) send, mitt, 3 set fire to, incend, 3 set out, proficscor, 3 seven, septem Sextus, Sextus, -, _m._ she, ea; haec; ista; illa (115); _or not expressed_ ship, nvis, -is, _f._ (243.1) short, brevis, -e shout, clmor, -ris, _m._ show, dmnstr, 1 Sicily, Sicilia, -ae, _f._ sick, aeger, -gra, -grum side, latus, -eris, _n._ siege, obsidi, -nis, _f._ since, cum, _with subjv._ (396); _the abl. abs._ (381) sing, can, 3; cant, 1 sister, soror, -ris, _f._ sit, sede, 2 size, magnitd, -inis, _f._ skillful, pertus, -a, -um slave, servus, -, _m._ slavery, servitis, -tis, _f._ slow, tardus, -a, -um small, parvus, -a, -um snatch, rapi, 3 so, ita; sc; tam so great, tantus, -a, -um so that, ut; so that not, ut nn soldier, mles, -itis, _m._ some, _often not expressed_; quis (qu), qua (quae), quid (quod); aliqu, aliqua, aliquod some one, quis; aliquis (487) some ... others, ali ... ali (110) something, quid; aliquid (487) son, flius, fl, _m._ soon, mox space, spatium, spat, _n._ spear, plum, -, _n._ spirited, cer, cris, cre; alacer, alacris, alacre spring, fns, fontis, _m._ spur, calcar, -ris, _n._ stand, st, 1 state, cvits, -tis, _f._ station, conloc, 1 steadiness, cnstantia, -ae, _f._ stone, lapis, -idis, _m._ storm, oppugn, 1 story, fbula, -ae, _f._ street, via, -ae, _f._ strength, vs, (vs), _f._ strong, fortis, -e; validus, -a, -um sturdy, validus, -a, -um such, tlis, -e suddenly, subit suffer punishment, supplicium d sufficiently, satis suitable, idneus, -a, -um summer, aests, -tis, _f._ sun, sl, slis, _m._ supplies, commetus, -s, _m._ surrender, trd, 3 suspect, suspicor, 1 swift, celer, -eris, -ere; vlx, -cis sword, gladius, glad, _m._ T take, capture, capi, 3 take part in, intersum, -esse, -fu, -futrus, _with dat._ (426) take possession of, occup, 1 tall, altus, -a, -um task, opus, operis, _n._ teach, doce, 2 teacher, magister, -tr, _m._ tear (_noun_), lacrima, -ae, _f._ tell, dc, 3; nrr, 1 ten, decem terrified, perterritus, -a, -um terrify, perterre, 2 than, quam that (_conj. after verbs of saying and the like_), _not expressed_ that (_pron._), is; iste; ille that, in order that, _in purpose clauses_, ut; _after verbs of fearing_, n (349, 366, 372) that not, lest, _in purpose clauses_, n; _after verbs of fearing_, ut (349, 366, 372) the, _not expressed_ their, _gen. plur. of_ is; _reflexive_, suus, -a, -um (116) their own, suus, -a, -um (116) then, at that time, tum then, in the next place, deinde, tum there, _as expletive, not expressed_ there, in that place, ibi therefore, itaque they, i; h; ist; ill; _or not expressed_ think, arbitror, 1; exstim, 1; put, 1 third, tertius, -a, -um this, hic, haec, hoc; is, ea, id though, cum. _with subjv._ (396) thousand, mlle (479) three, trs, tria (479) through, per, _with acc._ thy, tuus, -a, -um time, tempus, -oris, _n._ to, _sign of dat._; ad, in, _with acc._; _expressing purpose_, ut, qu, _with subjv._; ad, _with gerund or gerundive_ to each other, inter, _with acc. of a reflexive pron._ to-day, hodi tooth, dns, dentis, _m._ top of, summus, -a, -um tower, turris, -is, _f._ (243.2) town, oppidum, -, _n._ townsman, oppidnus, -, _m._ trace, vestgium, vestg, _n._ trader, merctor, -ris, _m._ train, exerce, 2 tree, arbor, -oris, _f._ tribe, gns, gentis, _f._ troops, cpiae, -rum, _f. plur._ true, vrus, -a, -um trumpet, tuba, -ae, _f._ try, cnor, 1; tempt, 1 twelve, duodecim two, duo, duae, duo (479) U under, sub, _with acc. or abl._ undertake, suscipi, 3 unharmed, incolumis, -e unless, nisi unlike, dissimilis, -e unwilling (be), nl, nlle, nlu, ---- (497) up to, sub, _with acc._ us, ns, _acc. plur. of_ ego V very, _superl. degree_; maxim; ipse, -a, -um (285) victor, victor, -ris, _m._ victory, victria, -ae, _f._ village, vcus, -, _m._ violence, vs, (vs), _f._ violently, vehementer voice, vx, vcis, _f._ W wage, ger, 3 wagon, carrus. -, _m._ wall, mrus, -, _m._ want, inopia, -ae, _f._ war, bellum, -, _n._ watch, vigilia, -ae, _f._ water, aqua, -ae, _f._ wave, fluctus, -s, _m._ way, iter, itineris, _n._ (468); via, -ae, _f._ way, manner, modus, -, _m._ we, ns, _plur. of_ ego; _or not expressed_ weak, nfrmus, -a, -um weapons, arma, -rum, _n. plur._; tla, -rum, _n. plur._ wear, ger, 3 weary, dfessus, -a, -um what, quis (qu), quae, quid (quod) (483) when, ubi; cum (396); _often expressed by a participle_ where, ubi which, qu, quae, quod (482); which of two, uter, utra, utrum (108) while, _expressed by a participle_ whither, qu who (_rel._), qu, quae (482); (_interrog._) quis (483) whole, ttus, -a, -um (108) whose, cuius; qurum, qurum, qurum, _gen. of_ qu, quae, quod, _rel._; _or of_ quis, quid, _interrog_. why, cr wicked, malus, -a, -um wide, ltus, -a, -um width, ltitd, -inis, _f._ wild beast, fera, -ae, _f._ willing (be), vol, velle, volu, ---- (497) win (_a victory_), report, 1 wind, ventus, -, _m._ wine, vnum, -, _n._ wing, corn, -s, _n._ winter, hiems, -emis, _f._ wisdom, cnsilium, consil, _n._ wish, cupi, 3; vol, velle, volu, ---- (497); wish not, nl, nlle, nlu, ---- (497) with, cum, _with abl.; sometimes abl. alone_ withdraw, s recipere without, sine, _with abl._ woman, fmina, -ae, _f._; mulier, -eris, _f._ wonderful, mrus, -a, -um word, verbum, -, _n._ work, labor, -ris, _m._; opus, -eris, _n._ worse, peior, peius, _comp. of_ malus worst, pessimus, -a, -um, _superl. of_ malus wound (_noun_), vulnus, -eris, _n._ wound (_verb_), vulner, 1 wreath, corna, -ae, _f._ wretched, miser, -era, -erum wrong, iniria, -ae, _f._ Y year, annus, -, _m._ yes, cert; ita; vr; _or, more usually, repeat the verb_ (210) yonder (that), ille, -a, -ud you, _sing_. t; _plur_. vs (480); _or not expressed_ your, _sing_. tuus, -a, -um; _plur._ vester, -tra, -trum (98.b) Z zeal, studium, stud, _n._ INDEX The numbers in all cases refer to sections. lj-declension of nouns, 57, 461 lj-verbs, conjugation of, 488 ablative case, 48, 50 absolute, 381 after a comparative, 309 of accompaniment, 104 of agent, 181 of cause, 102 of description, 444, 445 of manner, 105 of means or instrument, 103 of measure of difference, 317 of place from which, 179 of place where, 265 of separation, 180 of specification, 398 of time, 275 accent, 14-16 accompaniment abl. of, 104 accusative case, 33 as subject of the infinitive, 214 object, 37 of duration and extent, 336 of place to which, 263, 266 predicate, 392 with prepositions, 340 adjectives, 54, 55 agreement, 65 comparison regular, 301 by adverbs, 302 irregular, 307, 311, 312, 315 declension of comparatives, 303 of first and second declensions, 83, 93, 469 of third declension, 250-257, 471 with the dative, 143 adverbs, 319 comparison, 320, 323 formation regular, 320, 321 irregular, 322, 323 agent expressed by the abl. with __ or _ab_, 181 agreement of adjectives, 65, 215.a of appositives, 81 of predicate nouns, 76 of relative pronouns, 224 of verbs, 28 aliquis, 487 alius, 108, 110, 470 alphabet, 1-3 alter, 108, 110 antepenult, 9.3; accent of, 15 apposition, 80, 81 article not used in Latin, 22.a base, 58 cardinal numerals, 327-329, 478 case, 32.2 causal clauses with _cum_, 395, 396 cause, expressed by the abl., 102 characteristic subjv. of, 389, 390 comparative declension of, 303 comparison abl. of, 309 degrees of, 300 of adjectives, 300-315 irregular, 311-315, 473, 475 of adverbs regular, 320-476 irregular, 323, 477 positive wanting, 315 six adjectives in _-lis_, 307 complementary infinitive, 215 compound verbs with the dative, 425, 426 concessive clauses with _cum_, 395, 396 conjugation stems, 184 conjugations the four regular, 126, 488-491 irregular, 494-500 consonants, 2 copula, 21 cum conjunction, 395 cum preposition, 209 dative case, 43 of indirect object, 44, 45 of purpose, or end for which, 437 with adjectives, 143 with compound verbs, 426 with special verbs, 153 dea declension of, 67 declension, 23, 32 degree of difference expressed by the abl., 317 demonstrative adjectives and pronouns, 112-115, 290-292, 481 deponent verbs, 338, 339, 493 descriptive ablative and genitive, 441-445 descriptive relative clause with the subjv., 389, 390 deus declension of, 468 difference, measure of, 316, 317 diphthongs, 6 direct statements, 414 distributive numerals, 327.3, 334 dom locative, 267 domus declension of, 468 duo declension of, 479 duration of time, expressed by the acc., 336 ǐ-declension of nouns, 272, 273, 467 ǐ-verbs, conjugation of, 489 e-verbs, conjugation of, 490 ego declension of, 280, 480 enclitics, 16 e conjugation of, 499 extent of space expressed by the acc., 336 fearing subjv. after verbs of, 370-372 fer conjugation of, 498 fifth or -declension, 272, 273, 467 flia declension of, 67 flius declension of, 87-89 finite verb defined, 173 f conjugation of, 500 first conjugation, 488 first or -declension, 57, 461 fourth conjugation, 491 fourth or u-declension, 259, 260, 466 from how expressed, 178-181 future participle formation of, 374.c future perfect formation of active, 187.3 passive, 202 future tense formation of, 137, 156 gender in English and in Latin, 60 in the first declension, 61 in the second declension, 72 in the third declension, 247 in the fourth declension, 260 in the fifth declension, 272 general observations on declension, 74 genitive case English equivalents of, 33 of description, 443, 445 of nouns in _-ius_ and _-ium_, 87 partitive, 331 possessive, 38, 409 gerund a verbal noun, 402, 403 gerundive a verbal adjective, 404 with _ad_ to express purpose, 407 hic declension and use of, 290, 291 how to read Latin, 17 i consonant, 3 i-stems of nouns, 231, 241-244 ǔ-verbs conjugation of, 491 ǔdem declension of, 287, 481 ins declension of, 472 ille declension and use of, 290-293, 481 imperative formation of, 161, 175 irregular, 161.2 in commands, 161 imperfect indicative, formation and use of, 133, 134, 165.1 imperfect subjunctive, 354 indefinite pronouns and adjectives, 296, 297, 484-487 independent clauses, 219 indirect object, 44, 45 indirect questions, 430-432 indirect statements, 414-419 infinitive as object, 213 as subject, 216 complementary, 215 definition of, 173 does not express purpose, 352 formation of, 126, 174, 205, 206 in indirect statements, 415-410 used as in English, 213-216 inflection defined, 23 instrument abl. of, 100.b, 103 intensive pronoun _ipse_, declension and use of, 285, 286, 481 interrogative pronouns and adjectives, 225-227, 483 intransitive verbs, defined, 20.a with the dative, 153 i-verbs of the third conj., 492 ipse declension and use of, 285, 481 irregular adjectives, 108 irregular comparison of adjectives, 307 311, 312 of adverbs, 323 irregular nouns, 67, 246, 468 irregular verbs, 494-500 is declension and use of, 113-116 iste declension and use of, 290, 292, 481 iter declension of, 468 Latin word order, 68 locative case, 267 magis and maxim comparison by, 302 ml conjugation of, 4.97 manner abl. of, 105 means abl. of, 103 measure of difference abl. of, 316, 317 mlle, declension of, 479 construction with, 331.a,b moods, defined, 121 -ne, enclitic in questions, 210 n, conj., _that not, lest_ with negative clauses of purpose, 350.II with verbs of fearing, 370 nine irregular adjectives, 108-110 nl conjugation of, 497 nominative case, 35, 36 nnne in questions, 210 ns declension of, 280, 480 nouns, 19. 2 first declension, 57, 461 second declension, 71-74,87-92,462 third declension, 230-247, 463-465 fourth declension, 259, 260, 466 fifth declension, 272, 273, 467 num, in questions, 210 number, 24 numerals, 327-334, 478, 479 o-declension of nouns, 71-74, 87-92, 462 object, 20 direct, 37 indirect, 44, 45 order of words, 68 ordinal numerals, 327. 2, 478 participial stem, 201.2 participles, defined, 203 agreement of, 204 formation, of present, 374.b of perfect, 201 of future, 374.c,d of deponent verbs, 375 tenses of, 376 translated by a clause, 377 partitive genitive, 330, 331 passive voice defined, 163 formation of, 164, 202 penult, 9.3 accent of, 15 perfect indicative formation, in the active, 185, 186 in the passive, 202 meaning of, 190 definite, 190 indefinite, 190 distinguished from the imperfect, 190 perfect infinitive active, 195 passive, 205 perfect passive participle, 201 perfect stem, 185 perfect subjunctive active, 361 passive, 362 person, 122 personal endings active, 122 passive, 164 personal pronouns, 280, 480 place where, whither, whence, 263-265 names of towns and _domus_ and _rs_, 266-268 pluperfect indicative active, 187.2 passive, 202 pluperfect subjunctive active, 361 passive, 363 pls declension of, 313 possessive pronouns, 97, 98 possum conjugation of, 495 predicate defined, 19 predicate adjective defined, 55 predicate noun, 75, 76 prepositions with the abl., 209 with the acc., 340 present indicative, 128, 130, 147 present stem, 126.a present subjunctive, 344 primary tenses, 356 principal parts, 183 pronouns classification of, 278 defined, 19.2.a demonstrative, 481 indefinite, 297, 484-487 intensive, 285, 286, 481 interrogative, 483 personal, 480 possessive, 97, 98 reflexive, 281 relative, 220, 221 pronunciation, 4-7 prsum conjugation of, 496 purpose dative of, 436, 437 expressed by the gerund or gerundive with _ad_, 407 not expressed by the infinitive, 352 subjunctive of, 348-350, 365-367 quality gen. or abl. of, 441-445 quam with a comparative, 308 quantity, 11-13 questions direct, 210 indirect, 430-432 qu declension and use of, 220,221, 482 qudam declension of, 485 quis declension and use of, 225-227, 483 quisquam declension of, 486 quisque declension of, 484 reflexive pronouns, 281 relative clauses of characteristic or description, 389, 390 relative clauses of purpose, 348, 349 relative pronouns, 220, 221 result clauses, 384-387 reviews, 502-528 rs constructions of, 266 s distinguished from _ipse_, 285.a second conjugation, 489 second or o-declension, 71-93, 462 sentences simple, complex, compound, 219 separation abl. of, 180 separative ablative, 178-181 sequence of tenses, 356-358 space extent of, expressed by the acc., 336 specification abl. of, 398 stems of nouns, 230 of verbs, 184 subject defined, 19.2 of the infinitive, 213, 214 subjunctive formation of the present, 344 of the imperfect, 354 of the perfect, 361, 362 of the pluperfect, 361.c, 363 subjunctive constructions characteristic or description, 389, 390 indirect questions, 430-432 purpose, 349, 366, 372 result, 385, 386 time, cause, or concession, with _cum_, 395, 396 subjunctive ideas, 346 subjunctive tenses, 342, 343 subordinate clauses, 219 su declension of, 281, 480 sum conjugation of, 494 suus use of, 98.c, 116 syllables, 8 division of, 9 quantity of, 13 syntax rules of, 501 temporal clauses with _cum_, 395, 396 tense defined, 120 tense signs imperfect, 133 future, 137, 156 pluperfect active, 187.2 future perfect active, 187.3 tenses primary and secondary, 356 sequence of, 357, 358 third conjugation, 490, 492 third declension of nouns classes, 231, 463 consonant stems, 232-238, 464 gender, 247 i-stems, 241-244, 465 irregular nouns, 246 time abl. of, 275 time acc. of, 336 towns rules for names of, 266, 267, 268 transitive verb, 20.a trs declension of, 479 t declension of, 280, 480 tuus compared with _vester_, 98. b u-declension of nouns, 259, 260, 466 ultima, 9. 3 verbs agreement of, 28 conjugation of, 126, 488-491 deponent, 338, 339, 493 irregular, 494-500 personal endings of, 122, 164 principal parts of, 183 vester compared with _tuus_, 98.b vs declension of, 468 vocabularies English-Latin, pp. 332-343 Latin-English, pp. 299-331 special, pp. 283-298 vocative case, 56.a of nouns in _-us_ of the second declension, 73.b of proper nouns in _-ius_ and of _flius_, 88 voice defined, 163 vol conjugation of, 497 vs declension of, 280, 480 vowels sounds of, 5, 6 quantity of, 12 End of Project Gutenberg's Latin for Beginners, by Benjamin Leonard D'Ooge *** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LATIN FOR BEGINNERS *** ***** This file should be named 18251-mac.txt or 18251-mac.zip ***** This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: http://www.gutenberg.org/1/8/2/5/18251/ Produced by Louise Hope, Dave Maddock and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was made using scans of public domain material by TextKit.com) Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will be renamed. 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